State of Tennessee v. Jeffery E. Long ( 2008 )

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
Assigned on Briefs December 18, 2007
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. JEFFERY E. LONG
Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for McMinn County
No. 06-017 Amy A. Reedy, Judge
No. E2007-00754-CCA-R3-CD - Filed July 14, 2008
The defendant, Jeffery E. Long, was convicted of aggravated robbery and sentenced to thirteen years
as a Range II, multiple offender. On appeal, he argues that the evidence was insufficient to support
the verdict and that the trial court erred in three areas: admission of a photographic lineup, failure
to grant a mistrial, and failure to require a different jury panel when it was possible some members
saw the defendant led into a holding cell in the courthouse prior to trial. After careful review, we
conclude that no reversible error exists and affirm the judgment from the trial court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed
JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which THOMAS T. WOODALL and
J.C. MCLIN , JJ., joined.
Charles R. Hughes, Jr., District Public Defender, and Jeanie L. Wiggins, Assistant Public Defender,
for the appellant, Jeffery E. Long.
Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Rachel W. Harmon, Assistant Attorney
General; Robert S. Bebb, District Attorney General; and Paul D. Rush, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
The victim testified that he was robbed while putting air in his tire at a closed gas station. The
victim testified that the robber approached him from behind and tapped him on the shoulder while
the robber’s hand was in his pocket giving the appearance that he had a gun. The victim was told
he would be killed if he did not give the robber his money. After the victim gave the robber his
wallet, which contained $840.00, the robber walked quickly away. The victim left the scene and
drove home, where he phoned the police to report the incident.
He testified that he believed the robber was a six foot, six inch or six foot, seven inch black
male, who wore blue jeans, a black jacket, and a black hat. He also believed the robber’s age to be
between twenty-five and thirty-five. The day following the robbery, the victim identified the
defendant from a photographic line-up but asked to see a more recent photograph before making a
conclusive identification. He identified the defendant again in the more recent photographic line-up
but acknowledged the defendant was the only person pictured wearing a black leather jacket and was
the only person in common from both photographic lineups.
Analysis
The issues raised by the defendant fall into two categories: sufficiency of the evidence and
trial court error. First, he argues that the evidence presented was legally insufficient to convict him
of aggravated robbery. When an accused challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, this court must
review the record to determine if the evidence adduced during the trial was sufficient “to support the
finding by the trier of fact of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e). This rule
is applicable to findings of guilt predicated upon direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a
combination of direct and circumstantial evidence. State v. Brewer, 932 S.W.2d 1, 18 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1996).
In determining the sufficiency of the evidence, this court does not reweigh or reevaluate the
evidence. State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). Nor may this court substitute its
inferences for those drawn by the trier of fact from circumstantial evidence. Liakas v. State, 199
Tenn. 298, 305, 286 S.W.2d 856, 859 (1956). To the contrary, this court is required to afford the
State the strongest legitimate view of the evidence contained in the record, as well as all reasonable
and legitimate inferences which may be drawn from the evidence. State v. Elkins, 102 S.W.3d 578,
581 (Tenn. 2003).
The trier of fact, not this court, resolves questions concerning the credibility of the witnesses,
the weight and value to be given the evidence, as well as all factual issues raised by the evidence.
Id. In State v. Grace, the Tennessee Supreme Court stated that “[a] guilty verdict by the jury,
approved by the trial judge, accredits the testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves all
conflicts in favor of the theory of the State.” 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973).
Because a verdict of guilt removes the presumption of innocence and replaces it with a
presumption of guilt, the accused has the burden in this court of illustrating why the evidence is
insufficient to support the verdict returned by the trier of fact. State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914
(Tenn. 1982); Grace, 493 S.W.2d at 476.
Here, the defendant argues that the victim simply described someone other than himself as
the perpetrator of the crime. He argues that the physical descriptions did not match up and,
therefore, were insufficient to convict him of the crime. The victim described the robber as between
six foot, six inches and six foot, seven inches in height. The six foot, six inch victim said that he had
to slightly look up at the robber during the robbery despite the fact that the defendant’s approximate
height is six foot. The victim also testified that he was more certain about his identification of the
defendant’s face than the defendant’s height.
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Great weight is given to the jury verdict in a criminal trial; it accredits the State’s witnesses
and resolves all conflicts in favor of the State. State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797, 803 (Tenn. 1994);
State v. Harris, 839 S.W.2d 54, 75 (Tenn. 1992). The defendant has the burden of overcoming the
presumption of guilt and has not met his burden in the instant case. His argument of the discrepancy
in height has merit but it does not overcome the evidence that the victim made a facial identification
of the defendant from different photographic lineups. When considering the victim’s description of
the defendant in its entirety, it is reasonable that a jury could conclude the defendant committed this
offense. Therefore, the defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.
Next, the defendant argues that the trial court erred in three specific areas. We will analyze
each issue separately. Initially, the defendant argues the trial court erred in failing to suppress the
photographic line-up used to identify the defendant, because it was unconstitutionally suggestive.
The defendant raised the issue in a motion to suppress and, here, argued that his motion should have
been upheld.
The factual findings, made by the trial court at the hearing on a motion to suppress, are
binding upon this court unless the evidence contained in the record preponderates otherwise. State
v. Ross, 49 S.W.3d 833, 839 (Tenn. 2001). The prevailing party in the trial court is afforded the
strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable and legitimate inferences that may be
drawn from that evidence. Id.
The United States Supreme Court established a two-part test to determine the validity of a
pretrial identification in Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 199-200, 93 S. Ct. 375 (1972). First, the
court must determine whether the procedure used to obtain the identification was unduly suggestive.
Then, if the identification was unduly suggestive, the court must determine, based on the totality of
the circumstances, whether the identification is nevertheless reliable. Id.
This court has concluded that the presentation of a photographic spread to a victim or
witness, when the suspect is not in the police department, is not unreasonable. State v. Thomas, 780
S.W.2d 379, 382 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1989). Here, the detective testified that he suspected the
defendant based on the victim’s initial description of the robber. The detective said the victim
identified the defendant as the robber in the first photographic line-up on the day following the
offense but requested a more recent picture of the defendant. The victim viewed a different
photographic line-up eight days after the robbery, which included a more recent picture of the
defendant. The victim positively identified the defendant, concluding that he was “sure after looking
at the recent picture that this is the right person who robbed me of my $840.00 on 11-23-05.”
The factors to be considered in evaluating whether there has been a mistaken identification
include: (1) the opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime, (2) the
witness’ degree of attention, (3) the accuracy of the witness’ prior description of the criminal, (4)
the level of certainty demonstrated by the witness at the confrontation, and (5) the length of time
between the crime and the confrontation. Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. at 199. Here, the victim testified
that he had between thirty and sixty seconds to view the defendant’s face during the robbery. The
victim was attentive during the offense. The victim was not accurate in his description of the
defendant’s height and age. He was certain, after viewing the photographic lineups, that the
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defendant was the robber. The photographic identifications did occur close in time to the robbery.
Even if we concluded that the photographic line-up was unduly suggestive, the totality of the
circumstances surrounding the identification of the defendant suggests that the identification was
reliable. The victim was “ninety percent” sure that the first photograph he saw of the defendant was
a correct identification of the man who robbed him the previous night. The victim had an
independent recollection of the robber, separate from the photographic line-up, and would have been
able to identify him at trial even if the photographic line-up was excluded. The defendant is not
entitled to relief on this issue.
Next, the defendant argues that the trial court erred in failing to grant a mistrial based on the
State’s redirect examination of the victim. Specifically, he argues that the State improperly vouched
for the credibility of the victim during redirect examination. He contends that the remarks were
made to rehabilitate the victim’s trial testimony about a critical area of dispute and that these
remarks constitute a mistrial.
The determination of whether to grant a mistrial rests within the sound discretion of the trial
court. State v. Smith, 871 S.W.2d 667, 672 (Tenn. 1994). The reviewing court should not overturn
that decision absent an abuse of discretion. State v. Reid, 91 S.W.3d 247, 279 (Tenn. 2002). The
burden of establishing the necessity for mistrial lies with the party seeking it. State v. Williams, 929
S.W.2d 385, 388 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996). No abstract formula should be mechanically applied in
making this determination, and all circumstances should be taken into account. State v. Mounce,
859 S.W.2d 319, 322 (Tenn. 1993).
The defendant argues that the State was “bolstering” the victim’s credibility by vouching for
his truth or veracity. The State contends, and we agree, that it did nothing more than ask a leading
question. During the State’s redirect examination of the victim, the following exchange occurred:
State: Just some real quick questions. You remember we talked last night
on the phone. Right.
Witness: Yes, sir.
State: And do you remember that I told you the defendant is not 6'6.
Witness: Yes.
State: Do you remember that?
Witness: Yes.
State: Do you remember that I told you he’s not 6'7?
Witness: Yes, sir.
State: And do you remember that I told you that I wanted you to make a fair
identification.
Witness: Yes.
State: And I didn’t want you to say anything —
The defendant objected, and the trial court sustained the objection as to leading. Our review reflects
that the leading question does not appear to have bolstered the victim’s credibility. In fact, as the
State suggests, it demonstrated that the victim was incorrect in his description of the robber’s height,
which is precisely what the defendant wanted the jury to understand. Nevertheless, the exchange
did not warrant a mistrial, because it was not prejudicial and did not affect the jury’s verdict.
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The final area argued by the defendant, that the trial court erred, addresses the possibility that
potential jurors may have seen him in the custody of law enforcement. The defendant contends that
he is entitled to a new trial because potential jurors might have seen him in the physical custody of
the police when he was being placed in a holding cell inside the courthouse. An officer with the
McMinn County Sheriff’s Department testified that he transported the defendant through the
courthouse into the building’s holding cell to await trial. He testified that approximately ten people
he assumed to be prospective jurors could have seen him escorting the defendant to the holding cell.
However, he also testified that the defendant wore no visible shackles or physical restraints and was
dressed in plain clothes. He also testified that the door to the holding cell looks like a “normal
door,” similar to the doors of the witness rooms, and opens outward. Therefore, anyone who might
have seen the defendant go through the door would not have necessarily known there was a holding
cell beyond the door.
Our review reflects that the defendant has not presented any evidence to demonstrate that he
was prejudiced by the possibility of prospective jurors seeing him prior to trial. It is unclear from
the record whether any of the jurors were in the hallway. Quite simply, the defendant has not shown
that a potential juror was tainted because he or she saw the defendant in custody.
Conclusion
Based on the foregoing and the record as a whole, we conclude that no reversible error exists
and affirm the judgment from the trial court.
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JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, JUDGE
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