Com. v. Dufton, C. ( 2023 )

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT OP 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
COLE FRANCIS DUFTON, :
:
Appellant : No. 1883 EDA 2022
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered June 9, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Wayne County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-64-CR-0000143-2019
BEFORE: DUBOW, J., MURRAY, J., and McCAFFERY, J.
MEMORANDUM BY MURRAY, J.: FILED JUNE 23, 2023
Cole Francis Dufton (Appellant) appeals from the judgment of sentence
imposed after a jury found him guilty of first-degree murder.1 We affirm.
Appellant’s conviction arises out of the murder of Suzette Bullis (victim)
at her home on or about December 19, 2018. The parties stipulated at trial:
[The victim] resided alone at 10 Como Road, Lakewood, Wayne
County, Pennsylvania. … [The victim] had significant health
problems including a prior brain aneurysm. [Appellant] … resided
at 273 South Preston Road, Pleasant Mount, Wayne County,
Pennsylvania [(Appellant’s home)]. [Appellant’s] home was
owned by … the parents of Alexa Sampson[ (Sampson),
Appellant’s paramour.] … [Appellant] had been electrocuted in a
work accident, and this ultimately led to the surgical removal of
his left arm. [The victim] would sometimes sell her prescription
[medication] to obtain money. She and [Appellant] were friends
and would, on occasion, provide each[]other with medication that
they both had been prescribed.
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1 See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502(a).
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N.T., 3/21/22, at 49-50 (breaks and numbering omitted).
The victim’s adult daughter, Andriana Bullis (Bullis), testified that she
traveled to the victim’s home for a visit the morning of December 19, 2018,
and discovered her motionless on the floor in a pool of blood. Id. at 59, 62.
After checking the victim’s pulse, Bullis called 911. Id. at 64.
Pennsylvania State Police (PSP) Trooper James Hitchcock (Trooper
Hitchcock) responded to the victim’s home and collected and processed
evidence. In addition to numerous medication bottles, see id. at 82-83, 89,
Trooper Hitchcock found in the victim’s master bedroom, nearby her body, a
“bullet … lodged inside a comforter….” Id. at 87. Trooper Hitchcock
explained:
The bullet was relatively intact. … One thing that was unique
about it, it had a red coating on it. I’m not sure what the coating
was, but … I don’t see many of those at all.
Id. at 88. Trooper Hitchcock also found a “spent” nine-millimeter shell casing
on the carpet “just above” the victim’s body. Id. at 85. Trooper Hitchcock,
who was wearing gloves, placed the evidence in evidence bags and
transported it to the PSP barracks. Id. at 87, 89. On cross-examination,
Trooper Hitchcock detailed the process he employed in collecting, packaging,
and inventorying the evidence. Id. at 112-14, 127-30.
Appellant’s paramour, Sampson, testified for the Commonwealth that
Appellant resided with her and their young child at Appellant’s home in
December 2018. N.T., 3/22/22, at 6. Sampson stated Appellant was close
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with the victim and “considered her his aunt.” Id. at 10. Sampson had
witnessed Appellant and the victim engage in drug transactions, and stated
Appellant would abuse pain and sleeping medications. Id.
Sampson described a trip that she and Appellant took to a local gun
store, Front Line Armory (the gun store), a few weeks before the murder
“because [Appellant] wanted to buy a gun.” Id. at 11. Sampson stated since
Appellant “didn’t have a valid ID[,] I had to do the paper[]work for him.” Id.
at 12; see also id. (Sampson testifying Appellant paid for the handgun). At
that time, Sampson believed Appellant had purchased a 22-caliber handgun.
Id. at 13. Sampson testified that Appellant used the handgun “three or four
days a week,” shooting “empty beer cans and stuff … in the barn,” despite his
missing left arm. Id. at 16. Appellant also occasionally carried the gun. Id.
at 17.
Sampson testified she was with Appellant December 18, 2018, and they
ran errands in their car. Id. at 17-18. According to Sampson, “[Appellant]
seemed kind of irritated and uncomfortable” that day. Id. at 18. Upon
returning to Appellant’s home, Appellant informed Sampson that “he was
going to [the victim’s] house.” Id.; see also id. at 19 (Sampson stating that
although Appellant alleged he was visiting the victim to console her following
the death of her paramour, Sampson suspected Appellant’s real motivation
was “[t]o get pills.”). Sampson testified Appellant left in a car and was gone
for approximately “twenty-five, thirty minutes.” Id. at 20. Upon Appellant’s
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return, Sampson heard him set something down in the bedroom on a
nightstand. Id. at 21. Sampson checked the nightstand and discovered an
unlabeled bottle containing “little and green” pills. Id.
Sampson further testified that the following day, December 19, 2018,
Appellant informed her that he needed to travel to Scranton, with their young
child, to “go shopping.” Id. at 22; see also id. at 23 (Sampson stating it
took “about fifty minutes” to drive to Scranton). Sampson stated that this
was unusual for Appellant because
he doesn’t have a driver’s license and he didn’t even really like
driving [locally] because of that fact[,] and he [] had a hard time
taking care of [Appellant’s child] on his own in general … so it was
just weird for [Appellant] to take [the child] shopping with him.
Id. at 23. Sampson confirmed that Appellant “bought himself a new shirt on
December 19th when he went to Scranton[.]” Id. at 52. Later that day,
Sampson learned about the victim’s murder. Id. at 23.
Police traveled to Sampson’s workplace on December 19, 2018, and
interviewed her and Appellant separately. Id. at 23-24. Sampson conceded
that she initially lied to police about ownership of the handgun she had
purchased from the gun store in October 2018, stating “the gun … was mine
because it was under my name.” Id. at 24. Sampson explained her
motivation for lying: “I hadn’t known what had happened at that time so I
guess I was just protecting [Appellant].” Id. Sampson eventually told police
that Appellant actually owned the handgun, which he stored in their bedroom
at Appellant’s home. Id. at 25. Sampson gave police permission to take
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possession of it. Id. When Sampson later informed Appellant that police had
retrieved the handgun from Appellant’s home, Appellant “asked me why I
would let them take the gun[,] and I told him that we hadn’t done anything
so I had no reason not to let them take the gun.” Id. at 26; see also id.
(Sampson acknowledging that Appellant “express[ed] frustration with
[Sampson for] having turn[ed] the gun over”).
The victim’s neighbor, Robert Cone (Cone), testified for the
Commonwealth that police interviewed him shortly after discovering the
murder. Id. at 212. Cone regularly went inside the victim’s home to bathe,
with her permission. Id. at 210. Cone was familiar with Appellant. Id. Cone
described to police a dispute he witnessed between the victim and Appellant
in late November or early December 2018. Id. at 211. The following
exchange transpired between Cone and the prosecutor with respect to that
dispute:
Q: Without saying what might have been said[,] can you describe
what you physically observed [Appellant] doing?
A: [Appellant was v]ery agitated, … very nervous.
Q: [] At any point sir did [Appellant] display a gun?
A: Yes.
Q: And what did he do with the gun …?
A: Yes, he pulled it out, was waving it around, and then he ejected
the bullet from on his leg with his good arm….
Q: And did you observe when he ejected the bullet what the bullet
looked like?
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***
A: Yeah it was [] a red tip bullet….
Q: … [W]ere you concerned when you saw all of this happening?
A: Yeah, I asked [the victim] if she was alright with it….
Id. at 211-12. Finally, Cone testified that on December 19, 2018, he returned
to his home at approximately 8:45 p.m. and noticed something “odd”
concerning the victim’s home. Id. at 213-14. According to Cone, the victim
usually “would shut all the lights off and go to bed” prior to 8:45 p.m., id. at
214, but that evening, the victim’s “whole house was light up [sic].”2 Id. at
213.
PSP Trooper Brian Decker (Trooper Decker) testified he responded to
the scene of the murder on December 19, 2018, in his role as a criminal
investigator with the PSP Honesdale barracks. N.T., 3/23/22, at 54. Trooper
Decker encountered and interviewed Cone at the scene. Id. at 67. Cone
described to Trooper Decker the aforementioned confrontation he had
witnessed between Appellant and the victim shortly before the murder. Id.
Trooper Decker stated Cone’s account “dr[e]w my interest to talk with
[Appellant] because he was someone that had a handgun, and he was at [the
victim’s] house, and he was agitated.” Id. at 67-68. Thus, Trooper Decker
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2 It is undisputed that there were no eyewitness accounts of the murder.
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traveled to question Appellant, who voluntarily gave two separate, recorded
interviews after waiving his Miranda3 rights. Id. at 68, 71, 73.
Through Trooper Decker’s testimony, the Commonwealth introduced
into evidence transcripts of Appellant’s police interviews (Exhibits 63, 64, &
65, respectively). Id. at 76. Appellant stated in the first interview that he
went to the victim’s home on December 18, 2018, for a brief visit to check on
her. Transcript (Ex. 63), 12/19/22, at 7-10. Appellant claimed he owned
rifles for hunting purposes, but “I don’t own any pistols.” Id. at 24, 30; see
also id. at 31-32 (Appellant stating Sampson and her parents owned
handguns that were stored in a gun safe inaccessible to Appellant). Trooper
Decker then described to Appellant Cone’s statement about witnessing a
dispute between Appellant and the victim before the murder. Id. at 24.
Appellant disputed Cone’s account, stating: “I didn’t have a gun with me and
didn’t say I was going to take care of them.” Id. at 25. Appellant claimed he
only occasionally obtained pain medication from the victim, and denied that
the victim ever owed Appellant money. Id. at 33, 66-67.
Trooper Decker conducted a second interview of Appellant later that
same day (after other police officers had seized the handgun from Appellant’s
home). Appellant stated he “was not aware of” the firearm’s existence and
that Sampson had control of it. Transcript (Ex. 64), 12/19/22, at 3-4. Finally,
____________________________________________
3 See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)
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Trooper Decker testified that the following day, Appellant contacted police via
phone and stated he had not been entirely truthful in his prior interviews.
Transcript (Ex. 65), 12/20/22, at 4. In response to Trooper Decker’s question
about what “[Appellant was not] truthful about,” Appellant stated:
I did know that [Sampson] got it[, i.e., the handgun]. Right away,
I didn’t know when she purchased it but she was like oh I treated
myself. I did know that she had it. [] I didn’t want to get in
trouble for [] carrying [a firearm] without a concealed or open
carry [permit]. … [] I did bring it to [the victim’s] house that one
day. …
Id. at 4. Appellant also repeated that although he did visit the victim at her
home shortly before the murder, he had no involvement in it; the victim did
not owe Appellant money; and Appellant did not obtain any medication from
the victim. Id. at 31-32.
PSP Sergeant Lori Kistle (Sergeant Kistle) testified in her role as the
criminal investigation unit supervisor at the PSP Blooming Grove barracks in
December 2018. N.T., 3/21/22, at 182-83. Sergeant Kistle stated she was
assigned to travel to Appellant’s home and retrieve, inter alia, the handgun
Sampson described to police. Id. at 183. Sampson led Sergeant Kistle to her
and Appellant’s bedroom. Id. at 184-85. Sergeant Kistle found, inside a gun
cabinet, “a nine millimeter [] handgun [(Taurus G2C firearm)] and nine
millimeter ammunition.” Id. at 185; see also id. at 190 (Sergeant Kistle
testifying the Taurus “G2C [firearm bore] Serial Number TL07330”). Sergeant
Kistle testified the Taurus G2C firearm was “empty [and] out of it[]s holster,”
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a “magazine was seated in the weapon, and both the weapon and the
magazine were empty.” Id.
Judy Banks (Banks) testified she owned and operated the gun store with
her husband, Richard Banks. Id. at 150. Banks testified that on October 17,
2018, Appellant and Sampson bought from her store “a Taurus G2C 9MM
handgun and ammo.” Id. at 151; see also id. at 156 (Banks stating the
serial number of the Taurus G2C firearm was “TL[0]7330,” the same number
on the handgun police removed from Appellant’s home). The trial court
admitted into evidence a receipt that Banks generated for the sale of the
Taurus G2C firearm and ammunition. Id. at 152.
PSP Sergeant Jeremy Carroll (Sergeant Carroll) testified he was part of
a team that executed a search warrant at Appellant’s home on December 19,
2018. Id. at 203-04. On a nightstand next to Appellant’s bed, Sergeant
Carroll found “a box that a Taurus handgun would come in,” id. at 206, as
well as “the paperwork from purchasing the handgun that came in that box.”
Id. at 207. Sergeant Carroll also found numerous “spent shell casings” in the
breezeway outside of Appellant’s home and in a barn. Id. at 207-09. On
cross-examination, Sergeant Carroll described the methods he used to collect,
process, and inventory the evidence. Id. at 212-14, 220-22; see also id. at
214 (trial court overruling the Commonwealth’s objection to the relevance of
this testimony).
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PSP Sergeant Joseph Gober (Sergeant Gober) testified for the
Commonwealth as an expert in the area of firearm and tool mark examination,
without objection. N.T., 3/22/22, at 162. Sergeant Gober examined the
discharged bullet (the bullet) that police found in the victim’s bedroom, 40
spent bullet shell casings, and the Taurus G2C firearm. Id. at 163. Regarding
the discharged bullet, Sergeant Gober stated:
The one thing I did notice … is that [the bullet] has this red coating
on it …[;] from experience my [] thinking was that this was a …
Syntech bullet, it’s a polymer coating that’s what gives it the red
coating. … I also noticed from experience when doing other tests
[] that these [bullets] are very difficult to identify back to a firearm
[] because of this polymer coating[;] it does not always mark as
another metal[-]jacketed bullet would mark, sometimes it doesn’t
pick up the individual characteristics we’re looking for.
Id. at 169-70. Sergeant Gober performed “test fires” of the Taurus G2C
firearm (manufactured by Federal Corporation (Federal)), using “ammunition
that Federal would produce as a Syntech cartridge.” 4 Id. at 164-65, 172.
Sergeant Gober testified his microscopic analysis of the bullet produced,
an inconclusive finding, meaning that the bullet itself had the
same number of class characteristics as the [Taurus G2C] firearm
from my test fires[,] but there wasn’t enough individual
characteristics for me to identify [the bullet] back to [the Taurus
G2C] firearm so I left it as an inconclusive result in my report.
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4 The Commonwealth also presented testimony from Banks that on November
11, 2018, Appellant purchased from the gun store five boxes of ammunition,
including one box of 50 “Federal Syntech Nine Millimeter” bullets. N.T.,
3/21/22, at 163. Banks described this particular ammunition as unique
because “[t]he bullet has a red coating.” Id. at 165; see also id. at 164, 165
(Banks confirming that this ammunition was “an unusual type of ammunition
for [the gun store] to sell” and it was not “a good seller[.]”).
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Id. at 172-73; but see also id. at 182 (Sergeant Gober stating: “I was unable
to eliminate [the bullet] from being discharged from this [Taurus G2C]
firearm….”).
Importantly, Sergeant Gober testified as follows with respect to his
analysis of the single “nine millimeter discharged Federal cartridge case” that
police found at the murder scene:
My examination showed that … [the] cartridge[] case was
discharged within this Taurus G2C firearm.
***
[] It’s marked on the shell casing as FC which stands for Federal
Corporation.
Id. at 175. Finally, with respect to the spent cartridge cases police found
outside Appellant’s home, Sergeant Gober stated his investigation revealed
that “all thirty-nine discharged cartridge cases were discharged within this
Taurus G2C firearm.” Id. at 177.
PSP Lieutenant Laura Klinger (Lieutenant Klinger) testified as an expert
in the field of latent fingerprint examination, without objection. Id. at 110.
Lieutenant Klinger analyzed the Taurus G2C firearm, the empty magazine
police found with the firearm, and a spent shell casing. Id. at 116. Lieutenant
Klinger identified a “latent fingerprint” on the magazine, which came from
Appellant’s “right ring finger.” Id. at 117. Lieutentant Klinger’s analysis did
not reveal any fingerprints on the remaining items. Id. at 121.
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The Commonwealth also presented testimony from Brittni Andaloro
(Andaloro), an undisputed expert in forensic DNA analysis. Id. at 137.
Andaloro stated her analysis of the Taurus G2C firearm revealed that it had
Appellant’s DNA on the trigger and slide. Id. at 142-43.
Finally, Cody Hamm (Hamm) testified for the Commonwealth that he
had been incarcerated with Appellant at the Wayne County prison in February
2019. Id. at 221. According to Hamm, he and Appellant had “[m]ultiple
conversations” about the murder of the victim. Id. at 223. Hamm testified
Appellant admitted:
[The victim] owed [Appellant] over a thousand dollars’ worth of
money for pills, he went to her house and she was supposed to
give him some pills to substitute for the money so they went back
to [the victim’s] room, when she reached over from sitting on the
bed to grab the pills[, Appellant] shot her in the back of the
head[;] the bullet went into the floor and the shell casing went
behind a tall dresser that [Appellant] was unable to move.
Id.; see also id. (Hamm confirming that Appellant had discussed the murder
“multiple times”). Hamm further testified that after the murder, Appellant
claimed he traveled
down a dirt road and throughout [sic] the rest of the shell casings from
the gun. [Appellant a]lso took a pair of [] cowboy boots and his clothes
that he wore [to the victim’s home] that night and burned them.
Id. at 224. On cross-examination, the defense inquired about Hamm’s
criminal history, and whether Hamm had a motive to falsely implicate
Appellant. Id. at 234-38.
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The Commonwealth charged Appellant with homicide in February 2019.
The matter proceeded to a jury trial in September 2021. The Commonwealth
presented testimony from numerous witnesses, including PSP Corporal Brian
Rickard (Corporal Rickard).5 See N.T., 9/14/21, at 107-22.
Corporal Rickard testified he was assigned to perform an online
investigation, in connection with the victim’s murder, and he “conducted a
search of Facebook for [Appellant]” on the suspected date of the murder,
December 19, 2018. Id. at 109, 110. Corporal Rickard’s investigation
produced a post authored and uploaded by Appellant, dated October 17, 2018
(the Facebook post), which stated:
So I added another gun to my collection today thank you Rich
Banks I love the gun, shoots great and thank you Alexa Sampson
for not putting me in the dog house and letting me buy it….
Id. at 110-11. Corporal Rickard explained that attached to the Facebook post
was a photograph “of a black handgun and a loaded magazine next to it with
some text.” Id. Corporal Rickard further stated that he recognized the
handgun in the photograph, as he had seen the Taurus G2C firearm later in
the police investigation:
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5 It is undisputed that after trial, the police charged Corporal Rickard with
crimes related to his theft of narcotics from the evidence room at the PSP
Honesdale barracks in November 2021. See Commonwealth Brief at 9;
Appellant’s Brief at 14 (claiming the “basis for the charges against [] Corporal
Rickard was that he gained access to and tampered with evidence from
criminal cases. The evidence room was the same [] room where all of the …
trial evidence against Appellant was located.” (citations omitted)).
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I believe [the Taurus G2C firearm] was seized on [] December
19th o[r] 20th by [Sergeant] Kistle at the time, I believe it was a
black Taurus handgun the same as in this picture.
Id. at 111.
Corporal Rickard further testified at the first trial that he viewed
Appellant’s Facebook profile a second time on December 20, 2018. Id. at
111-12. He stated that Appellant’s Facebook profile at that time displayed
“the same text that I read earlier but without the picture of the gun and the
magazine.” Id. at 112. Finally, Corporal Rickard responded in the affirmative
that he “receive[d] a number of items of evidence that were related to the
investigation,” and stated the evidence was “packaged and sealed and stored
in the property room.” Id. at 113. Appellant’s first trial resulted in a hung
jury and the declaration of a mistrial.
The trial court summarized what transpired thereafter, prior to re-trial:
On February 7, 2022, [Appellant], by and through his
counsel[,] Paul J. Walker, Esq. [(Attorney Walker)], filed an
omnibus pre-trial motion [(OPTM)] moving for [the trial] court to:
(1) hold an evidentiary hearing on [Corporal] … Rickard’s handling
of the evidence in [Appellant’s] case[, OPTM, 2/7/22, ¶¶ 9-13];
(2) suppress evidence handled and supervised by Corporal
Rickard[, id. ¶¶ 14-20]; and (3) dismiss the charges against
[Appellant. Id. ¶ 21-26.]1 [The Commonwealth filed a response
on February 14, 2022.] After argument on February 16, 2022,
[the trial] court denied … [the OPTM. The] court also denied the
oral motion of Attorney Walker requesting th[e] court to conduct
an in camera review of Corporal Rickard’s medical records.
1 Prior to his arrest and suspension from the [PSP] … in
November 2021, Corporal Rickard was the evidence
room custodian at the PSP Honesdale Barracks.
Although not specified in [Appellant’s OPTM], it was
stated on the record during oral argument on February
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16, 2022[,] that the specific evidence at issue [was]
shell casings recovered from the scene of the crime and
from [Appellant’s home]….
On February 23, 2022, the Commonwealth filed a motion in
limine [(Motion in Limine)] requesting that [the trial] court
preclude reference to the arrest of Corporal Rickard and the
alleged underlying criminal conduct in opening statement and/or
questioning of witnesses. [See Motion in Limine, 2/23/22, at 3
(claiming any evidence pertaining to the charges against Corporal
Rickard was “simply not relevant,” and stating, “the
Commonwealth will not be calling [Corporal] Rickard to testify at
trial[,] as his involvement in the case was very limited and the
information he shared with the jury during the first trial can be
supplied through the first-hand knowledge of other
investigators.”).] After argument on March 1, 2022, [the trial]
court granted [the Motion in Limine]. In its March 3, 2022 order,
[the trial] court noted: “[Appellant] has failed to show sufficient
probative value of a reference to the arrest of [Corporal] Rickard
and his alleged underlying criminal conduct. The mere fact that
the [] charge against [Corporal] Rickard happened does not
suggest that the chain of custody in this case has been tainted.
No evidence has been presented that there was any tampering
with or tainting of the chain of custody in this case.” [Order,
3/3/22, n.1.]
Trial Court Opinion, 9/6/22, at 1-2 (footnote in original; some capitalization
modified).
Appellant’s jury retrial commenced on March 21, 2022. Corporal Rickard
did not testify.6 Three days later, the jury found Appellant guilty of first-
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6During direct examination of Sampson, Attorney Walker objected at sidebar
with respect to the prosecution asking Sampson about the Facebook post:
This is about a Facebook post and the person who downloaded the
Facebook post…. [The prosecution is] going to suggest that this was
downloaded, that it existed on [Appellant’s] Facebook [account]….
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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degree murder. On June 9, 2022, the trial court sentenced Appellant to life
in prison.
Appellant timely filed a post-trial motion, claiming, inter alia, he was
entitled to a new trial because the Commonwealth failed to present sufficient
evidence to support the conviction. Post-trial Motion, 6/20/22, ¶ 23.
Appellant further argued,
at the time of jury trial …, the [trial] court committed error and
abused its discretion in precluding the defense from raising the
inquiry regarding the improprieties and criminal conduct of
[Corporal] Rickard, and in not allowing the defense to cross
examine investigating and prosecuting team members regarding
the improper and illegal conduct of [Corporal] Rickard.
Id. ¶ 22 (some capitalization modified); see also id. ¶ 21 (complaining the
trial court “prevented [Appellant] from adequately defending himself at [t]rial
____________________________________________
But this is all [Corporal] Rickard and that’s the problem[; the
prosecution is] trying to get [this evidence] in through the back door.
N.T., 3/22/22, at 13. The prosecutor responded:
That’s simply not true. At this point I’m not dealing with the [] exhibit
[Attorney Walker is] talking about. I expect [Sampson] to indicate
that she’s familiar with [the Facebook post,] that she saw it that
night[,] and I’ll simply ask her if she recognizes this.
Id. at 14. The trial court overruled the defense’s objection. Id. (stating, “I
think [Sampson] can testify as to whether or not she herself had Facebook …
[and] if she saw a similar post….”); but see also id. (trial court stating “if we
get into who downloaded” the Facebook post, “then we have a problem”).
Sampson thereafter responded in the affirmative that she viewed the
Facebook post “in October of 2018 when that was posted on Facebook[.]” Id.;
see also id. at 15 (Sampson reading aloud the content of the Facebook post).
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and precluded him from explaining and establishing possible theories of
defense”).
The trial court denied Appellant’s post-trial motion by an order filed on
June 23, 2022 (PTM Order). Appellant timely filed an appeal,7 followed by a
court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of errors on appeal
(Concise Statement).
Appellant presents three issues for review:
I. Was the evidence presented at trial sufficient for a finding of
guilt against Appellant when there were no witnesses to the
crime?
II. Did the Trial Court deprive the Appellant the right to a fair
trial when it precluded Appellant from introducing potentially
exculpatory evidence, as well as, impeachment evidence
regarding PSP Corporal Brian Rickard’s professional
misconduct and criminal charges?
III. Did the Trial Court deny Appellant his right to confront
witnesses against him when it precluded PSP Corporal Brian
Rickard being called as a witness?
Appellant’s Brief at 8 (renumbered for disposition).
Before addressing Appellant’s issues, we note that his 27-paragraph
Concise Statement is overly lengthy and non-compliant with our Rules. See
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(iv) (“non-redundant, non-frivolous issues [must be] set
____________________________________________
7 Appellant stated in the notice of appeal that he appealed the PTM Order.
However, in a criminal action, an “appeal properly lies from the judgment of
sentence made final by the denial of post-sentence motions.”
Commonwealth v. Jackson, 283 A.3d 814, 816 n.1 (Pa. Super. 2022)
(citation omitted).
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forth in an appropriately concise manner”). We have stated, “When an
appellant fails adequately to identify in a concise manner the issues sought to
be pursued on appeal, the trial court is impeded in its preparation of a legal
analysis which is pertinent to those issues.” Commonwealth v. Ray, 134
A.3d 1109, 1114 (Pa. Super. 2016) (citation omitted)). We have emphasized
Rule 1925(b) “is a crucial component of the appellate process because it allows
the trial court to identify and focus on those issues the parties plan to raise
on appeal.” Commonwealth v. Bonnett, 239 A.3d 1096, 1106 (Pa. Super.
2020). Instantly, the issues Appellant raised in his statement of questions
vary from the Concise Statement. Compare Appellant’s Brief at 8, with
Concise Statement, 8/15/22; see also Bonnett, 239 A.3d at 1106 (“any issue
not raised in a Rule 1925(b) statement will be deemed waived for appellate
review.); Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (issues cannot be raised for the first time on
appeal). Despite these defects, we address Appellant’s issues to the best of
our ability.
Appellant first claims his murder conviction cannot stand, where the
Commonwealth failed to present sufficient evidence of his identity as the
perpetrator.8 See Appellant’s Brief at 31-32. According to Appellant, “there
were no witnesses to the death of the victim. The only evidence tying []
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8The trial court did not address this claim in its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion,
hampering our review.
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Appellant to the murder … was circumstantial evidence.” Id. at 32; see also
id. (claiming, “the physical evidence offered … was questionable.”).
We apply the following standard of review:
When reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence claim, this Court
must view the evidence and all reasonable inferences to be drawn
from the evidence in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth as verdict winner, and we must determine if the
evidence, thus viewed, is sufficient to prove guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt. This Court may not substitute its judgment for
that of the factfinder. If the record contains support for the
verdict, it may not be disturbed. Moreover, a jury may believe all,
some or none of a party’s testimony.
Commonwealth v. Burns, 765 A.2d 1144, 1148 (Pa. Super. 2020) (citations
omitted). “The Commonwealth may sustain its burden by means of wholly
circumstantial evidence….” Commonwealth v. Brown, 48 A.3d 426, 430
(Pa. Super. 2012).
The Crimes Code provides a “criminal homicide constitutes murder of
the first degree when it is committed by an intentional killing.” 18 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 2502(a). “In addition to proving the statutory elements of the crimes
charged beyond a reasonable doubt, the Commonwealth must also establish
the identity of the defendant as the perpetrator of the crimes.”
Commonwealth v. Smyser, 195 A.3d 912, 915 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citation
omitted); see also Commonwealth v. Orr, 38 A.3d 868, 874 (Pa. Super.
2011) (en banc) (“Evidence of identi[ty] need not be positive and certain to
sustain a conviction.” (brackets and citation omitted)).
Contrary to Appellant, the Commonwealth counters:
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The circumstantial evidence presented by the Commonwealth
established [Appellant’s] guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
[Appellant] and [the victim] had a close relationship where they
regularly exchanged money and drugs. They were not strangers.
This was not a random encounter. [Appellant] was the last person
to communicate with [the victim] prior to her murder. There was
absolutely no doubt that the murder weapon was bought for
[Appellant] by his girlfriend[, Sampson, and Appellant] even
posted a picture of it on Facebook. His fingerprint was found on
the magazine and his DNA was identified on the [Taurus G2C
firearm] grip trigger and slide of the handgun. The spent shell
casing found at the [murder] scene was discharged from this gun
and [Appellant] was tied to the unique[,] red-tipped bullet that
was fired from the gun.
Following the murder, [Appellant] suddenly needed to go
shopping in Scranton and bought a new shirt. And then there
were the lies that [Appellant] told police regarding his relationship
with [the victim] and his knowledge of the handgun, and how he
attempted to place the blame on Sampson at one point. … Finally,
there was [Appellant’s jailhouse] confession to Hamm. All of this
evidence taken together clearly supported the first-degree murder
conviction. There was nothing “questionable” at all about the
bullet, bullet casings and the Taurus [G2C firearm] that would
justify any conclusion that [Appellant] was not responsible for the
murder.
Commonwealth’s Brief at 30-31. We agree.
We thoroughly detailed above the evidence of Appellant’s guilt
presented at his retrial. This included, inter alia, testimony from the following
witnesses:
• Cone: In the weeks before the murder, he witnessed Appellant
confront the victim at her home, in a “[v]ery agitated” state,
after which Appellant “pulled [a handgun] out, was waving it
around, and [] he ejected the bullet” onto the ground. See
N.T., 3/22/22, at 211-12;
• Cone: The ejected bullet he saw was “a red tip bullet.” Id. at
212;
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• Sampson: Appellant had a close relationship with the victim,
obtained medication from the victim, and would abuse
pain/sleeping medication. Id. at 10;
• Sampson: Although she completed the paperwork at the gun
store in October 2018 to purchase the Taurus G2C firearm,
Appellant paid for, used, and occasionally carried the gun. Id.
at 12, 16-17;
• Sampson: She found it “weird” that Appellant told her on
December 19, 2018, that he was driving a long distance, with
their child, to shop in Scranton, especially in light of Appellant’s
disability and lack of a driver’s license. Id. at 22-23;
• Sampson: Once Appellant learned Sampson had relinquished
the Taurus G2C firearm to police, Appellant expressed
frustration with her. Id. at 26;
• Banks: Shortly after Appellant and Sampson purchased the
Taurus G2C firearm, Appellant returned to the gun store to buy,
inter alia, “Federal Syntech Nine Millimeter” ammunition. This
ammunition was unique and unlike other ammunition because
the bullets have “a red coating.” N.T., 3/21/22, at 163, 165;
see also id. at 164-65 (Banks testifying the gun store rarely
sold this particular ammunition);
• Sergeant Gober: His microscopic analysis of the spent
bullet shell case that police found at the murder scene
revealed it “was discharged within th[e] Taurus G2C
firearm.” N.T., 3/22/22, at 175 (emphasis added);
• Sergeant Gober: Although his microscopic analysis of the bullet
found in the victim’s bedroom was “inconclusive,” the bullet
had a unique polymer coating that “does not always mark as
another metal[-]jacketed bullet would mark.” Id. at 169-70,
172-73;
• Andaloro: Her forensic analysis of the Taurus G2C firearm
revealed Appellant’s DNA on it. Id. at 142-43;
• Lieutenant Klinger: Her forensic analysis of the magazine that
police found with the Taurus G2C firearm revealed Appellant’s
fingerprint. Id. at 116-17;
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• Hamm: Appellant confessed to perpetrating the murder
and thereafter burning evidence. Id. at 223-24; and
• Appellant’s conflicting statements given to police when they
interviewed him shortly after the murder. See generally
Commonwealth Exhibits 63-65 (explained supra).
Appellant correctly concedes that “circumstantial evidence can itself be
sufficient to prove any element or all of the elements of criminal homicide.”
Appellant’s Brief at 32 (quoting Commonwealth v. Chamberlain, 30 A.3d
381, 394 (Pa. 2011)). Indeed, the Commonwealth presented ample
circumstantial and physical evidence for the jury to find beyond a reasonable
doubt that Appellant was the perpetrator. The record undermines Appellant’s
undeveloped claim9 to the contrary. Accordingly, there is no merit to
Appellant’s first issue challenging the sufficiency of the evidence.
Appellant next argues the trial court improperly denied his OPTM and
precluded “reference to exculpatory and impeachment evidence” in the form
of evidence of Corporal Rickard’s arrest. Appellant’s Brief at 19 (capitalization
omitted). According to Appellant, the trial court,
____________________________________________
9 Appellant’s sufficiency claim consists of less than one page of argument and
contains insufficient citation to authority. Appellant’s Brief at 31-32. It is
settled that “[t]his Court will not act as counsel and will not develop arguments
on behalf of an appellant.” Commonwealth v. Kane, 10 A.3d 327, 331 (Pa.
Super. 2010) (citation omitted); see also Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a) (mandating that
appellants develop arguments with citation to and analysis of relevant legal
authority). Further, where, as here, “the transcripts … are voluminous, [] it
is not the responsibility of this Court to scour the record” to find support for
an appellant’s claims. Commonwealth v. Baker, 963 A.2d 495, 502 n.6 (Pa.
Super. 2008).
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deprived the Appellant any opportunity to evaluate and use the
misconduct of [] Corporal [] Rickard and the corresponding
criminal charges as either exculpatory or impeachment evidence.
The trial court held no evidentiary hearing….
The trial court deprived the Appellant from even
determining if [] Corporal Rickard’s misconduct was relevant to
his case.
Id. at 24 (some capitalization modified); see also id. at 24-25 (“Corporal
Rickard was the custodian of … physical evidence [related to Appellant’s case;]
it logically tends to follow that his involvement in Appellant’s case was very
relevant.”). Appellant further claims: “Physical evidence was crucial to the
Commonwealth’s case. … Appellant had a genuine and tangible reason to
question [] Corporal Rickard’s involvement in and handling of the evidence in
question.” Id. at 25.
The Commonwealth counters the trial court properly denied Appellant’s
OPTM requesting an evidentiary hearing and the suppression of evidence. See
Commonwealth Brief at 31-35. According to the Commonwealth:
By attempting to elevate [Corporal] Rickard’s involvement and
heighten the importance of his testimony, [Appellant] is trying to
paint the trial court’s ruling as particularly egregious and violative
of his due process rights. However, characterizing [Corporal]
Rickard as a central figure could not be further from the truth.
[Corporal] Rickard’s role in [Appellant’s] first trial was to explain
his observations of [Appellant’s] posts on Facebook. [Corporal]
Rickard’s direct and cross-examination spanned a mere 15 pages
of the transcript. That he happened to also be the evidence
custodian at the time of [the victim’s] murder was merely an
observation of fact. … [Corporal] Rickard’s testimony was not
even necessary as part of the Commonwealth’s case-in-chief at
the second trial. To the extent that [Appellant] is complaining
that he was prevented from calling [Corporal] Rickard at the re-
trial, there is no evidence of this in the record. At the end of the
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day, [Appellant’s] complaint about access to [Corporal] Rickard is
hyperbolic.
Id. at 32-33 (breaks omitted).
The Commonwealth claims that if police had arrested Corporal Rickard
before Appellant’s first trial in 2021, “there may have been unanswered
questions at that time as to how his alleged criminal conduct may have
factored into the preservation of evidence in [Appellant’s] case. But that was
not the case at the time of the second trial.” Id. at 35.
[O]ur standard of review in addressing a challenge to a trial
court’s denial of a suppression motion is limited to determining
whether the factual findings are supported by the record and
whether the legal conclusions drawn from those facts are correct.
We are bound by the suppression court’s factual findings so long
as they are supported by the record; our standard of review on
questions of law is de novo. Where, as here, the defendant is
appealing the ruling of the suppression court, we may consider
only the evidence of the Commonwealth and so much of the
evidence for the defense as remains uncontradicted. Our scope
of review of suppression rulings includes only the suppression
hearing record and excludes evidence elicited at trial.
Commonwealth v. Yandamuri, 159 A.3d 503, 516 (Pa. 2017) (citations
omitted).
This Court has explained the relevant law:
[T]he Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause[:]
[R]equires defendants be provided access to certain
kinds of evidence prior to trial, so they may “be afforded
a meaningful opportunity to present a complete
defense.” This guarantee of access to evidence requires
the prosecution to turn over, if requested, any evidence
which is exculpatory and material to guilt or punishment,
see Brady [v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S. Ct. 1194,
10 L. Ed. 2d 215 (1963),] and to turn over exculpatory
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evidence which might raise a reasonable doubt about a
defendant’s guilt, even if the defense fails to request
it, see United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 96 S. Ct.
2392, 49 L. Ed. 2d 342 (1976). If a defendant asserts a
Brady or Agurs violation, he is not required to show bad
faith.
There is another category of constitutionally
guaranteed access to evidence, which involves evidence
that is not materially exculpatory, but is potentially
useful, that is destroyed by the state before the defense
has an opportunity to examine it. When the state fails to
preserve evidence that is “potentially useful,” there is no
federal due process violation “unless a criminal
defendant can show bad faith on the part of the police.”
Potentially useful evidence is that of which “no more can
be said than that it could have been subjected to tests,
the results of which might have exonerated the
defendant.” In evaluating a claim that the
Commonwealth’s failure to preserve evidence violated a
criminal defendant’s federal due process rights, a court
must first determine whether the missing evidence is
materially exculpatory or potentially useful.
Commonwealth v. Williams, 154 A.3d 336, 339 (Pa. Super.
2017) (quoting Commonwealth v. Chamberlain, 30 A.3d 381,
402 (Pa. 2011) (some citations omitted)).
***
Exculpatory evidence is “evidence which extrinsically tends
to establish [a] defendant’s innocence of the crimes charged.”
Commonwealth v. Woodell, 496 A.2d 1210, 1212 (Pa. 1985)
(internal quotation marks omitted). A claim that a defendant was
denied access to exculpatory evidence must be supported; “it
cannot be based on a mere assertion.” Commonwealth v.
Snyder, A.2d 396, 405 (Pa. 2009) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
Commonwealth v. Ward, 188 A.3d 1301, 1308-09 (Pa. Super. 2018)
(citations modified).
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Before addressing Appellant’s claim, we observe the Pennsylvania Rules
of Criminal Procedure require suppression motions to “state specifically and
with particularity the evidence sought to be suppressed, the grounds for
suppression, and the facts and events in support thereof.” Pa.R.Crim.P.
581(D) (emphasis added). “In the extreme case, a complete failure to comply
with the specificity requirements of Rule 581(D) will result in waiver, as those
requirements have been held to be mandatory.” Commonwealth v. Young,
287 A.3d 907, 916 (Pa. Super. 2022) (citation omitted). Instantly, Appellant’s
OPTM did not state with particularity the evidence he wanted the court to
suppress. See OPTM, 2/7/22, ¶ 19 (claiming Corporal Rickard’s “criminal
conduct calls into question all of the evidence he handled the in [Appellant’s]
case as well as any of the evidence held in [Appellant’s] case that C[orporal]
Rickard was to supervise.”). Nevertheless, we will not find waiver, as this is
not an “extreme case.” Dixon, supra.
The trial court opined it did not err in denying Appellant’s OPTM and
suppression request:
At the February 16, 2022 argument [on the OPTM], counsel for
the Commonwealth … argued that the extent of Corporal Rickard’s
handling of the shell casings [that police found at the murder
scene and Appellant’s home] was to receive them at the barracks
and to place them into storage within the evidence room. The
record showed that Corporal Rickard was listed as the receiving
officer of the evidence in this case; but that other officers (i.e.,
the submitting officers) collected and bagged the evidence during
the investigation. This was also established through testimony of
the submitting officers at [Appellant’s] September 2021 trial.3
This court, therefore, was satisfied that the shell casings were
properly seized and that the Commonwealth met its burden.
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3 Trooper [] Hitchcock of the PSP Dunmore Barracks
testified [at Appellant’s retrial] that he collected and
packaged the shell casing [he found] at the scene of the
crime [] near the victim’s body, which was then delivered
to PSP Honesdale. [See N.T., 3/21/22, at 87, 89, 112-
14, 127-30 (discussed above).] Sergeant [] Carroll of
the PSP Dunmore Barracks authenticated and accounted
for all the shell casings he collected at [Appellant’s home]
as property records[,] prepared and packaged by him
and signed off by Corporal Rickard at PSP Honesdale.
[See id. at 212-14, 220-22.]
[Further, Appellant] moved for the dismissal of charges
against him due to the possibility of tainted evidence in the case.
[Appellant] averred that failure to dismiss the charges would be a
denial of [Appellant’s] due process rights. Because this court
denied [Appellant’s] motion for an evidentiary hearing and motion
to suppress, denial of [Appellant’s] motion to dismiss the charges
was warranted. There was no evidence that the shell casings
were tainted throughout the chain of custody; therefore,
there was no due process violation.
Trial Court Opinion, 9/6/22, at 4 (emphasis added; footnote in original; some
capitalization modified).
Our review discloses the trial court’s rationale is supported by the record
and the law. See id. Contrary to Appellant’s claim, the court did not abuse
its discretion in denying the OPTM. Appellant’s second issue does not merit
relief.
In his final issue, Appellant claims the trial court erred in granting the
Commonwealth’s Motion in Limine, and violated his constitutional right to
confront adverse witnesses, namely, Corporal Rickard. See Appellant’s Brief
at 26-31. According to Appellant, “Corporal Rickard was a … participant in the
prosecution. The Appellant had the right to confront [] Corporal Rickard and
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question him on the investigation and handling of crucial evidence.” Id. at
28-29; but see also id. at 29 (Appellant conceding, “Corporal Rickard did not
testify as a witness in the second trial.”).
When reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion in limine, we apply an
abuse of discretion standard of review. Commonwealth v. Mangel, 181
A.3d 1154, 1158 (Pa. Super. 2018); see also Commonwealth v. Jackson,
283 A.3d 814, 817 (Pa. Super. 2022) (“When we review a trial court’s ruling
on admission of evidence, we must acknowledge that decisions on
admissibility are within the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be
overturned absent an abuse of discretion or misapplication of law.” (citation
omitted)). “An abuse of discretion will not be found based on a mere error of
judgment, but rather exists where the court has reached a conclusion which
overrides or misapplies the law, or where the judgment exercised is manifestly
unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will.”
Commonwealth v. Harrington, 262 A.3d 639, 646 (Pa. Super. 2021)
(citation omitted).
This Court has explained:
“The threshold inquiry with admission of evidence is whether
evidence is relevant.” Commonwealth v. Collins, 888 A.2d 564,
577 (Pa. Super. 2005). Evidence is relevant if “it has the tendency
to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the
evidence” and “the fact is of consequence in determining the
action.” Pa.R.E. 401(a)-(b). “Evidence is relevant if it logically
tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to make a fact
at issue more or less probable[,] or supports a reasonable
inference or presumption regarding a material fact.”
Commonwealth v. Drumheller, 808 A.2d 893, 904 (Pa. Super.
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2002). “All relevant evidence is admissible, except as otherwise
provided by law. Evidence that is not relevant is not admissible.”
Pa.R.E. 402.
Jackson, 283 A.3d at 817-18 (some citations modified).
The Commonwealth claims the court properly granted the Motion in
Limine:
[T]he point of the Commonwealth’s [M]otion in Limine [was] to
eliminate any improper [defense] questioning, musings or
commentary about [Corporal] Rickard’s arrest and what impact it
could possibly have on [Appellant’s] case. The intended defense
argument amounts to nothing more than speculation about
supposed exculpatory evidence that does not exist. First, that
[Corporal] Rickard would be arrested for stealing heroin from the
[PSP Honesdale] evidence room and taking steps to cover up his
activity almost three years after the investigation into [the
victim’s] murder has absolutely no bearing or relevance to
[Appellant’s] case whatsoever. The evidence was simply not
relevant. … Indeed, the extent of [Corporal Rickard’s] handling
of this evidence simply consisted of receiving packaged evidence
that another PSP trooper had collected. There was no issue with
respect to the integrity of this evidence, nor its chain of custody,
and it was properly admitted into [Appellant’s] first trial without
any issue or concern. As such, [Corporal] Rickard’s criminal
charges -- which were still pending at the time of [Appellant’s]
second trial – were therefore wholly collateral to the issue of
[Appellant’s] guilt.
Commonwealth Brief at 38-39. We agree.
The trial court cogently explained its rejection of Appellant’s claim:
With regards to the Motion in Limine filed by the
Commonwealth on February 23, 2022, this court provided its
reasoning for granting the motion in its March 3, 2022 Order[,
discussed supra]. The Order was issued upon consideration of
the motion, [and Appellant’s] response thereto and after oral
argument. In its Motion, the Commonwealth argued that the
evidence of Corporal Rickard’s arrest and alleged underlying
criminal conduct is not relevant. The Commonw[e]alth cited
applicable caselaw and stated: “Here, there is no nexus between
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[Corporal] Rickard’s theft of heroin from the evidence room and
his handling of the spent shell casings in [Appellant’s] case.
Indeed, the extent of his handling of this evidence simply
consisted of receiving packaged evidence that other PSP troopers
had collected. There is no issue with respect to the integrity
of this evidence, nor its chain of custody, and it was
properly admitted into [Appellant’s] first trial and remains
in the control of the Court.” [Motion in Limine, 2/23/22, at 4
(footnote omitted).] This court agreed and precluded reference
to Corporal Rickard’s arrest and alleged underlying criminal
conduct in opening statement and questioning of witnesses in the
March 2022 trial. The evidence was not relevant and, therefore,
was properly precluded.
Trial Court Opinion, 9/6/22, at 4-5 (emphasis added; footnote omitted; some
capitalization modified).
As we discern no abuse of the trial court’s discretion in denying the
Commonwealth’s Motion in Limine, and conclude Appellant’s proposed
evidence with respect to Corporal Rickard was irrelevant, we affirm on this
basis. See id. Appellant’s final issue does not merit relief.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 6/23/2023
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