John R. Black, a/k/a Rene J. Black v. State of Tennessee ( 2005 )

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
Assigned on Briefs April 12, 2005
JOHN R. BLACK, a/k/a RENE J. BLACK v. STATE OF TENNESSEE
Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Davidson County
No. 99-A-396 Steve Dozier, Judge
No. M2004-01785-CCA-R3-PC - Filed August 11, 2005
Petitioner, John R. Black, a/k/a Rene J. Black, filed a petition for post-conviction relief, as amended,
alleging ineffective assistance of counsel at trial and on appeal. Following an evidentiary hearing,
the post-conviction court denied the petition. On appeal, Petitioner argues that trial counsel’s
assistance was ineffective (1) for failing to prepare an adequate record for appeal; (2) for failing to
request an instruction on the lesser included offense of false imprisonment or raise the trial court’s
failure to do so on appeal; and (3) for failing to object to the prosecutor’s improper questions and
comments during Petitioner’s cross-examination at trial and during closing argument. After a
thorough review of the record, we affirm the judgment of the post-conviction court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed
THOMAS T. WOODALL, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS and
ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER , JJ., joined.
Dwight E. Scott, Nashville, Tennessee (on appeal), and Monte Watkins, Nashville, Tennessee (at
trial), for the appellant, John R. Black.
Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; David E. Coenen, Assistant Attorney General;
Victor S. (Torry) Johnson III, District Attorney General; Amy H. Eisenbeck, Assistant District
Attorney General; and Rachelle Laisnez, Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, the
State of Tennessee.
OPINION
I. Background
Following a jury trial, Petitioner was convicted of one count of aggravated kidnapping, two
counts of aggravated assault, and one count of assault. Petitioner received an effective sentence of
twenty-three years. The facts surrounding Petitioner’s convictions were summarized by this Court
in the direct appeal in State v. Black, No. M2000-01286-CCA-R3-CD, 2002 WL 560962 (Tenn.
Crim. App., at Nashville, April 16, 2002), perm. to appeal denied (Tenn. Oct. 7, 2002) as follows:
It is undisputed that the defendant and Eloise Adams, the victim, had
developed a relationship. It is also undisputed that the defendant, who was in his late
thirties, had been living with the victim, who was in her mid-sixties, at the Vine Hill
high-rise prior to and during the dates involved with the charged offenses.
Furthermore, the defendant acknowledges that he hit the victim with an open hand
on more than one occasion on Friday, September 25, 1998, because of her alleged
involvement with another man. However, the victim's testimony recalls an ordeal
lasting for several days during which, among other things, the defendant struck her
numerous times with his fist; repeatedly called her derogatory names; raped her;
demanded that she change her phone number (which a representative of Bell South
confirmed that she did); confined her in the apartment; "ransacked [her] house;"
kicked her; and threatened her with a beer bottle. . . . .
The victim testified that she could not have left her apartment after the
defendant came home on September the 25th. She explained that at that time the
defendant remained in the front of the residence (where the means to exit was
located); "was in a rage"; and informed her that she was "not going anywhere." On
this evening, the defendant kicked the victim under the chin with his steel-toed shoes
causing a wound that required stitches and left a scar. Also during this time he
threatened her with a beer bottle, stating, "I should mess up your face so nobody else
would want you." Because the victim was afraid that if the defendant struck her with
the bottle he would render her unconscious, the victim began working her way
toward the door. After she succeeded in running outside screaming for a brief period
of time, the defendant caught her, placed his hand over her mouth, and pulled her
back into the apartment. Thereafter, a neighbor who had seen and heard this from the
housing tower opposite the victim's, called 911 at approximately 2:30 a.m.
Black, 2002 WL 560962, at **2-3.
II. Post-Conviction Hearing
Petitioner’s trial counsel testified that he had been in private practice for over nineteen years,
primarily in the area of criminal law. Although he described Petitioner as “hostile” and
“threatening” prior to trial, trial counsel felt that he was able to adequately communicate with
Petitioner. Trial counsel said that he met with Petitioner approximately eleven times prior to trial.
He advised Petitioner that he would likely be convicted of all the counts of the indictment except
perhaps the aggravated rape charge. Petitioner, however, rejected three offers of settlement from
the State, including one offer that was extended during the trial.
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Petitioner told trial counsel that Nathan Jones was romantically involved with the victim, and
maintained that Mr. Jones caused the victim’s injuries. Trial counsel said that he personally served
Mr. Jones with a subpoena. When trial counsel interviewed him, Mr. Jones denied the affair and
denied that he had been in the victim’s apartment during the time period of the offenses. Although
Mr. Jones appeared at court, trial counsel ultimately decided not to call Mr. Jones as a witness
because his testimony would not have assisted Petitioner’s defense.
Trial counsel said that in his motion for new trial he challenged the trial court’s ruling
granting the State permission to amend the indictment. He conceded, however, that he did not
include in the appellate record the transcript of the hearing on the State’s request to amend the
indictment. Trial counsel said, however, that he believed the trial court’s ruling was correct
notwithstanding his objections to the State’s second motion to amend the indictment.
Trial counsel testified that Petitioner insisted on testifying on his own behalf. Petitioner
contended that he was at the Drake Motel during part of the time alleged in the indictment, but there
were no records to support his contention. Trial counsel agreed that the record reflected that he did
not object to certain questions posed by the State during Petitioner’s cross-examination or comments
made during closing argument. Trial counsel said that Petitioner raised the subjects of Mr. Jones’
presence in the victim’s apartment and the victim’s injuries during his direct examination.
Trial counsel did not specifically recollect whether he had requested the trial court to charge
the jury with false imprisonment as a lesser included offense of aggravated kidnapping.
On cross-examination, trial counsel read into the record a synopsis of Petitioner’s case which
he prepared after the trial.
I was appointed to represent Mr. Black, after the Public Defender, Laura Dykes, was
forced to withdraw, as a result of threats and accusations made by [Petitioner].
I met with him a number of times; the last several weeks were in Max Security. Prior
to trial the State offered ten years at thirty-five percent, to aggravated assault and
kidnapping. He rejected the offer.
As the trial grew nearer, he was offered eight years at thirty-five percent, which was
also rejected. Prior to the start of the trial, I discussed the offer with his mother and
sister.
His mother met with him, and he still rejected the offer. He also rejected an offer,
after the first day of trial.
A big problem with [Petitioner] was . . . understanding how certain information, if
brought up at trial, could hurt him. He thought that cell phone records would help
him.
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Those records indicated that he called the victim’s apartment immediately after the
[911] call, and continued to call for some time.
He also insisted that Mr. Nathaniel [sic] Jones was necessary for his trial. I met with
Mr. Jones, and he stated to me that he was never in the victim’s apartment, contrary
to Mr. Black’s testimony.
He also wanted phone records . . . from the Drake Motel, that did not exist. This was
my most difficult trial, because throughout the trial [Petitioner] cursed me, threatened
me, would not allow me to listen to witness’ testimony, and was constantly
disruptive.
At this point, I think it is best that I file a motion to be relieved, because [Petitioner]
believes that it is my fault and a conspiracy between the victim, the police, and the
District Attorney.
Petitioner testified that he met with his trial counsel approximately two times before trial.
Petitioner said he discussed potential witnesses and defense strategy with his trial counsel, and trial
counsel told him he did not have anything to worry about. Petitioner said that trial counsel did not
tell him that he had interviewed Mr. Jones, and Petitioner was not aware that Mr. Jones was present
during the trial. Petitioner denied that his trial counsel told him that the State had offered to settle
the charges with a recommended sentence of eight years.
III. Standard of Review
A petitioner seeking post-conviction relief must establish his allegations by clear and
convincing evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-210(f) (1997). However, the trial court’s
application of the law to the facts is reviewed de novo, without a presumption of correctness. Fields
v. State, 40 S.W.3d 450, 458 (Tenn. 2001). A claim that counsel rendered ineffective assistance is
a mixed question of fact and law and therefore also subject to de novo review. Id.; Burns, 6 S.W.3d
at 461.
When a petitioner seeks post-conviction relief on the basis of ineffective assistance of
counsel, he must establish that counsel’s performance fell below “the range of competence
demanded of attorneys in criminal cases.” Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975). In
addition, he must show that counsel’s ineffective performance actually adversely impacted his
defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 693, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2067, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674(1984). In reviewing counsel’s performance, the distortions of hindsight must be avoided, and this
Court will not second-guess counsel’s decisions regarding trial strategies and tactics. Hellard v.
State, 629 S.W.2d 4, 9 (Tenn. 1982). The reviewing court, therefore, should not conclude that a
particular act or omission by counsel is unreasonable merely because the strategy was unsuccessful.
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S. Ct. at 2065. Rather, counsel’s alleged errors should be judged
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from counsel’s perspective at the point of time they were made in light of all the facts and
circumstances at that time. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690, 104 S. Ct. at 2066.
A petitioner must satisfy both prongs of the Strickland test before he or she may prevail on
a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. See Henley v. State, 960 S.W.2d 572, 580 (Tenn. 1997).
That is, a petitioner must not only show that his counsel’s performance fell below acceptable
standards, but that such performance was prejudicial to the petitioner. Id. Failure to satisfy either
prong will result in the denial of relief. Id. Accordingly, this Court need not address one of the
components if the petitioner fails to establish the other. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697, 104 S. Ct. at
2069.
IV. Inadequate Record on Appeal
Petitioner argues that his counsel rendered ineffective assistance of counsel because he failed
to provide a complete record on appeal. In his direct appeal, Petitioner argued that the trial court
erred in permitting the State to amend the indictment for the second time to change the dates
involved in the aggravated kidnapping count from September 21 through 23, 1998, to September 25
and 26, 1998. See Black, 2002 WL 560962, at *5. In Petitioner’s direct appeal, a panel of this Court
found that the record was inadequate to address this issue because the record did not include a
transcript of the hearing on the State’s second motion to amend and thus considered the issue
waived, stating as follows:
We have no access to the evidence presented in or any specific findings from this hearing.
The need for a transcript of the hearing on this motion becomes even more apparent upon
reviewing the trial court’s findings at the new trial motion hearing. More particularly, at the
latter hearing the trial court referred to “a lengthy discussion” that was had on the contested
motion to amend the indictment.
Id.
It was accordingly presumed “that the trial judge acted correctly and conclude[d] that
[Petitioner] is not entitled to relief based upon this issue . . ..” Id.
The State argues that Petitioner failed to prove that he was prejudiced by trial counsel’s
omission, contending that even if counsel had included the transcript of the hearing in the appellate
record, Petitioner would not have prevailed on the issue. At the post-conviction hearing, trial
counsel also expressed the opinion that he believed the trial court’s ruling was correct,
notwithstanding his challenge to the State’s second motion to amend the indictment.
The post-conviction court concluded that Petitioner had not established that he was
prejudiced by trial counsel’s conduct as required under Strickland, stating:
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The second amendment of the indictment amended the dates in count one from
September 21-23, 1998 to September 25-26, 1998. A review of the record indicates
that the petitioner’s previous attorney was aware of these dates after the preliminary
hearing. In the petitioner’s motion for a bill of particulars, counsel concedes that the
victim testified that the [aggravated kidnapping] offense occurred between September
25, 1998 and September 26, 1998. [Trial counsel] testified that he did not acquire
a transcript of the hearing as to the amendment because he felt that petitioner would
not prevail on this issue. The Court of is the opinion the petitioner and his counsel(s)
were aware early on of the dates the petitioner committed these crimes. A variance
of a couple of days is not fatal especially since the petitioner’s defense was not one
of alibi.
Petitioner was indicted on five counts on February 16, 1999. In count one, Petitioner was
charged with committing the offense of aggravated kidnapping between September 21, 1998, and
September 23, 1998. In count two, Petitioner was charged with committing the offense of
aggravated rape on September 22, 1998. In counts three through five, Petitioner was charged with
the aggravated assault of the victim on September 25, 1998. In count six, Petitioner was charged
with assaulting the victim on September 24, 1998. Petitioner was found not guilty on counts two
and three, and guilty on the remaining counts.
At the conclusion of the hearing on the State’s second motion to amend the indictment, the
following dialog took place:
[THE COURT]: [R]egardless of what specific dates are in . . . Count One of
the indictment, if they come in at trial and present proof and
argue to the jury that [the victim] was detained against her
will and suffered serious bodily injury on Friday or Saturday
of that week . . . would you be adequately prepared to
defendant it?
[TRIAL COUNSEL]: Yes, Your Honor.
[THE COURT]: All right. Because Count One of the indictment alleges that
she suffered bodily injury [while] being detained, which . . .
at least Counts Three and Four also on the twenty-fifth. . .
allege bodily injury. And so, [you’ve] been aware that — that
there’s some allegations that – that would have similar
elements occurred on at least Friday of that week.
[TRIAL COUNSEL]: That’s correct.
Rule 7(b) of the Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedures states, in part, that “[i]f no
additional or different offense is thereby charged and no substantial rights of the defendant are
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thereby prejudiced, the court may permit an amendment [to the indictment] without the defendant’s
consent before jeopardy attaches.” The trial court has the discretion to grant or deny a motion to
amend the indictment under such circumstances, and this Court will alter the trial court’s decision
only if that discretion is abused. State v. Kirkland, 696 S.W.2d 544, 545 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1985).
“This Court has held that the amendment of the date in an indictment does not charge the defendant
with a new or an additional crime.” State v. Kennedy, 10 S.W.3d 280, 284 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999)
(citations omitted); see also State v. Badgett, 693 S.W.2d 917, 919 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1985).
Based on the foregoing and our review of the record, we conclude that the evidence does not
preponderate against the post-conviction court’s finding that, even if trial counsel’s conduct was
deficient in this regard, Petitioner failed to show that he was prejudiced by the failure of his trial
counsel on appeal to include the transcript of the hearing on the State’s second motion to amend the
indictment.
V. Lesser Included Offenses
At trial, the trial court instructed the jury on kidnapping as a lesser included offense of the
charged offense of aggravated kidnapping. Petitioner argues that his trial counsel rendered
ineffective assistance of counsel because he did not request an instruction on false imprisonment as
a lesser included offense of aggravated kidnapping.
Petitioner was convicted of aggravated kidnapping which is defined as false imprisonment
where, as applicable here, the victim suffers bodily injury. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-304(a)(4).
The offense of false imprisonment is thus incorporated into the statutory definition of aggravated
kidnapping, and is, therefore, a lesser included offense of aggravated kidnapping under part (a) of
the test set forth in State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453, 466 (Tenn. 1999)(An offense is a lesser included
offense of another if all of its statutory elements are included within the statutory elements of the
charged offense).
Nonetheless, at the time of Petitioner’s trial, it was “[t]he trial court’s duty to charge juries
as to the law of each offense included in an indictment . . . whether or not a defendant requests such
an instruction.” State v. Wilson, 92 S.W.3d 391, 394 (Tenn. 2002) (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-18-
110(c) (1997)). Based on the trial court’s duty to instruct the jury regardless of a request to do so
from the defendant, this Court has previously found that defense counsel’s conduct was not deficient
for failing to request an instruction on a particular lesser included offense. See Jeffery Lee Miller
v. State, No. M2003-02841-CCA-R3-PC, 2005 WL 901130, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville,
Apr. 19, 2005), application for perm. to appeal filed; Terrance L. Turner v. State, No. M2002-02429-
CCA-RR3-PC, 2004 WL 587636, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, Mar. 25, 2004), perm. to
appeal denied (Tenn. August 30, 2004). Accordingly, we conclude in the case sub judice that trial
counsel was not deficient for failing to request an instruction on false imprisonment as a lesser
included offense of aggravated kidnapping.
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Moreover, in State v. Williams, 977 S.W.2d 101 (Tenn. 1998), our Supreme Court concluded
that “by finding the defendant guilty of the highest offense to the exclusion of the immediately lesser
offense, . . . the jury necessarily rejected all other lesser included offenses . . ..” Id. at 106. The trial
court instructed the jury on kidnapping as a lesser included offense of aggravated kidnapping, the
charged offense. “Kidnapping” is defined as “false imprisonment under circumstances exposing the
other person to substantial risk of bodily injury.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-303(a)(1). The element
elevating the offense of kidnapping to aggravated is the actual infliction of bodily injury upon the
victim. Compare id. §§ 39-13-304(a)(4) with 39-13-303(a)(1). By rejecting the lesser included
offense of kidnapping, the jury clearly demonstrated that it would not have returned a verdict on false
imprisonment. See Williams, 977 S.W.2d at 106. Thus, Petitioner has failed to show that he was
prejudiced by any omission on the part of trial counsel to request an instruction on the offense of
false imprisonment.
Petitioner also argues for the first time in his brief that trial counsel’s assistance was
ineffective because he failed to raise on appeal the trial court’s failure to charge false imprisonment
as a lesser included offense of aggravated kidnapping. This specific issue was not raised in
Petitioner’s pro se petition for post-conviction relief, or the subsequent amendment to the petition,
and was not raised during the post-conviction hearing. Issues not raised in the post-conviction
petition may not be raised for the first time on appeal. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-104(d); Cone
v. State, 747 S.W.2d 353, 356 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). Thus, Petitioner is not entitled to relief on
this issue.
VI. Failure to Object
Petitioner argues that his trial counsel’s assistance was ineffective because he failed to object
to one of the prosecutor’s questions to Petitioner on cross-examination and to a comment made
during the prosecutor’s closing argument. In the first instance, the prosecutor asked on cross-
examination, “So, can you explain why Nathan isn’t here?” Petitioner also challenges the
prosecutor’s comment during closing argument that “[Petitioner] can’t explain why there is still
blood dripping from underneath [the victim’s] chin at three o’clock in the morning on the 26th.”
Petitioner argues that his trial counsel should have objected because the comments impermissibly
shifted the burden of proof to Petitioner.
At the post-conviction hearing, trial counsel said that he did not specifically remember the
prosecutor asking Petitioner why he could not explain Mr. Jones’ absence from trial, and agreed that
the question appeared to shift the burden of proof to Petitioner. Trial counsel stated, however, that
the subject matter of the prosecutor’s question and comment “probably came up in [Petitioner’s]
testimony at some point.” The post-conviction court found that Petitioner had not presented any
proof on this issue and thus had not sustained his burden of proving the factual allegations by clear
and convincing evidence.
At the post-conviction hearing and on appeal, Petitioner has attached as an exhibit the page
of the trial transcript upon when the challenged comments are reflected. The State argues that the
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comments are taken out of context, and the exhibits submitted by Petitioner do not fairly or
accurately portray what occurred in the trial court with respect to these issues. Alternatively, the
State argues that both the question posed during cross-examination and the prosecutor’s comment
during closing argument were properly based on the evidence and did not shift the burden of proof
to Petitioner.
Although the State phrases the argument in its brief in terms of an inadequate appellate
record, the adequacy of the exhibits submitted at the post-conviction hearing speaks more to the
sufficiency of the evidence presented in support of Petitioner’s claim for post-conviction relief.
Under our statutory scheme, the petitioner bears the burden of proving the allegations in his post-
conviction petition by clear and convincing evidence. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-110(f).
“Evidence is clear and convincing when there is no serious or substantial doubt about the accuracy
of the conclusions drawn from the evidence.” Hicks v. State, 983 S.W.2d 240, 245 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1998).
During Petitioner’s cross examination at trial, the following exchange occurred:
[STATE]: So, [Mr. Jones] should have been here, right?
[PETITIONER]: That’s what I said. Uh–that’s exactly my sentiments are [sic]
today.
[STATE]: So, can you explain why [Mr. Jones] isn’t here?
[PETITIONER]: No, ma’am. I asked my lawyer the same thing. And, I was
getting upset about that.
[STATE]: Okay. So is your lawyer incompetent? Is that what you’re
trying to say?
[PETITIONER]: Uh–well, I kind of wondered why–uh–[Mr. Jones] wasn’t
here when he was on the scene of this accident. That kind of
. . . yeah, yeah. Uh–I told ‘em [sic] about that, yeah.
Petitioner’s theory of defense at trial apparently rested upon his allegation that Mr. Jones was
in the victim’s apartment at some point on September 25, and that Mr. Jones caused the victim’s
injuries.
Along these lines, the prosecutor stated during closing argument,
The first officer to arrive on the scene testified that there was blood dripping from her
chin. [Petitioner], of course, says that this happened at two o’clock in the afternoon
on Friday when the phantom man, [Mr. Jones], knocked her over a coffee table.
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And, [Petitioner] can’t explain why there is still blood dripping from underneath her
chin at three o’clock in the morning on the 26th.
These comments did not impermissibly shift the burden of proof to Petitioner. Based upon
the context in which this issue was presented, the prosecutor’s questions during cross-examination
and the remarks during closing argument challenge Petitioner’s credibility and theories regarding
how the victim was injured on the dates of the offenses. Based upon our review of the record, we
conclude that the evidence does not preponderate against the post-conviction court’s findings that
Petitioner failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that his trial counsel’s failure to object
to the challenged question reflected ineffective assistance of counsel. Defendant is not entitled to
relief on this issue.
CONCLUSION
The judgment of the post-conviction court is affirmed.
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THOMAS T. WOODALL, JUDGE
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