Com. v. Nunez, I. ( 2023 )

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee :
:
v. :
:
IVAN GUADALUPE NUNEZ-HURTADO :
:
Appellant : No. 1071 EDA 2022
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered March 17, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-15-CR-0002568-2020
BEFORE: MURRAY, J., KING, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY KING, J.: FILED MAY 5, 2023
Appellant, Ivan Guadalupe Nunez-Hurtado, appeals from the judgment
of sentence entered in the Chester County Court of Common Pleas, following
his jury trial convictions for theft by unlawful taking, receiving stolen property,
two counts of conspiracy, and corruption of minors.1 We affirm.
The trial court set forth the relevant facts and procedural history of this
case as follows.
On May 19, 2020, during the height of the Coronavirus
pandemic, Appellant…and his co-defendant, Darius Bolden,
entered the City of Coatesville Police impound lot and
committed the theft of an All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV). Police
located the abandoned ATV and apprehended Appellant on
the stairs to the roof of the building where Appellant
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3921(a); 3925; 903; and 6301(a)(1)(i), respectively.
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abandoned the ATV.[2] The Formal Information, filed on
September 30, 2020, charge[d Appellant] with[:] one (1)
count of theft by unlawful taking or disposition, one (1)
count [of] receiving stolen property, one (1) count [of]
criminal trespass, three (3) counts [of] criminal conspiracy,
one (1) count [of] corruption of minors, and one (1) count
[of] disorderly conduct.[3]
A two (2) day jury trial commenced on October 27, 2021
before the Honorable Judge Jacqueline C. Cody. The trial
concluded on October 28, 2021 and the jury found
[Appellant] guilty of[:] one (1) count [of] theft by unlawful
taking or disposition, one (1) count [of] receiving stolen
property, one (1) count [of] criminal conspiracy to commit
theft by unlawful taking or disposition, one (1) count [of]
criminal conspiracy to commit receiving stolen property, and
one (1) count [of] corruption of minors. On December 20,
2021, one of the Honorable Judge Jacqueline C. Cody’s
criminal trial lists was reassigned to the Honorable Judge
Alita A. Rovito due to Judge Cody’s retirement on January
3, 2022. Prior to [Appellant’s] sentencing, before Judge
Rovito on March 17, 2022, [Appellant] raised a claim, in his
sentencing memorandum for the first time, regarding the
proper grading of his convictions. The Commonwealth
requested the matter to be addressed by Judge Cody, as the
trial judge.
On February 15, 2022, the parties appeared before Judge
Cody to address the issue of grading. On February 16,
2022, Judge Cody entered an Order grading [Appellant’s]
convictions on the charges of theft by unlawful taking,
receiving stolen property, conspiracy to [commit] theft by
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2 The trial court opinion provides a more detailed recitation of the underlying
facts later in its opinion. (See Trial Court Opinion, filed 8/5/22, at 3-8). Those
facts are not germane to our resolution of the issues on appeal.
3 On September 29, 2021, the parties stipulated to amending the criminal
information to the following charges: (1) theft by unlawful taking; (2)
receiving stolen property; (3) conspiracy to commit theft by unlawful taking;
(4) conspiracy to commit receiving stolen property; (5) corruption of minors;
and (6) disorderly conduct. The Commonwealth later withdrew the disorderly
conduct charge.
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unlaw[ful] taking, and conspiracy to [commit] receiving
stolen property as felonies of the first degree. On February
23, 2022, Judge Cody entered an Amended Order, again,
grading the above convictions as felonies of the first degree.
Judge Cody entered a Second Amended Order on March 17,
2022 due to a mistake in the grading in the first two (2)
orders. The final Order graded [the theft and conspiracy
related] convictions as felonies of the third degree. [The
court imposed an aggregate sentence that day of three
years’ probation4].
Appellant…filed [a timely] Notice of Appeal to the Superior
Court on April 15, 2022 in the above-captioned matter. …
The trial court ordered Appellant to file a Concise Statement
of Errors Complained of on Appeal on April [2]6, 2022.
Appellant filed a Concise Statement on July 13, 2022
[following receipt of the transcripts]. …
(Trial Court Opinion, filed 8/5/22, at 1-3) (internal footnotes omitted).
Appellant raises two issues for our review:
Did the trial court improperly grade Theft by Unlawful
Taking, Receiving Stolen Property, Criminal Conspiracy to
commit Theft by Unlawful Taking and Criminal Conspiracy
to commit Receiving Stolen Property? In light of Apprendi
v. New Jersey[5], did the jury’s verdict slip authorize the
court to sentence Appellant on the above-mentioned
offenses graded as felonies of the third degree?
Was the evidence insufficient as a matter of law for a
conviction on the offense of Corruption of Minors, 18
Pa.C.S.A. § 6301 (a)(1)(i)? Specifically, was there
insufficient evidence produced to show that the person
whose morals would tend to be corrupted was under the age
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4 Specifically, the court imposed consecutive terms of 12 months’ probation
for theft by unlawful taking, conspiracy to commit theft by unlawful taking,
and corruption of minors. The receiving stolen property and conspiracy to
commit receiving stolen property convictions merged for sentencing purposes.
5 Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435(2000).
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of 18?
(Appellant’s Brief at 5).
In his first issue, Appellant argues that there was no finding by the jury
as to the value of the item stolen or the type of item stolen. Specifically,
Appellant avers the verdict slip did not contain a finding that the amount of
the theft exceeded $2,000.00. Further, Appellant complains there was no
finding by the jury that the property stolen was an automobile, airplane,
motorcycle, motorboat or other motor-propelled vehicle. Lastly, Appellant
contends there was no finding by the jury that Appellant was in the business
of buying or selling stolen property. Appellant maintains that at least one of
these findings was required to grade Appellant’s theft offenses as felonies of
the third degree. In sum, Appellant insists the Commonwealth failed to
present the jury with the essential questions necessary to elevate the grading
of the offenses from misdemeanors of the third degree to felonies of the third
degree, namely (1) whether the amount exceeded $2,000.00; or (2) whether
the item stolen was a motor-propelled vehicle; or (3) whether Appellant was
in the business of buying or selling stolen property. Appellant concludes the
court imposed an illegal sentence, and this Court must vacate and remand for
the re-grading of the offenses at issue. We disagree.
In general, a defendant’s “failure to contemporaneously object to the
jury instructions or the verdict slip…operates as a waiver.” Commonwealth
v. Matty, 619 A.2d 1383, 1387 (Pa.Super. 1993). Nevertheless, “[a] claim
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that the court improperly graded an offense for sentencing purposes
implicates the legality of a sentence” and is not waivable, assuming
jurisdiction is proper. Commonwealth v. Mendozajr, 71 A.3d 1023, 1027
(Pa.Super. 2013).6 “When the legality of a sentence is at issue on appeal, our
standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary.”
Commonwealth v. Catt, 994 A.2d 1158, 1160 (Pa.Super. 2010) (en banc).
In Apprendi, the United States Supreme Court held: “Other than the
fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime
beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and
proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” Apprendi, supra at 490, 120 S.Ct. at
2363. See also Commonwealth v. Panko, 975 A.2d 1189, 1191 (Pa.Super.
2009), appeal denied, 618 Pa. 686, 57 A.3d 69 (2012) (citing Apprendi and
noting that “a fact that increases the maximum penalty or changes the grade
of an offense must be submitted to a jury and proven beyond a reasonable
doubt”).
The Crimes Code provides for the grading of theft offenses, in relevant
part, as follows:
§ 3903. Grading of theft offenses
* * *
(a.1) Felony of the third degree.—Except as provided in
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6 Appellant did not object to the verdict slip in this case. Nevertheless,
because Appellant’s grading challenge implicates the legality of his sentence,
we will review the merits of his issue on appeal. See id.
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subsection (a) or (a.2), theft constitutes a felony of the third
degree if the amount involved exceeds $2,000, or the
property stolen is an automobile, airplane,
motorcycle, motorboat or other motor-propelled
vehicle, or in the case of theft by receiving stolen property,
if the receiver is in the business of buying or selling stolen
property.
* * *
(b) Other grades.—Theft not within (a), (a.1), or (a.2),
constitutes a misdemeanor of the first degree, except that
if the property was not taken from the person or by threat,
or in breach of fiduciary obligation, and:
(1) the amount involved was $50 or more but less than
$200 the offense constitutes a misdemeanor of the
second degree; or
(2) the amount involved was less than $50 the offense
constitutes a misdemeanor of the third degree.
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3903(a.1), (b) (emphasis added). See also 18 Pa.C.S.A. §
905 (stating: “Except as otherwise provided in this title, attempt, solicitation
and conspiracy are crimes of the same grade and degree as the most serious
offense which is attempted or solicited or is an object of the conspiracy”).
The Vehicle Code defines a “motor vehicle” as “[a] vehicle which is self-
propelled except an electric personal assistive mobility device or a vehicle
which is propelled solely by human power.” 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 102. This Court
has held that an ATV “is clearly a motor vehicle.” Commonwealth v.
Predmore, 500 A.2d 474, 475 (Pa.Super. 1985). See also Commonwealth
v. Eliason, 509 A.2d 1296 (Pa.Super. 1986), appeal denied, 517 Pa. 592, 535
A.2d 81 (1987) (holding three-wheeler vehicle falls within definition of “motor
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vehicle” for purposes of Vehicle Code).
In Commonwealth v. Nellom, 234 A.3d 695 (Pa.Super. 2020), appeal
denied, ___ Pa. ___, 252 A.3d 593 (2021), on which Appellant heavily relies,
a jury convicted the appellant of theft of services. On appeal, the appellant
claimed the verdict was incomplete because it did not require the jury to find
that the value of the stolen services exceeded $2,000.00, and that such
deficiency resulted in an illegal sentence. Although the appellant did not
object to the verdict slip, rendering any challenge to the language of the
verdict slip waived, this Court considered the challenge to the improper
grading of his offense a non-waivable challenge to the legality of his sentence.
See id. at 704.
This Court explained that the theft of services statute provides that an
offense constitutes a summary offense when the value of the services obtained
or diverted is less than $50.00; when the value of the services obtained or
diverted is $50.00 or more, the grading of the offense shall be established as
set forth in Section 3903 (relating to grading of theft offenses). See id. at
704-05; 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3926(c)(1-2). While the Commonwealth presented
uncontradicted evidence that the total value of services obtained was
$3,658.00, the only question posed to the jury on the verdict slip was whether
the value of services obtained exceeded $50.00, to which the jury answered
“yes.” Consequently, this Court held:
The effect of this verdict merely established that the offense
was greater than a summary offense. See 18 Pa.C.S. §
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3926(c)(1) (theft of services is a summary offense if the
value of the services taken is fifty dollars or less). However,
the trial court, without objection by the Commonwealth,
failed to present the jury with the essential questions
necessary to elevate the grade of the offense from a
misdemeanor of the second degree to either a misdemeanor
of the first degree, or a felony of the third degree — namely,
(1) whether the amount involved was between $200.00 and
$2,000.00, or (2) whether the amount involved exceeded
$2,000.00, respectively. 18 Pa.C.S. § 3903(b), (a.1).
Therefore, in light of Apprendi, we are obligated to
conclude that the verdict on this count only authorized the
trial court to sentence Appellant for theft of services graded
as a misdemeanor of the second degree, the maximum
sentence for which is two years. See 18 Pa.C.S. § 1104(2).
Nellom, supra at 705 (internal footnote omitted).
Instantly, the trial court explained:
As a matter of law, an ATV is a vehicle. Theft of an ATV is
theft of a vehicle, graded as a felony of the third degree.
The trial court properly graded theft by unlawful taking,
receiving stolen property, conspiracy to commit theft by
unlawful taking, and conspiracy to commit receiving stolen
property as felonies of the third degree for sentencing
purposes. …
(Trial Court Opinion at 11).7
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7 We observe that the trial court and the Commonwealth also claim Appellant
stipulated to the offenses being graded as third-degree felonies. Upon our
review of the record, however, we agree with Appellant that he stipulated only
to amending the criminal information to charging him with those offenses as
third-degree felonies. (See Appellant’s Brief at 20) (arguing that defense
counsel agreed only that Commonwealth was withdrawing certain charges and
going forth with others graded as third-degree felonies; “Just because the
Commonwealth is attempting to prove a certain grading and the defense
understands that the Commonwealth’s intent pre-trial does not mean defense
counsel stipulates pre-trial that the Commonwealth will meet its burden”).
Appellant’s stipulation to amending the charges did not alleviate the
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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We agree with the trial court that Appellant’s theft offenses were
properly graded as third-degree felonies for sentencing. While in Nellom the
jury failed to specify a finding for the value of the theft of services obtained,
there was no question in this case that the stolen property at issue was an
ATV. (See N.T. Trial, 10/28/21, at 56) (where court is instructing jury on
elements of offenses and makes clear that stolen property at issue is ATV).
As the trial court correctly observed, an ATV is considered a motor vehicle as
a matter of law. See Predmore, supra. Under these circumstances, Nellom
is distinguishable from the facts of this case, and we see no violation of the
principles espoused in Apprendi here. Therefore, Appellant’s first issue on
appeal merits no relief.
In his second issue, Appellant argues the Commonwealth presented
insufficient evidence to demonstrate that Mr. Bolden was under the age of 18.
Appellant claims the Commonwealth could have, but did not, introduce Mr.
Bolden’s driver’s license, birth certificate, or an arrest record to show his age.
Instead, Appellant contends the Commonwealth merely introduced testimony
from Officer Himmel, during which the officer said that Mr. Bolden was 17
years old. Appellant maintains that Officer Himmel did not provide Mr.
Bolden’s birthdate or other evidence to confirm his statement that he was a
minor. Appellant emphasizes that Mr. Bolden was not in the courtroom, so
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Commonwealth’s burden to prove that Appellant’s offenses should be graded
as third-degree felonies.
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the jury could not assess his physical appearance to confirm his age.
Appellant concludes the evidence was insufficient to sustain his conviction for
corruption of minors, and this Court must grant relief. We disagree.
In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, our standard
of review is as follows:
As a general matter, our standard of review of sufficiency
claims requires that we evaluate the record in the light most
favorable to the verdict winner giving the prosecution the
benefit of all reasonable inferences to be drawn from the
evidence. Evidence will be deemed sufficient to support the
verdict when it establishes each material element of the
crime charged and the commission thereof by the accused,
beyond a reasonable doubt. Nevertheless, the
Commonwealth need not establish guilt to a mathematical
certainty. Any doubt about the defendant’s guilt is to be
resolved by the fact finder unless the evidence is so weak
and inconclusive that, as a matter of law, no probability of
fact can be drawn from the combined circumstances.
The Commonwealth may sustain its burden by means of
wholly circumstantial evidence. Accordingly, [t]he fact that
the evidence establishing a defendant’s participation in a
crime is circumstantial does not preclude a conviction where
the evidence coupled with the reasonable inferences drawn
therefrom overcomes the presumption of innocence.
Significantly, we may not substitute our judgment for that
of the fact finder; thus, so long as the evidence adduced,
accepted in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth,
demonstrates the respective elements of a defendant’s
crimes beyond a reasonable doubt, the appellant’s
convictions will be upheld.
Commonwealth v. Sebolka, 205 A.3d 329, 336-37 (Pa.Super. 2019)
(quoting Commonwealth v. Franklin, 69 A.3d 719, 722-23 (Pa.Super.
2013)).
The Crimes Code defines the offense of corruption of minors, in relevant
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part, as follows:
§ 6301. Corruption of minors
(a) Offense defined.—
(1)(i) Except as provided in subparagraph (ii), whoever,
being of the age of 18 years and upwards, by any act
corrupts or tends to corrupt the morals of any minor less
than 18 years of age, or who aids, abets, entices or
encourages any such minor in the commission of any crime,
or who knowingly assists or encourages such minor in
violating his or her parole or any order of court, commits a
misdemeanor of the first degree.
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6301(a)(1)(i). For purposes of the statute, “[a] person’s age
need not be proved only by direct testimony, but may also be proved by
circumstantial evidence.” Commonwealth v. Nelson, 467 A.2d 638, 640
(Pa.Super. 1983) (holding factfinder could reasonably infer that appellant was
at least 21 years old based on evidence that appellant worked in bar, was
drinking alcohol, and had lived in college dorm).
Instantly, the trial court reasoned:
The trial court correctly found there was sufficient evidence
presented to enable the jury to find every element of the
offenses charged, particularly the age required by the crime
of corruption of minors, when reviewed in a light favorable
to the Commonwealth. Review of the trial testimony and
exhibits entered reveals ample evidence sufficient for the
jury to find Appellant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. The
record is unambiguous regarding the age of [Mr.] Bolden.
Officer Himmel credibly testified as to his previous
encounters with Mr. Bolden, his interactions with Mr. Bolden
on the day in question, and the steps he took after taking
[Appellant] and Mr. Bolden into custody, as the affiant.
Officer Himmel testified to numerous encounters with Mr.
Bolden while acting in his official capacity as a law
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enforcement officer, both positive and negative in outcome,
leading him to know Mr. Bolden as a minor on the day in
question. Over the defense’s objection, Officer Himmel
specifically testified [Mr.] Bolden, “... was a juvenile. He
was 17 years old.” Officer Himmel also testified he
“Mirandized [Mr. Bolden] with his parent or guardian
present.” While the trial court acknowledges there are
numerous situations that require a third-party to be present
for Miranda purposes, the most common situation
necessitating a parent or guardian to be present when given
“Miranda rights” involves minors.[8]
Of greater significance, Officer Himmel unambiguously
identified Mr. Bolden, in Commonwealth Exhibit 3G, in a
juvenile detention facility. Appellant’s counsel did not
question Officer Himmel regarding the steps taken after Mr.
Bolden was taken into custody. Furthermore, Defense
counsel did not object to the introduction or description
given regarding Commonwealth Exhibit 3G, nor did
Appellant ask questions pertaining to Commonwealth
Exhibit 3G. The trial court and the jury are permitted to
[draw] inferences from the picture of Mr. Bolden itself in
determining his age. The only reasonable inference drawn
from Officer Himmel’s statement and the picture of Mr.
Bolden in a juvenile detention facility is that Mr. Bolden is a
minor under 18 years of age necessitating his confinement
to a juvenile facility.
(Trial Court Opinion at 14-16) (internal citations and emphasis omitted).
We agree with the court’s analysis. Viewed in the light most favorable
to the Commonwealth as verdict-winner, the evidence was sufficient to prove
Mr. Bolden was a minor at the time of the offenses. See Sebolka, supra;Nelson, supra. Therefore, the Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence
to convict Appellant of corruption of minors. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. §
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8 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966).
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6301(a)(1)(i). Accordingly, we affirm.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 5/05/2023
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