Com. v. Williams, R. ( 2023 )

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
RICHARD LEONARD WILLIAMS :
:
Appellant : No. 637 WDA 2022
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered May 3, 2022,
in the Court of Common Pleas of Fayette County,
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-26-CR-0001064-2021.
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., KUNSELMAN, J., and COLINS, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY KUNSELMAN, J.: FILED: MAY 12, 2023
Richard Leonard Williams appeals from the judgment of sentence
entered after a jury convicted him of aggravated assault, simple assault, five
counts of recklessly endangering another person, four counts of terroristic
threats, and three counts of unlawful restraint.1 We are constrained to vacate
in part and remand for a new trial.
The trial court recounted the facts adduced at trial:
On February 15, 2021, Officer Thomas O’Barto of the
Masontown Police Department was dispatched to Fort Mason
Village for a reported fight and potential stabbing at approximately
10:30 pm. When Officer O’Barto arrived on scene, he observed a
male bleeding in front of apartment 33, who he identified as Mark
Smith. Mr. Smith was bleeding from the right arm and had several
other injuries. Officer O’Barto then moved to the inside of the
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2702(a)(1), 2701(a)(1), 2705, 2706(a)(1), and 2902(c)(1).
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apartment to clear the residence and to check for other victims.
Officer O’Barto found Crystal Jackson and her [three c]hildren in
the upstairs room, everyone was crying and visibly distraught.
The officer then moved the family to outside the apartment so he
could continue to clear the scene.
The officer cleared the scene with no sight of Williams. The
victim, Crystal Jackson, told the officer that the perpetrator was
Williams. While the officer was speaking to [Jackson], she showed
him messages she received from Williams. Then Williams called
[Jackson’s] phone. Officer O’Barto answered the phone, identified
himself and told Williams to turn himself in. Williams was adamant
that he would not turn himself in.
From the scene Officer O’Barto collected two knives, one in
the living room at the bottom of the staircase, and the other in
the bedroom where the family was located when he arrived on
scene. The knives were properly collected for evidence. Later
that night[, Williams] sent [Jackson] messages saying, “I’m
getting a gun and I’m coming after [all] y’all.” Williams was
eventually located and arrested for his preliminary hearing.
Trial Court Opinion, 7/11/22, at 4–5.
Jackson testified that Williams came to her apartment and, with their
three children in Jackson’s bedroom, cut his arm and told Jackson she could
stop the cutting by not talking to Smith. Smith testified that he came to tell
Williams to leave; as Williams ran down the stairs, Smith grabbed Williams’
legs and took him to the floor. Williams then cut Smith with a knife and fled.
The jury also heard that the previous night, Smith and Williams fought outside
Jackson’s apartment.
Williams represented himself at trial and testified in his own defense.
He argued that he acted in self-defense against Smith. As described below,
Williams sought to introduce his knowledge of Smith’s criminal charges from
2018. Based on Williams’ limited documentary evidence of Smith’s record,
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the trial court took the matter under advisement. Following its review of
Smith’s case, the court told the jury that Smith had a conviction for criminal
trespass, which the jury could use only in assessing Smith’s credibility.
The trial court instructed the jury on self-defense. It gave instructions
on the elements of the charged crimes that substantially tracked the standard
jury instructions. Williams did not object to the trial court’s final instructions.
The jury found Williams not guilty of attempted murder and guilty of the
remaining offenses. On May 3, 2022, the court sentenced Williams to an
aggregate term of 9 to 30 years of imprisonment, consecutive to his sentence
in a related case. Williams timely appealed. Williams and the trial court
complied with Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 1925.2
Williams presents seven questions for our review:
1. Whether the Commonwealth’s evidence in this case is
insufficient by failing to prove [Williams] was not acting in self
defense in regards to aggravated assault (Count 2) beyond a
reasonable doubt?
2. Whether self defense was justified and the verdict was against
the weight of the evidence?
3. Whether the Commonwealth furnished evidence to justify the
assault upon [Williams]?
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2 Williams, pro se in this case and a related case, received extra time to file
his concise statements of error. After Williams filed his concise statement in
his other case, the trial court entered its opinion in both cases. Williams then
filed his concise statement in this case, before the extended due date. We
remanded for a supplemental trial court opinion to address the other issues
that Williams briefed in this case. The trial court promptly entered a
supplemental opinion on March 27, 2023.
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4. Whether the trial court erred by not permitting inquiry into
victims crimen falsi conviction?
5. Whether the evidence is insufficient to sustain the conviction
for terroristic threats regarding [Williams’] children, Counts 9,
10, 12?
6. Whether the evidence is insufficient to sustain the convictions
of unlawful restraint, Counts 13, 14 and 15?
7. Whether the trial court erred in its instructions by withholding
explanation between malice and self defense?
Williams’ Brief at 7. The Commonwealth did not file a brief.
1. Sufficiency of the evidence – self-defense
Williams’ first issue concerns the sufficiency of the Commonwealth’s
evidence to prove that he was not acting in self-defense for the charge of
aggravated assault against Smith.3 He emphasizes Smith’s testimony that
Williams had not yet reached Smith when Smith grabbed his feet. Because of
this evidence that Smith initiated physical contact, Williams argues that the
Commonwealth did not meet its burden to disprove self-defense.
As with any challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we employ the
following well-settled standard of review:
The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence
is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light
most favorable to the verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence
to enable the [jury] to find every element of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt. In applying this test, we may not weigh the
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3The trial court instructed the jury that self-defense applied to the charges of
attempted murder, aggravated assault, and simple assault. As noted infra,
self-defense should also apply to the charge of recklessly endangering Smith.
The jury acquitted Williams of attempted murder. Williams limits his challenge
on appeal to the charge of aggravated assault.
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evidence and substitute our judgment for the [jury’s]. In addition,
we note that the facts and circumstances established by the
Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of innocence.
Any doubts regarding a defendant’s guilt may be resolved by the
[jury] unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that as a
matter of law no probability of fact may be drawn from the
combined circumstances. The Commonwealth may sustain its
burden of proving every element of the crime [and disproving self-
defense] beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly
circumstantial evidence. Moreover, in applying the above test,
the entire record must be evaluated and all evidence actually
received must be considered. Finally, the [jury] while passing
upon the credibility of witnesses and the weight of the evidence
produced, is free to believe all, part or none of the evidence.
Commonwealth v. Boyer, 282 A.3d 1161, 1171 (Pa. Super. 2022) (brackets
omitted) (quoting Commonwealth v. Walsh, 36 A.3d 613, 618–19 (Pa.
Super. 2012)).
Once there is some evidence to justify a finding of self-defense, the
Commonwealth has the burden to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the
defendant was not acting in self-defense. Commonwealth v. Mouzon, 53
A.3d 738, 740–43 (Pa. 2012) (cataloguing the history of this burden).
Pennsylvania’s self-defense law is found in Section 505 of the Crimes Code,
“Use of force in self-protection”:
(a) Use of force justifiable for protection of the person.--
The use of force upon or toward another person is justifiable when
the actor believes that such force is immediately necessary for the
purpose of protecting himself against the use of unlawful force by
such other person on the present occasion.
(b) Limitations on justifying necessity for use of force.--
* * *
(2) The use of deadly force is not justifiable under this section
unless the actor believes that such force is necessary to protect
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himself against death, serious bodily injury, kidnapping or sexual
intercourse compelled by force or threat; nor is it justifiable if:
(i) the actor, with the intent of causing death or
serious bodily injury, provoked the use of force
against himself in the same encounter; or
(ii) the actor knows that he can avoid the necessity of using
such force with complete safety by retreating, except the
actor is not obliged to retreat from his dwelling or place of
work, unless he was the initial aggressor or is assailed in his
place of work by another person whose place of work the
actor knows it to be.
18 Pa.C.S.A. § 505(a), (b)(2) (emphasis added). Under this law, when a
defendant uses deadly force, the three elements of a self-defense claim are:
(1) the defendant reasonably believed that he was in imminent
danger of death or serious bodily injury and that it was necessary
to use deadly force against the victim to prevent such harm; (2)
the defendant was free from fault in provoking the difficulty which
culminated in his use of deadly force; and (3) the defendant did
not violate any duty to retreat.
Commonwealth v. Steele, 234 A.3d 840, 846 (Pa. Super. 2020) (citing
Mouzon, 53 A.3d at 740). The Commonwealth may meet its burden by
disproving any of these three elements. Here, the trial court properly
instructed the jury on self-defense. N.T., Trial, 4/27/22, at 340–344.
As a threshold matter, the evidence was sufficient to prove that Williams
committed aggravated assault. His use of a knife (of any length) was deadly
force. Commonwealth v. Cutts, 421 A.2d 1172, 1174 (Pa. Super. 1980)
(citing Commonwealth v. Jones, 332 A.2d 464, 466–67 (Pa. Super. 1974)).
Also, Williams knew that a knife was readily capable of causing serious bodily
injury or death, having cut himself and threatened to kill himself moments
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earlier. The evidence was thus sufficient to prove that when Williams used a
knife to slice Smith’s arm, he was using deadly force.
Likewise, the evidence was sufficient to prove that Williams did not act
in self-defense. Here, evidence was presented that Williams provoked Smith’s
use of force against him. As Jackson testified, Williams said that he was going
to kill Smith. N.T., 4/26/22, at 65. Additionally, Smith testified that Williams,
who had fought him the previous night, told him to leave and then started
“charging down the stairs” towards him. Id. at 130. The jury was free to
believe this testimony, which was sufficient to establish that Williams intended
to kill or seriously injure Smith and that Williams did not act in self-defense
because he provoked Smith to grab his feet and restrain him. Therefore,
Williams’ first issue fails.
2. Weight of the evidence – self-defense
In Williams’ second issue, he argues that the weight of the evidence at
trial favored his self-defense claim. He notes that Smith arrived with at least
one other person and put him in a chokehold when he sliced Smith’s arm.
Williams has waived this issue. A defendant must preserve a claim that
the verdict was against the weight of the evidence by moving for a new trial,
either: orally, on the record, before sentencing; in a written motion before
sentencing; or in a post-sentence motion. Pa.R.Crim.P. 607(A). “Failure to
properly preserve the claim will result in waiver, even if the trial court
addresses the issue in its opinion.” Commonwealth v. Rivera, 238 A.3d
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482, 497 (Pa. Super. 2020) (quoting Commonwealth v. Thompson, 93 A.3d
478, 490 (Pa. Super. 2014)).
Here, a review of the transcripts from the trial and sentencing, as well
as the rest of the certified record, reveals that Williams never moved for a
new trial based on the weight of the evidence. He filed no post-trial motions,
instead appealing the same day as his sentence. Therefore, he has waived
this issue.
3. Sufficiency of the evidence – aggravated assault
Williams’ third issue is a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence that
he intended to cause death or serious bodily injury to Smith. This was an
element of aggravated assault as well as an element that the Commonwealth
had the burden to disprove for Williams’ self-defense claim.
As above, Jackson testified that when Williams left the bedroom, he said
that he was going to kill Smith. N.T., 4/26/22, at 65. And Smith testified that
Williams charged down the stairs towards him. Id. at 130. The jury was free
to believe this direct and circumstantial evidence that when Williams provoked
Smith to grab and restrain him, his intent was to cause death or serious bodily
injury. Williams’ third issue fails.
4. Admissibility of evidence – Smith’s conviction
Williams’ fourth issue concerns the trial court’s treatment of evidence of
Smith’s criminal record. Williams tried to cross-examine Smith about Smith
previously entering another person’s residence at night. N.T., 4/26/22, at
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149. The Commonwealth objected, and Williams offered an exhibit showing
that Smith was charged with certain offenses in 2018 (two and a half years
before the incident being tried). The trial court reserved ruling on the
admissibility of Smith’s prior crimes based on Williams’ documentation.4
Williams continued questioning Smith without reference to the prior incident.
During a recess, the trial court reviewed Smith’s criminal case and
determined that Smith had pled guilty to criminal trespass, loitering and
prowling at night, and harassment.5 The court therefore ruled that it would
instruct the jury that it could consider Smith’s criminal trespass conviction in
judging Smith’s truthfulness. Williams explained that he was not seeking to
use it for that purpose but rather to substantiate his own fear of serious bodily
harm. N.T., 4/26/22, at 201–202.6 In response to the trial court’s concern
that there was no evidence that Williams had known about Smith’s conviction,
Williams explained, “I knew it. I knew he had done it before because he was
in jail. I’ve known him for ten years.” Id. at 202.
Ultimately, the trial court ruled that Smith’s conviction for criminal
trespass would be admissible only as crimen falsi evidence. It thus did not
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4 It is not clear exactly what documents Williams had. The trial court states
he had an affidavit of probable cause and a transcript from a magistrate
hearing. Trial Court Opinion, 3/27/23, at 7. Williams included a criminal
information with his brief. From the substance of the discussion, it appears
he may have had a docket sheet, which is informally known as a transcript.
5 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3503(a)(1)(i), 5506, and 2709(a)(3).
6 It appears that Williams cited Commonwealth v. Stewart, 394 A.2d 968(Pa. 1978), which was spelled as Hoover in the notes of testimony.
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allow Williams to testify to Smith’s prior violence, except for violence toward
Williams. The court instructed:
Ladies and gentlemen, while they’re talking, you heard
some discussion yesterday about a prior criminal record for Mark
Smith, and also while we were discussing this matter outside of
your presence the parties stipulated that Mark Smith has a
criminal conviction for criminal trespass. The only purpose for
which you may consider this evidence of his prior conviction is
deciding whether or not to believe all, part, or none of Mark
Smith’s testimony. In doing so, you may consider the type of the
crime committed, how long ago it was committed, and how it may
affect the likelihood that he testified truthfully in this case.
So there are two types of crimes—we call them “crimen
falsi”—that you’re allowed to consider in determining credibility
only. Not that [Smith is] a bad person or he’s a criminal, but he
committed a crime where at the heart of that crime is some type
of dishonesty, and that’s a relevant factor for you to consider in
weighing the credibility of his testimony, and for that purpose only
we are advising you of that prior conviction in making that
determination as to how, if at all, it affects his credibility on the
witness stand.
N.T., 4/27/21, at 286–287.
On appeal, Williams argues that Smith’s prior criminal case was relevant
to Williams’ reasonable belief that his life was in danger. He notes similarities
between Smith’s actions in the prior case and in this case, which he asserts
he should have been allowed to explore at trial. Williams concludes that the
jury should have known about Smith’s prior similar conduct, which would have
affected its deliberations.
Our review recognizes that evidentiary rulings are within the discretion
of the trial court; we will reverse an evidentiary ruling only if the trial court
abused its discretion. Commonwealth v. Gallaway, 283 A.3d 217, 222–23
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(Pa. 2022) (citing Commonwealth v. Le, 208 A.3d 960, 970 (Pa. 2019)).
“An abuse of discretion is not simply an error of judgment, but is an overriding
misapplication of the law, or the exercise of judgment that is manifestly
unreasonable, or the result of bias, prejudice, ill-will or partiality, as shown by
the evidence of record.” Id. at 223 (citing Commonwealth v. Talley, 265
A.3d 485, 530 (Pa. 2021)).
In general, evidence of a person’s character is not admissible to show
that the person acted in accordance with that character on a particular
occasion. Pa.R.E. 404(a)(1). Likewise, evidence that a person committed a
crime “is not admissible to prove a person’s character in order to show that
on a particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the character.”
Pa.R.E. 404(b)(1).
As an exception to this general rule against character evidence, our
Supreme Court recognized two related purposes to admit a victim’s criminal
record. Commonwealth v. Amos, 284 A.2d 748 (Pa. 1971). “[W]here a
defendant alleges self-defense, he may use his deceased victim’s criminal
record either (1) to corroborate his alleged knowledge of the victim’s
quarrelsome and violent character to show that the defendant reasonably
believed that his life was in danger; or (2) to prove the allegedly violent
propensities of the victim to show that the victim was in fact the aggressor.”7
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7 These purposes are legally distinct from attacking a witness’ character for
truthfulness. Commonwealth v. Minich, 4 A.3d 1063, 1071–72 (Pa. Super.
2010); see Pa.R.E. 608, 609.
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Id. at 751; see Pa.R.E. 404(a)(2)(B) (codifying the second purpose). These
purposes also apply when the victim is alive. See Commonwealth v.
Christine (Christine II), 125 A.3d 394, 399–400 (Pa. 2015). If the victim’s
criminal charges and violent acts did not result in a conviction, they are
admissible only for the first purpose in Amos, to corroborate the defendant’s
belief that his life was in danger. Commonwealth v. Darby, 373 A.2d 1073,
1074–75 (Pa. 1977).
Both purposes for admitting a victim’s criminal record require the
defendant to establish admissibility with specific showings of probative value.
Commonwealth v. Lehman, 275 A.3d 513, 519 (Pa. Super. 2022). First, to
corroborate a defendant’s claim that he reasonably believed his life was in
danger, he must show that he knew about the victim’s record when he used
force against the victim. Id. (citing Commonwealth v. Stewart, 647 A.2d
597, 599 n.1 (Pa. Super. 1994)). Second, to prove that the victim was the
aggressor, a defendant must show that the victim’s crimes “are similar in
nature and not too distant in time” as compared to the crimes being tried. Id.(quoting Commonwealth v. Christine (Christine I), 78 A.3d 1, 5 (Pa.
Super. 2013) (en banc) (Mundy, J., in support of affirmance), aff’d, 125 A.3d
394 (Pa. 2015)). These threshold determinations are within the sound
discretion of the trial court. Amos, 284 A.2d 748, 752; accord Christine II,
125 A.3d at 399 n.9 (“[T]rial courts may determine whether the facts are
sufficiently similar on a case-by-case basis . . . .”).
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If a defendant claims self-defense and shows the probative value of the
victim’s criminal record, this evidence is admissible. Our courts have found
the exclusion of such evidence to be reversible error. Commonwealth v.
Beck, 402 A.2d 1371, 1373 (Pa. 1979)8 (granting a new trial based on
exclusion of victim’s conviction for assault and battery); see Commonwealth
v. Carbone, 707 A.2d 1145, 1155 (Pa. Super. 1998) (post-conviction case,
remanding for a new trial where counsel did not present testimony that the
victim had accosted another woman); see also Commonwealth v. Dillon,
598 A.2d 963, 965 (Pa. 1991) (reversing based on exclusion of evidence of
victim’s violent propensities when drunk).
Here, Williams claimed that he acted in self-defense against Smith.
Therefore, Williams could introduce evidence of Smith’s prior record upon a
showing of probative value under either of the two purposes from Amos. We
conclude that the trial court erred in excluding this evidence under the first
purpose—corroborating Williams’ claim that he feared for his life when he used
force against Smith.
For Williams to use Smith’s criminal history to corroborate his own
mental state, he had to show that he knew of Smith’s record at the time of
the incident. Amos, 284 A.2d at 752. He told the trial court that he did.
N.T., 4/26/22, at 202. This is enough to raise a question for the jury if
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8 Beck was overruled in holding “that all assault convictions are sufficiently
similar to demonstrate the victim’s violent propensities.” Christine II, 125
A.3d 394, 399 n.9. Current law calls for a case-by-case determination. Id.- 13 -
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Williams knew about Smith’s criminal involvement and if he reasonably
believed his life was in danger. The trial court did not allow Williams to use
Smith’s record for this purpose. Instead, the court instructed the jury that it
could only consider Smith’s conviction for criminal trespass in determining
Smith’s credibility. This was a misapplication of the law and therefore an
abuse of discretion. The trial court erred by ruling that Williams could not
present evidence of Smith’s prior criminal case as proof of Williams’ own
reasonable fear of Smith.9
The other purpose from Amos, using Smith’s convictions to prove that
Smith was the first aggressor, requires analyzing how long ago Smith’s crimes
occurred and how similar they were to his actions when Williams claimed self-
defense. This is similar to the test for admissibility of a “common plan or
scheme” under Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 404(b)(2) and is within the
discretion of the trial court. See Amos, 284 A.2d at 752. Here, the trial court
bypassed this analysis and precluded Williams from presenting evidence of
Smith’s convictions as proof that Smith was the initial aggressor.10 We
observe that Smith’s crimes occurred two and a half years prior to the incident
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9 Because this purpose relates only to Williams’ fear, Williams should have
been able to present evidence of charges of violent offenses against Smith,
even if those charges did not result in convictions. Darby, supra.
10 The trial court acted within its discretion by first taking the matter under
advisement to determine the disposition of Smith’s charges. However, once
it found that Smith had been convicted, the court should have analyzed the
crimes’ similarity and remoteness, rather than proceed under a crimen falsi
theory not requested by Williams.
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at hand and did not require the Commonwealth to prove a physical attack.
We leave it to the trial court to determine on retrial the admissibility of Smith’s
convictions under this purpose.
We pause to assess whether the trial court’s error was harmless, which
we may do sua sponte. Commonwealth v. Hamlett, 234 A.3d 486 (Pa.
2020). For this Court to find harmless error, we must be “convinced beyond
a reasonable doubt that the error is harmless.” Commonwealth v. Story,
383 A.2d 155, 162 (Pa. 1978). That is, “the error could not have contributed
to the verdict. Whenever there is a reasonable possibility that an error might
have contributed to the conviction, the error is not harmless.” Id. at 164
(internal quotation marks omitted). Because the error was the exclusion of
evidence, our inquiry is whether the exclusion only minimally prejudiced the
defendant or whether, comparing the evidence of guilt and the prejudicial
effect of the error, the exclusion could not have contributed to the verdict.
Commonwealth v. Jones, 240 A.3d 881, 892 (Pa. 2020) (quoting
Commonwealth v. Fulton, 179 A.3d 475, 493 (Pa. 2018)).
Under either standard, the error was not harmless. Mainly, the trial
court’s ruling prejudiced Williams by preventing him from presenting his full
defense. Williams’ knowledge of Smith’s criminal history gives credence to
his claim that he believed Smith was attacking him. By all accounts, Smith’s
physical interaction with Williams began abruptly. Williams made the first
physical contact with Smith on the stairs. While the jury heard that the two
had fought the night before, it did not hear Williams’ full explanation that he
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believed Smith to be violent based on Smith’s criminal history. We cannot say
based on this record that the exclusion of Williams’ knowledge of Smith’s
criminal history did not contribute to the rejection of Williams’ self-defense
claim and in turn the verdict.
Therefore, we are constrained to grant Williams a new trial for his
convictions for crimes in which Smith was named as the victim. Beck, supra.
This includes aggravated assault, simple assault, and recklessly endangering
Smith. See Commonwealth v. Fowlin, 710 A.2d 1130, 1133 (Pa. 1998)
(following Commonwealth v. Hilbert, 382 A.2d 724 (Pa. 1978)) (applying
self-defense to reckless endangerment). Williams’ other convictions remain
intact.
5. Sufficiency of the evidence – terroristic threats
Williams’ fifth issue is a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to
support his convictions of terroristic threats to his children. He argues that
his only statement that could be construed as a threat was a message to
Jackson: “I’m getting a gun and I’m coming after y’all.” Williams contends
that because he did not send this message to the children, the evidence is
insufficient for the convictions of terroristic threats that named the children as
victims.11
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11To the extent that Williams also challenges the weight of the evidence, he
waived this challenge. Pa.R.Crim.P. 607(A); Rivera, supra.
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By statute, “[a] person commits the crime of terroristic threats if the
person communicates, either directly or indirectly, a threat to . . . commit any
crime of violence with intent to terrorize another.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2706(a)(1).
The elements of the offense are that (1) the defendant made a threat to
commit a crime of violence and (2) the threat was communicated with the
intent to terrorize another. Commonwealth v. Campbell, 253 A.3d 346,
348 (Pa. Super. 2021) (citing Commonwealth v. Vergilio, 103 A.3d 831,
833 (Pa. Super. 2014)). “The offense does not require that the accused intend
to carry out the threat; it does require an intent to terrorize. The harm sought
to be prevented is the psychological distress which follows from an invasion
of another’s sense of personal security.” Commonwealth v. Hardwick, 445
A.2d 796, 797 (Pa. Super. 1982).
For this crime, “‘communicates’ means conveys in person or by written
or electronic means.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2706(e). Depending on context, making
non-verbal gestures can constitute communication. Commonwealth v.
Kline, 201 A.3d 1288, 1291 (Pa. Super. 2019). In making a threat, a
defendant does not need to specify which crime of violence he intends to
commit if the statement and surrounding circumstances support the inference
of the type of crime. Commonwealth v. Hudgens, 582 A.2d 1352, 1358
(Pa. Super. 1990). A threat may be communicated indirectly, such as by
posting content online. Commonwealth v. Beasley, 138 A.3d 39, 47 (Pa.
Super. 2016). Based on the statutory purpose, a threat is not communicated
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until it is received by the victim. Id. at 46–47 (citing Vergilio, 103 A.3d at833–34).
Here, there was no evidence at trial that Williams’ subsequent message
to Jackson was ever received by their children. If this were the only alleged
threat to the children, the evidence would be insufficient. However, this
ignores Williams’ statements and actions in the bedroom and the surrounding
events. Jackson testified that Williams prevented his oldest child from calling
911 and his youngest child from hiding. When they were all in the bedroom,
Williams cut his arm with a knife and told the children it was their mother’s
fault. The children could interpret Williams’ statements and actions to imply
that Williams would also hurt them with the knife. Therefore, the evidence is
sufficient to establish terroristic threats, and Williams’ fifth issue fails.
6. Sufficiency of the evidence – unlawful restraint
Williams’ sixth issue challenges his convictions for unlawfully restraining
the three children. He argues that the evidence was insufficient because the
children were physically free to leave Jackson’s bedroom and he never tried
to restrain them or keep them in the room.
The statute provides: “If the victim is a person under 18 years of age,
a parent of the victim commits a felony of the second degree if he knowingly
. . . restrains another unlawfully in circumstances exposing him to risk of
serious bodily injury.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2902(c)(1).
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We find the evidence to be sufficient. The statutorily prohibited conduct
is not limited to restraint by physical force. At trial, Jackson testified that
Williams had threatened to kill himself if she had not gone to her bedroom.
Although Williams testified that he did not want her to bring the children,
Jackson interpreted Williams’ statements this way. It is reasonable to infer
that the children did, too. Based on this psychological force, the jury could
find that Williams unlawfully restrained his children by making them go to and
stay in Jackson’s room. Therefore, Williams’ sixth issue fails.
7. Jury instruction – malice and self-defense
Williams’ final issue concerns the trial court’s instructions to the jury.
He notes that when the evidence supports a claim of self-defense, a trial court
should provide a requested instruction on self-defense. Commonwealth v.
Bailey, 471 A.2d 551, 553 (Pa. Super. 1984). Williams also indicates that an
instruction on aggravated assault must require the jury to find malice in order
to convict. See Commonwealth v. Kling, 731 A.2d 145, 147–48 (Pa. Super.
1999).
We have explained that a defendant who does not object to a jury
instruction cannot challenge the instruction on appeal.
A specific and timely objection must be made to preserve a
challenge to a particular jury instruction. Failure to do so results
in waiver. Generally, a defendant waives subsequent challenges
to the propriety of the jury charge on appeal if he responds in the
negative when the court asks whether additions or corrections to
a jury charge are necessary.
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J-S01023-23
Commonwealth v. Moury, 992 A.2d 162, 178 (Pa. Super. 2010) (citations
omitted).
Here, Williams did not object to the trial court’s instructions to the jury.
N.T., 4/27/22, at 348. As such, he has waived his final issue.
In sum, we reverse and remand for a new trial only on the convictions
for which Williams had claimed self-defense. Williams’ other convictions
remain intact. Mindful that this outcome may upset the sentencing scheme,
we will vacate Williams’ entire judgment of sentence at this docket and
remand for resentencing following disposition of Williams’ aggravated assault
and simple assault charges. Commonwealth v. Williams, 997 A.2d 1205,
1210–11 (Pa. Super. 2010).
Judgment of sentence vacated. Convictions vacated at Count 2
(aggravated assault), Count 3 (simple assault), and Count 4 (recklessly
endangering another person—Smith). Case remanded for new trial on Counts
2, 3, and 4. Remaining convictions affirmed. Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 5/12/2023
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