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ISAIAH ISRAEL, Petitioner v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RespondentIsrael v. Comm'rNo. 8825-02; No. 10753-02
United States Tax Court T.C. Memo 2003-338; 2003 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 339; 86 T.C.M. 694; RIA TM 55374;December 15, 2003, Filed2003 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 339">*339 Judgment entered for respondent.
Isaiah Israel, pro se.Thomas D. Yang , for respondent.Haines, Harry A.Harry A. HainesMEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION
HAINES, Judge: In these consolidated cases, 1 respondent determined the following deficiencies, additions to tax, and penalties in petitioner's Federal income taxes:
Additions to Tax Penalties Year Deficiency Sec. 6651(a)(1) Sec. 6662 1996 $ 2,617 $ 750 $ 523 1997 6,292 1,605 1,258 2000 5,723 --- 837 The issues for decision are: (1) Whether petitioner is liable for the deficiencies respondent determined in the notices of deficiency for 1996, 1997, and 2000 (years in issue); 2003 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 339">*340 (2) whether petitioner is liable for additions to tax for failing to timely file his Federal income tax returns (tax returns) under
section 6651(a)(1) 2 for 1996 and 1997; (3) whether petitioner is liable for accuracy-related penalties undersection 6662 for the years in issue; and (4) whether petitioner engaged in behavior warranting the imposition of a penalty undersection 6673 .FINDINGS OF FACT
Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found. The stipulation of facts and the attached exhibits are incorporated herein by this reference. At the time he filed the petitions, petitioner resided in Chicago, Illinois.
On May 28, 1999, respondent received from petitioner tax returns for 1996 and 1997 signed by petitioner and2003 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 339">*341 purportedly signed by Lori Israel, petitioner's former spouse, reporting wages received by petitioner from the U.S. Postal Service. Petitioner attempted to file these tax returns with the filing status of "Married filing joint return" by signing Lori Israel's name. On or about April 26, 2000, petitioner filed amended tax returns for 1996 and 1997, reporting taxable income of zero and requesting a refund of all Federal income taxes withheld for both years.
Petitioner timely filed his tax return for 2000. On this tax return, petitioner reported zero taxable income and requested a refund of all Federal income tax withheld. Petitioner attached to the tax return: (1) A Form W-2, Wage and Tax Statement, reporting that petitioner received $ 36,591 in wages and had $ 1,538 of Federal income tax withheld by the U.S. Postal Service; and (2) a two-page form letter containing tax-protester boilerplate.
On February 15, 2002, respondent sent petitioner a notice of deficiency for 2000. Respondent determined that petitioner failed to report wages from the U.S. Postal Service, gain from the sale or exchange of assets from National Financial Services Co., and interest income from National Financial2003 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 339">*342 Services Co.
On March 28, 2002, respondent sent petitioner a notice of deficiency for 1996 and 1997 with regard to the original tax returns filed on May 28, 1999. Respondent determined that petitioner failed to report capital gain income and interest income from National Finance Services Co. and that petitioner was not allowed to file a joint return.
On May 16, 2002, petitioner filed a petition with the Court disputing the notice of deficiency for 2000. 3 On October 10, 2002, petitioner filed an amended petition, which stated:
2003 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 339">*343 1) Notice of deficiency is not the statutory notice called for
by code
section 6303 , 6321 , 6331 . 2) Codesections 6204 6211 6213 only allow for supplemental assessments to be made when aninitial assessment is made by the "Secretary" 3) Section
6201 only authorizes the Secretary to estimate a tax or hisdelegate 4)
Section 6501(c) precludes IRS (absent a court order)that petitioner owe any more in Federal tax than the zero shown
on the return. 5) by definition
Section 6211 precludes that adeficiency can exist with respect to a zero return please see
page 11 of petitioner answer to jurisdiction to hear the matter!
6)
6212 -- only "Secretary" can send a "Notice"of deficiency 7)
6215 -- assessment paid upon notice of demandOn June 26, 2002, petitioner filed a petition with the Court disputing the notice of deficiency for 1996 and 1997. 4 On September 16, 2002, petitioner filed an amended petition. Petitioner stated:
(1)
6020(b) only authorizes IRS to make changes to certainreturns: 941, 940, 942, 943, 11(b), 720, 2290, 4638, 0141, 1065-
form 1040 is not2003 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 339">*344 applicable. (2) Code
section 6212 states"The Secretary of Treasury" determines a deficiency &
the "Secretary" or his delegate shall notify taxpayer.
(3) Code
section 6215 makes it known a "notice ofdemand" form 17A must be sent to taxpayer none was sent by
"Secretary" (4)
6201 doesn't allow Secretary to estimatea tax based on a return omitted (5) No statute makes me liable
for tax
On July 9, 2003, the Court issued
Israel v. Comm'r, T.C. Memo 2003-198 . Petitioner had filed a petition in that case in response to a notice of determination concerning collection action(s) undersection 6320 and/or 6330 for taxable years 1994, 1995, and 1996. 5 Id. The Court concluded that respondent did not abuse his discretion in determining to proceed with the collection action with respect to 1996. Further, the Court stated:2003 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 339">*345 Finally, although petitioner did not receive a notice of
deficiency [before the
section 6330 hearing] with respect topetitioner's unpaid liability for 1995 and 1996, the Court finds
the contentions and arguments which petitioner advanced at his
Appeals Office hearing, in his petition, and in petitioner's
trial memorandum and which challenge the existence or the amount
of each such unpaid liability to be frivolous and/or groundless.
Id. As a result of petitioner's position and actions with respect to the unpaid liabilities for 1995 and 1996, the Court also imposed a penalty on petitioner pursuant to
section 6673(a)(1) in the amount of $ 1,500. Id. Petitioner appealed this decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, where it is currently pending.In preparation for the Court's trial session in Chicago, Illinois, beginning September 22, 2003, the parties submitted for each docket a supplemental stipulation of facts, in which petitioner admitted to receiving all the disputed income. Each supplemental stipulation, however, contained the following statement: "It is petitioner's position that this amount is2003 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 339">*346 not subject to income tax because the statutory notice of deficiency was not properly issued under federal law by the Secretary of Treasury." Further, petitioner filed with the Court trial memoranda which contained similar frivolous and groundless arguments.
At trial, the Court warned petitioner on three separate occasions that the arguments he was making have been deemed frivolous by the Court and that the Court has imposed penalties under
section 6673 against taxpayers who bring such frivolous arguments before the Court. Additionally, the Court provided petitioner with citations of three cases in which the Court imposed a penalty pursuant tosection 6673 because the taxpayers brought frivolous and meritless cases before the Court:Trowbridge v. Comm'r, T.C. Memo 2003-165 ,Trowbridge v. Comm'r, T.C. Memo 2003-164 , andTornichio v. Comm'r, T.C. Memo 2002-291 . Despite the Court's warnings, petitioner continued with the frivolous and groundless arguments at trial and in his subsequent brief filed with the Court.
OPINIONI. Notices of Deficiency Petitioner argues that the2003 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 339">*347 person who sent the notices of deficiency did not have the delegated authority to send them. Respondent argues that, in light of the stipulations of facts in which petitioner admits to receiving the disputed income, the only issues in dispute are the additions to tax and penalties.
The parties stipulated that for 1996 and 1997, petitioner received payments for the sale of stocks/bonds and interest income from National Financial Services Co., which form the basis of the adjustments determined in the notice of deficiency. The parties also stipulated that for 2000, petitioner received payments from the U.S. Postal Service for wages and payments for the sale of stocks/bonds and interest income from National Financial Services Co., which form the basis of the adjustments determined in the notice of deficiency.
Rule 91(e) provides that a stipulation is treated "as a conclusive admission by the parties to the stipulation" and shall be binding in the pending case. Further, the Rule provides that the Court will not permit a party to "qualify, change, or contradict a stipulation" except that the Court may do so "where justice requires."Rule 91(e) . For each of the years in issue, petitioner2003 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 339">*348 conceded the amounts of unreported income in the stipulations of facts. Petitioner did not move to be relieved from the stipulations or present grounds that he should not be bound to his admission. SeeRule 91(e) ;Said v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2003-148 . We conclude that the stipulations are binding.Further, petitioner's argument that the person who sent the notices of deficiency did not have the delegated authority to send them has been deemed by this Court to be frivolous. Petitioner bases his argument on the Court's decision in
Everman v. Comm'r, T.C. Memo 2003-137 . Petitioner misreads the holding inEverman . In Everman, as in countless other cases, the Court held that the taxpayer's argument that the notice of deficiency was invalid because it was not signed by the Secretary or an authorized delegate was meritless.Id. ; see, e.g.,Nestor v. Comm'r, 118 T.C. 162">118 T.C. 162 , 118 T.C. 162">165 (2002);Bethea v. Comm'r, T.C. Memo 2003-278 ;Fink v. Comm'r, T. C. Memo. 2003-61 ;Koenig v. Comm'r, T.C. Memo 2003-40 ;Snyder v. Comm'r, T.C. Memo 2001-255 ;Browder v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1990-408. 2003 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 339">*349 Further, the Court noted that there is no requirement that a notice of deficiency be signed.Everman v. Comm'r, supra. We, therefore, find petitioner's argument to be similarly meritless and conclude that petitioner is liable for the deficiencies respondent determined in the notices of deficiency for the years in issue.II. Refund for 2000 Taxable Year Petitioner also argued that the "refund" requested on his 2000 tax return was incorrectly applied to the tax liabilities for 2000 rather than being refunded to him. We disagree.
We do not find that petitioner made an overpayment in 2000 that should be refunded to him. In general, if a taxpayer has made an "overpayment" and the overpayment is not applied against any of the taxpayer's outstanding tax liabilities, the Secretary must refund the payment, including interest.
Sec. 6402(a) ;Bachner v. Commissioner, 109 T.C. 125">109 T.C. 125 , 109 T.C. 125">128 (1997), affd. without published opinion172 F.3d 859">172 F.3d 859 (3d Cir. 1998).Section 6512(b) gives the Court jurisdiction to determine the amount of any overpayment to be credited or refunded where we have jurisdiction to redetermine a deficiency.109 T.C. 125"> Bachner v. Commissioner, supra at 128. 2003 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 339">*350We look to caselaw to define "overpayment" because there is no specific definition of the term "overpayment" in the Code which applies to the facts of these cases. 6 Id. This Court has interpreted an overpayment as occurring when the taxpayer has made a payment of tax greater than the amount properly due.
109 T.C. 125"> Id. at 129 ; seeEstate of Baumgardner v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 445">85 T.C. 445 , 85 T.C. 445">450 (1985).As determined above, petitioner is liable for the tax liability for 2000 which exceeded the withholding payment of $ 1,538, as respondent determined in the notice of deficiency. As a result, there is no overpayment that petitioner is entitled to because he did not make a payment of tax greater than the amount properly due.
III. Additions2003 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 339">*351 to Tax
Respondent determined that petitioner is liable for additions to tax pursuant to
section 6651(a)(1) for 1996 and 1997.Section 6651(a)(1) imposes an addition to tax for failure to file a return on the date prescribed (determined with regard to any extension of time for filing), unless the taxpayer can establish that such failure is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect.Section 7491(c) requires respondent to carry the burden of production with respect to any addition to tax for failure to file. The Court has received into evidence copies of petitioner's tax returns for 1996 and 1997 stamped as received by the Internal Revenue Service Center in Kansas City, Missouri, on May 28, 1999, approximately 2 years and 1 year delinquent, respectively. Respondent has sustained his burden of production to show that thesection 6651(a)(1) addition to tax is appropriate. SeeHigbee v. Comm'r, 116 T.C. 438">116 T.C. 438 , 116 T.C. 438">447 (2001).If petitioner establishes that the failure to file timely returns was due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect, he can avoid the addition to tax.
Sec. 6651(a)(1) . Petitioner offered no evidence showing that his failure to file2003 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 339">*352 was due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect. Accordingly, we hold that petitioner is liable for the additions to tax undersection 6651(a) .IV. Penalties A.
Section 6662 Respondent determined that petitioner is liable for accuracy-related penalties under
section 6662(a) and (b)(1) for 1996, 1997, and 2000.Section 6662(a) imposes a penalty in the amount of 20 percent on the portion of the underpayment to which the section applies. As relevant to these cases, the penalty applies to any portion of the underpayment that is attributable to negligence or disregard of rules or regulations.Sec. 6662(b)(1) . Negligence is any failure to make a reasonable attempt to comply with the provisions of the internal revenue laws.Sec. 6662(c) ;sec. 1.6662-3(b)(1) , Income Tax Regs. Moreover, negligence has been described as the failure to exercise due care or the failure to do what a reasonable and prudent person would do under the circumstances.Neely v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 934">85 T.C. 934 , 85 T.C. 934">947 (1985). Disregard includes any careless, reckless, or intentional disregard of rules or regulations.Sec. 6662(c) ;sec. 1.6662-3(b)(2) , Income Tax Regs.2003 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 339">*353
Section 7491(c) requires respondent to carry the burden of production because he seeks to impose an accuracy-related penalty pursuant tosection 6662(a) . With respect to the returns for 1996 and 1997, respondent and petitioner stipulated that petitioner attempted to file those returns "as joint returns by signing his former spouse's name as well as his own name", thereby claiming an additional exemption and calculating the income tax under the more favorable rates ofsection 1(a)(1) . The parties also stipulated that interest income and income from the sale of stocks were omitted from the 1996 and 1997 returns.The 2000 return petitioner filed reported zero on all income entries and no taxable income even though respondent and petitioner stipulated that petitioner received $ 3,209 in 2000 from the sale of stock, $ 17 interest on an account with National Financial Services Co., and $ 36,591 as wages from the U.S. Postal Service. Respondent has met his burden of production for his determination of the accuracy-related penalty under
section 6662(a) on the basis of negligence or disregard of rules or regulations for 1996, 1997, and 2000.Even though respondent has met his burden of production,2003 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 339">*354 the accuracy-related penalty will not be imposed if petitioner can establish that he acted with reasonable cause and in good faith. See
sec. 6664(c)(1) . The record is devoid of any evidence of reasonable cause and good faith on the part of petitioner. No attempt has been made to comply with applicable rules and regulations, and accordingly, we hold that petitioner is liable for the accuracy- related penalties undersection 6662(a) . See116 T.C. 438"> Higbee v. Comm'r, supra. B.
Section 6673 Respondent does not ask the Court to impose a penalty on petitioner under
section 6673(a)(1) . The Court may sua sponte determine whether to impose such a penalty. SeeFrank v. Comm'r, T.C. Memo 2003-88 ;Robinson v. Comm'r, T.C. Memo 2003-77 ;Keene v. Comm'r, T.C. Memo 2002-277 ;Schmith v. Comm'r, T.C. Memo 2002-252 ;Schroeder v. Comm'r, T.C. Memo 2002-190 ;Williams v. Comm'r, T.C. Memo 2002-111 .Section 6673(a)(1) authorizes the Court to require a taxpayer to pay to the U.S. a penalty in an amount not to exceed $ 25,000 whenever it appears to the Court that the taxpayer's2003 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 339">*355 position in the proceeding is frivolous or groundless.Sec. 6673(a)(1)(B) .In
Israel v. Comm'r, T.C. Memo 2003-198 , we imposed a penalty on petitioner pursuant tosection 6673(a)(1) in the amount of $ 1,500 because petitioner had:
advanced, we believe primarily for delay, frivolous and/or
groundless contentions, arguments, and requests with respect to
petitioner's unpaid liabilities for 1995 and 1996, thereby
causing the Court to waste its limited resources in addressing
such matters. * * *At trial in the instant cases, the Court warned petitioner on three separate occasions that the Court has penalized taxpayers under
section 6673 for bringing frivolous and meritless cases before the Court, giving petitioner the citations of cases in which the Court imposed the penalty.Despite the warnings of the Court, petitioner has continued to assert groundless arguments. Under the circumstances, we shall, on our own motion, impose a penalty on petitioner pursuant to
section 6673(a)(1) in the amount of $ 5,000.We have considered all of petitioner's contentions, arguments, and requests that are not discussed herein, and we conclude2003 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 339">*356 that they are without merit or irrelevant.
To reflect the foregoing,
Decisions will be entered for respondent.
Footnotes
1. These cases were consolidated for purposes of trial, briefing, and opinion.↩
2. Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the years in issue, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. Amounts are rounded to the nearest dollar.↩
3. The petition was originally filed under
sec. 6330(d)↩ . Petitioner simultaneously filed with the petition a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction, arguing that the "determination" was invalid because a hearing was not conducted and petitioner was not provided with information that he was entitled to. Respondent filed a notice of objection, stating that a notice of determination concerning collection actions for 2000 had not been issued and no attempts to collect the tax by lien or levy have been made. The Court denied petitioner's motion and ordered petitioner to file a proper amended petition if he wished to contest the notice of deficiency for 2000.4. The petition was originally filed under
sec. 6330(d) ↩. Respondent filed a motion for more definite statement. On Aug. 19, 2002, the Court ordered petitioner to file an amended petition with respect to the notice of deficiency for 1996 and 1997 by Sept. 19, 2002.5. After petitioner filed a petition with this Court to review the notice of determination for 1996, on Mar. 28, 2002, respondent issued to petitioner the notice of deficiency for 1996 and 1997 on the basis of omitted capital gain and interest income that was not at issue in the
sec. 6330 proceeding, but is at issue in the instant proceeding.Israel v. Comm'r, T.C. Memo 2003-198↩ .6.
Sec. 6401(a) provides:The term "overpayment" includes that part of the amount
of the payment of any internal revenue tax which is assessed or
collected after the expiration of the period of limitation
properly applicable thereto.↩
Document Info
Docket Number: No. 8825-02; No. 10753-02
Citation Numbers: 2003 T.C. Memo. 338, 86 T.C.M. 694, 2003 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 339
Judges: \"Haines, Harry A.\"
Filed Date: 12/15/2003
Precedential Status: Non-Precedential
Modified Date: 4/17/2021