Victor, M. v. Pepper, J. ( 2023 )

J-A25024-22
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
MICHAEL T. VICTOR : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
J. CRAIGE PEPPER :
:
Appellant : No. 13 WDA 2022
Appeal from the Order Entered December 9, 2021
In the Court of Common Pleas of Erie County Civil Division at No(s):
12932-2019
BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., NICHOLS, J., and McCAFFERY, J.
MEMORANDUM BY NICHOLS, J.: FILED: MARCH 22, 2023
Appellant J. Craige Pepper (Wife) appeals from the order granting, in
part, the request for attorneys’ fees filed by Michael T. Victor (Husband),
denying Wife’s counterclaim for attorneys’ fees and motion for modifications
to the prenuptial agreement, and resolving all economic claims in connection
with the parties’ divorce action. We affirm.
By way of background, Husband and Wife executed a prenuptial
agreement in June of 2004. The agreement stated that both parties were
“giving up any and all rights he or she may have in the estate of the other
except as provided in this [a]greement or in the other’s [w]ill, documents [of]
a testamentary nature or lifetime documents that are executed in the future
by the parties[.]” Prenuptial Agreement, 6/25/04, at 2. In relevant part, the
parties agreed to waive “[a]ny and all interest that either party has, or may
acquire at any time during marriage, or thereafter, in any pension plan, profit
J-A25024-22
sharing plan, individual retirement account, or other retirement plan or
account, including the increase in value thereof[.]” Id. at 4. Additionally, the
agreement provided that if either party retained counsel for purposes of
enforcing or preventing a breach of the parties agreement, “the prevailing
party shall be entitled to be reimbursed by the losing party for all costs and
expenses incurred thereby, including, but not limited to, reasonable attorneys’
fees and expenses for the services rendered to such prevailing party.” Id. at
13-14. The parties were subsequently married on July 14, 2004.
Husband filed a divorce action on October 25, 2019. On July 22, 2021,
the trial court issued an order granting a bifurcated divorce.1 See Trial Ct.
Order, 7/22/21. The trial court scheduled an evidentiary hearing to resolve
the parties’ unresolved economic claims. See Trial Ct. Order, 7/28/21.
Prior to the evidentiary hearing, Wife filed interrogatories in which she
requested information concerning Husband’s retirement funds and the
beneficiary designation for each account. Husband filed an objection stating
that “said discovery is not reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of
admissible evidence” and was “sought in bad faith.” See Husband’s Obj. to
Interrog., 8/23/21, at 2.
On September 14, 2021, Wife filed a motion to compel Husband’s
response to her first set of interrogatories. See Wife’s Mot. to Compel,
9/14/21. Therein, Wife reiterated that Husband had named her as the
____________________________________________
1 See 23 Pa.C.S. § 3323(c.1).
-2-
J-A25024-22
beneficiary on certain retirement accounts during their marriage. Id. at ¶ 6.
Further, although Husband claimed that the requested information would not
lead to admissible evidence, Wife argued that the beneficiary designation was
relevant because it constituted “a valid modification of the [p]re-[m]arital
[a]greement thus providing her with a vested interest in said accounts.” Id.
at ¶¶ 6-7. In response, Husband filed an answer stating that the information
sought by Wife pertained to accounts that were “owned solely by [Husband],
by virtue of the parties’ prenuptial agreement” and reiterated that it would not
“lead to the discovery of admissible evidence.” Husband’s Answer to Mot. to
Compel, 9/22/21.
The trial court conducted an evidentiary hearing on September 30,
2021. At that time, Wife argued that the information about Husband’s
retirement accounts was necessary in order for the court to determine whether
the parties had modified their prenuptial agreement. N.T. Hr’g, 9/30/21, at
2-6. Therefore, Wife requested that the trial court allow additional discovery
on that issue. Id. Husband argued that, in the absence of a written document
signed by both parties, there could be no modification to the parties’
prenuptial agreement. Id. at 7-8. Further, Husband asserted that even if
Wife were listed as the beneficiary on his retirement accounts, it would not
give Wife any right to those funds under the Employee Retirement Income
-3-
J-A25024-22
Security Act,2 (ERISA). Id. at 8. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial
court took the matter under advisement. Id. at 10.
On October 24, 2021, the trial court issued an order denying Wife’s
motion to compel discovery, which stated that “if [Husband] identified [Wife]
as a beneficiary on any of his retirement benefit accounts from date of
marriage to date of separation[,] then such designation is inconsequential
[and] that such retirement benefit accounts remain the separate property of
[Husband] under the [June 24, 2004] premarital agreement[.]” See Trial Ct.
Order, 10/4/21.
The trial court held a second evidentiary hearing on November 30, 2021.
Among other issues, the parties presented evidence in support of their
respective claims for attorneys’ fees. See N.T. Hr’g, 11/30/21, at 44, 59, 76.
Additionally, although Wife attempted to cross-examine Husband about his
retirement accounts, the trial court sustained Husband’s objection based on
its prior ruling. Id. at 57-58.
Ultimately, on December 9, 2021, the trial court issued an order (1)
granting Husband’s motion for attorneys’ fees in part, (2) denying Wife’s
motion for attorneys’ fees and modification of the premarital agreement, and
(3) resolving all claims between the parties in connection with their divorce.
See Trial Ct. Order, 12/9/21. The trial court also issued an opinion explaining
the basis for its conclusions. See Trial Ct. Op., 12/9/21.
____________________________________________
2 29 U.S.C. §§ 1001-1461.
-4-
J-A25024-22
Wife filed a timely notice of appeal and a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement.
The trial court issued a Rule 1925(a) order incorporating its December 9, 2021
opinion.
On appeal, Wife raises the following issues for review:
1. Did the trial court err by denying Wife’s request to conduct
discovery into the existence of beneficiary designations for
Husband’s retirement accounts in its order of October 4, 2021,
where Wife alleged that Husband did name her as his
beneficiary, and by doing so created a binding modification of
the premarital agreement and/or an irrevocable appointment
which under ERISA was not subject to exclusion from marital
assets by the premarital agreement?
2. Did the trial court err by awarding attorney’s fees to Husband
in its order of December 9, 2021, even though Wife had a good
faith basis, and was procedurally obligated, to file the petition
to claim rights under the Divorce Code, to preserve issues of
asset distribution and interpretation of the premarital
agreement?
Wife’s Brief at 5.
Discovery Request / Prenuptial Agreement
In her first claim, Wife argues that the trial court erred by “failing to
allow discovery into Husband’s retirement plan accounts and beneficiary
designations.” Id. at 16. Specifically, she claims that the information was
“relevant to [her] claims for equitable distribution and support,” and that she
“had the right to establish, with testimony and with the forms Husband and
Wife executed and submitted to Husband’s retirement plan administrators,
that the parties modified the premarital agreement to grant her survivor
benefits.” Id. at 17. In support, Wife contends that her rights to Husband’s
-5-
J-A25024-22
retirement funds are protected by ERISA and that, although the trial court
treated the premarital agreement “as waiving all of Wife’s economic rights, .
. . the trial court failed to recognize that the [a]greement, though valid, could
not waive Wife’s rights protected under federal law.” Id. at 19. She also
argues that “even if the [a]greement could somehow override federal law,
Wife’s discovery was relevant to whether the parties modified the [a]greement
by their actions.” Id.“Generally, discovery is liberally allowed with respect to any matter, not
privileged, which is relevant to the cause being tried.” PECO Energy Co. v.
Insurance Co. of North America, 852 A.2d 1230, 1233 (Pa. Super. 2004)
(citation and quotation marks omitted). “[I]n reviewing the propriety of a
discovery order, our standard of review is whether the trial court committed
an abuse of discretion. However, to the extent that we are faced with
questions of law, our scope of review is plenary.” Gormley v. Edgar, 995
A.2d 1197, 1202 (Pa. Super. 2010) (citation omitted).
In the context of prenuptial agreements, this Court has explained:
The determination of marital property rights through prenuptial,
post-nuptial and settlement agreements has long been permitted,
and even encouraged. Where a prenuptial agreement between
the parties purports to settle, fully discharge, and satisfy any and
all interests, rights, or claims each party might have to the
property or estate of the other, a court’s order upholding the
agreement in divorce proceedings is subject to an abuse of
discretion or error of law standard of review. An abuse of
discretion is not lightly found, as it requires clear and convincing
evidence that the trial court misapplied the law or failed to follow
proper legal procedures. We will not usurp the trial court’s fact-
finding function.
-6-
J-A25024-22
Sabad v. Fessenden, 825 A.2d 682, 686 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citations and
quotation marks omitted).
Further, it is well settled that premarital agreements are governed by
contract law. Paroly v. Paroly, 876 A.2d 1061, 1063 (Pa. Super. 2005).
When the words of a prenuptial agreement are clear and unambiguous, we
must ascertain the parties’ intent based on the express language of the
agreement. Sabad, 825 A.2d at 688. “In determining whether the trial court
properly applied contract principles, the reviewing Court must decide, based
on all the evidence, whether the trial court committed an error of law or abuse
of discretion.” Lewis v. Lewis, 234 A.3d 706, 711 (Pa. Super. 2020) (citation
omitted).
ERISA is a federal law that ensures the uniform and efficient
administration of benefit plans to plan participants and/or designated
beneficiaries. See 29 U.S.C. § 1002(8) (stating that the term “beneficiary”
refers to a person who is designated as the recipient of benefits under an
individual’s pension, employee benefit, life insurance, or retirement plan).
ERISA requires plan participants to obtain spousal consent before changing
the beneficiary designation on a benefit plan. See 29 U.S.C. § 1055(c)(2)(A).
Further, when an individual is named as the primary beneficiary on their
spouse’s pension plan, the entry of a divorce decree does not terminate that
-7-
J-A25024-22
interest.3 See 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1)(d) (requiring the administrator of
benefits to make payments to a beneficiary “in accordance with the documents
and instruments governing the plan”).
However, this Court has held that ERISA’s spousal benefit waiver
requirements pertain only to a beneficiary’s survivor benefits. See Sabad,
825 A.2d at 684-85, 697. Therefore, a party “can effectively waive rights to
the equitable distribution of the marital portion of pension plans which are
subject to ERISA,” by signing a valid prenuptial agreement. Id. at 684(emphasis added).
In reaching that conclusion, the Sabad Court explained:
[The h]usband and [the w]ife signed and had notarized a written
antenuptial agreement, which purported to waive any interest
either party might ordinarily acquire in the other’s property by
virtue of the marriage. The parties employed unambiguous
language in their agreement providing that the property they had
or would acquire was to remain their separate property. The
parties retained their absolute and unrestricted right to dispose of
their separate property. Included in that waiver were [the
h]usband’s and/or [the w]ife’s rights to pension benefits that
could eventually be considered marital property. Having carefully
____________________________________________
3 We note that ERISA preempts state laws that automatically sever a spouse’s
beneficiary status in the event of divorce. See 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a) (providing
that ERISA applies notwithstanding “any and all” state laws that relate to any
employee benefit plan); see also Kennedy v. Plan Administrator For
Dupont Savings & Investment Plan, 555 U.S. 285, 302-04 (2009) (holding
that ERISA preempts state laws revoking the designation of the ex-spouse as
plan beneficiary on divorce, and that, if ERISA governs the 401(k) or other
retirement plan, the ex-spouse will have the right to the plan proceeds); In
re Estate of Sauers, 32 A.3d 1241, 1246, 1257 (Pa. 2011) (holding that
ERISA preempts state law purporting to revoke the beneficiary status of a
surviving ex-spouse by operation of law).
-8-
J-A25024-22
considered the reasoning and outcome in the preceding cases in
light of the facts of the instant case, we conclude that the parties’
agreement represented an effective waiver of their rights to
equitable distribution of the marital portion of their pension plans
that are subject to ERISA.
Id. at 697. Further, the Sabad Court noted that the parties’ waiver of rights
in the prenuptial agreement “did not extend to their respective survivor
benefits under ERISA, because the parties were not married when the
antenuptial agreement was created.” Id. at 697 n.9.
Here, as in Sabad, it is undisputed that the parties executed a
prenuptial agreement in which they waived “[a]ny and all interest that either
party has, or may acquire at any time during marriage, or thereafter, in any
pension plan, profit sharing plan, individual retirement account, or other
retirement plan or account, including the increase in value thereof[.]”
Prenuptial Agreement, 6/25/04, at 4. In denying Wife’s request for discovery,
the trial court concluded that any beneficiary designation was “inconsequential
[and] that such retirement benefit accounts remain the separate property of
[Husband] under the [June 25, 2004] premarital agreement between the
parties.” See Trial Ct. Order, 10/4/21.
Based on our review of the record, we discern no abuse of discretion or
error of law in the trial court’s conclusions. See Sabad, 825 A.2d at 686; see
also Lewis, 234 A.3d at 711. As noted by the trial court, the parties executed
a valid prenuptial agreement in which they waived their rights to any interest
in the other party’s retirement funds that would ordinarily be subject to
equitable distribution. Therefore, the premarital agreement was “an effective
-9-
J-A25024-22
waiver of their rights to equitable distribution of the marital portion of their
pension plans that are subject to ERISA.” See Sabad, 825 A.2d at 685, 697.
However, the parties retained their absolute and unrestricted right to
dispose of their separate property, and the agreement did not preclude either
party from transferring separate property to the other after the agreement
was executed. See Prenuptial Agreement, 6/25/04, at 2. Therefore, even if
Husband listed Wife as the beneficiary on one or more of his retirement
accounts, that designation would not constitute a modification of the parties’
prenuptial agreement, which only resolved property rights that arose by virtue
of the parties’ marriage.4 See id. at 2, 4; see also Sabad, 825 A.2d at 686.
Therefore, the trial court did not err in rejecting Wife’s request for additional
discovery. Accordingly, Wife is not entitled to relief on this claim.
Attorneys’ Fees
In her remaining claim, Wife argues that the trial court erred in awarding
attorneys’ fees to Husband. Wife’s Brief at 25. In support, she contends that
“[e]ven if this Court affirms the trial court’s discovery order, it should still
reverse the award of counsel fees[,]” because Wife “had good faith grounds
____________________________________________
4 As noted previously, the Sabad Court held that a waiver of rights in a
premarital agreement “did not extend to [the parties’] respective survivor
benefits under ERISA, because the parties were not married when the
antenuptial agreement was created.” Sabad, 825 A.2d at 697 n. 9.
Therefore, although Wife waived her right to the portion of Husband’s
retirement funds to which she would otherwise be entitled to by virtue of
marriage, that waiver did not extend to survivorship benefits that would arise
under ERISA. As such, ERISA does not affect the terms of the parties’
premarital agreement, which solely pertains to property claims that arose due
to the parties’ marriage and under state law.
- 10 -
J-A25024-22
to pursue a share of Husband’s retirement assets based on existing federal
and state law.” Id. at 25-26. Therefore, Wife contends that if her “position
was mistaken, it was a good-faith mistake that the trial court should have
considered when shifting fees.” Id. at 26.
Our Supreme Court has explained that in Pennsylvania, “each side is
responsible for the payment of its own costs and counsel fees absent bad faith
or vexatious conduct. This so-called ‘American Rule’ holds true unless there
is express statutory authorization, a clear agreement of the parties or some
other established exception.” McMullen v. Kutz, 985 A.2d 769, 775 (Pa.
2009) (citations and some quotation marks omitted). Further, in reviewing a
request for counsel fees, “the trial court may consider whether the fees
claimed to have been incurred are reasonable, and to reduce the fees claimed
if appropriate.” Id. at 777.
Here, the parties’ prenuptial agreement contained the following
provision concerning attorneys’ fees:
Should any party hereto retain counsel for the purpose of
enforcing or preventing the breach of any provision hereof,
including, but not limited to, by instituting any action or
proceeding to enforce any provision hereof, for damages by
reason of any alleged breach of any provision hereof, for a
declaration of such party’s rights or obligations hereunder or for
any other judicial remedy, then the prevailing party shall be
entitled to be reimbursed by the losing party for all costs and
expenses incurred thereby, including, but not limited to,
reasonable attorneys’ fees and expenses for the services rendered
to such prevailing party.
Prenuptial Agreement, 6/25/04, at 12-13.
- 11 -
J-A25024-22
In granting Husband’s request for attorneys’ fees, the trial court
explained:
[Wife’s] claims and challenges to the agreement regarding alleged
oral modification(s) and entitlement to share in Husband’s
nonmarital retirement accounts were wholly without merit. Wife
began litigating those meritless claims in earnest when she filed
her counter-motion for special relief on July 16, 2021. Wife’s
pursuit of a claim against Husband’s nonmarital retirement
accounts constituted a clear breach of the [a]greement, entitling
Husband to attorney fees and costs from July 16, 2021 through
the date of receipt of the court’s October 4, 2021 order disposing
of the claim. Attorney fees and costs incurred from July 16, 2021
through October 5, 2021 in the amount of $9,388.25 will be
awarded in favor of Husband. Standby counsel fees are denied
because they are not sufficiently itemized to identify fees and
costs incurred during the relevant time period.
Trial Ct. Op. at 5-6.
Following our review of the record, we agree with the trial court that
Husband was entitled to attorneys’ fees under the express terms of the parties’
agreement. See McMullen, 985 A.2d at 775. As noted, the parties’
agreement stated that if either party retained “counsel for the purpose of
enforcing or preventing the breach of” the agreement, the prevailing party
would be “entitled to be reimbursed by the losing party for all costs and
expenses incurred thereby, including, but not limited to, reasonable attorneys’
fees and expenses for the services rendered to such prevailing party.” See
Prenuptial Agreement, 6/25/04, at 12-13. Although Wife sought to enforce
“modifications” to the agreement which would entitle her to some portion of
Husband’s retirement accounts, the trial court concluded that Wife’s claim was
meritless and ruled in Husband’s favor. Therefore, under the express terms
- 12 -
J-A25024-22
of the parties’ agreement, Husband was entitled to legal fees as the prevailing
party. See McMullen, 985 A.2d at 775. Accordingly, Wife is not entitled to
relief on this claim.
Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 3/22/2023
- 13 -