Clarence D. Schreane v. State of Tennessee ( 2013 )

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
Assigned on Briefs November 27, 2012
CLARENCE D. SCHREANE v. STATE OF TENNESSEE
Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Hamilton County
No. 283882 Rebecca Stern, Judge
No. E2012-01202-CCA-R3-PC - Filed January 16, 2013
In 2004, a Hamilton County jury convicted the Petitioner, Clarence D. Schreane, for
committing first degree felony murder and especially aggravated robbery in 1991, and the
trial court sentenced him to 60 years of incarceration. This Court affirmed his convictions
and sentence on appeal. State v. Clarence David Schreane, et al., No. E2005-00520-CCA-
R3-CD, 2006 WL (Tenn. Crim. App., at Knoxville, Apr. 5, 2006), perm. app. denied (Tenn.
Aug. 28, 2006). The Petitioner filed a petition for post-conviction relief, which the post-
conviction court dismissed. We affirmed the dismissal on appeal. Clarence David Schreane
v. State, No. E2009-01103-CCA-R3-PC, 2010 WL 3919264 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Knoxville,
Oct. 7, 2010), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Jan. 18, 2011). Subsequently, the Petitioner filed
a writ of error coram nobis, in which he alleged that the trial court erred when it admitted his
statement to police during the trial because the trial court did not review the statement first,
outside the presence of the jury. The coram nobis court dismissed the writ. After a thorough
review of the record, the briefs, and relevant authorities, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed
R OBERT W. W EDEMEYER, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D. K ELLY T HOMAS,
J R. and C AMILLE R. M CM ULLEN, JJ., joined.
Clarence D. Schreane, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, Pro Se.
Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; John H. Bledsoe, Assistant Attorney
General; and William H. Cox, III, District Attorney General, for the Appellee, State of
Tennessee.
OPINION
I. Facts
A. Background and Direct Appeal
This case arises from a murder that occurred in 1991. A Hamilton County jury
convicted the Petitioner of first degree felony murder and especially aggravated robbery. The
Petitioner appealed to this Court, and we recited the following facts in our opinion disposing
of his appeal:
This case relates to the [Petitioner’s] participation in the killing of
Marcus Edwards on September 19, 1991. The Chattanooga Police Department
investigated the murder; however, the case went cold and remained unsolved
for eight years. In 1999, the [Petitioner] was incarcerated on unrelated charges
when he contacted Chattanooga Police Department detectives and told them he
had information related to the unsolved 1991 murder. The detectives had the
[Petitioner] brought to their location to speak with him, and after a period of a
few hours, the [Petitioner] confessed.
At the trial, the evidence showed that the [Petitioner] accompanied
Charles Turner to the victim’s place of business to help Mr. Turner commit a
robbery. As the victim was talking to Mr. Turner, the [Petitioner] struck the
victim with a rock, and Mr. Turner then shot the victim with a .38 caliber
handgun. Mr. Turner took the victim’s .357 magnum handgun, which was on
the victim’s body. Mr. Turner also took a cigar box containing cash and gave
the [Petitioner] one hundred dollars as both men fled the scene in the
[Petitioner’s] 1983 Cadillac Eldorado.
Before the trial, the [Petitioner] filed a motion to suppress his
confession, arguing that it was taken in violation of his Fifth and Fourteenth
Amendment rights. At the motion to suppress hearing, Chattanooga Police
Department Detective Mike Mathis testified that he was the lead investigator
for the 1991 murder. He said the victim was shot to death and found in his
business. Detective Mathis said few solid leads developed until the [Petitioner]
contacted them.
Detective Mathis said that sometime before September 19, 1999,
Chattanooga Police Department Lieutenant Steve Angel had been receiving
collect telephone calls from the Hamilton County Jail, which he was unable to
answer. He said that the [Petitioner’s] “significant other” contacted the
detectives and told them the [Petitioner] wanted to talk to them about an
unsolved murder. He said the [Petitioner] also called and spoke with Lt. Angel
and told him enough specific information about the murder to cause Lt. Angel
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to have the [Petitioner] transported from the Hamilton County Jail to the police
service center.
Detective Mathis said he conducted an interview with the [Petitioner],
culminating in a tape-recorded statement. He said that although the [Petitioner]
was in custody on unrelated charges, he was not under arrest or charged with
the victim’s murder when he confessed. Detective Mathis said he did not
promise the [Petitioner] anything in return for his confession. Detective Mathis
said the [Petitioner] waived his constitutional right to remain silent and to an
attorney before making the tape-recorded statement.
On cross-examination, Det. Mathis said he talked with the [Petitioner]
for some period of time before reading him his Miranda rights. He admitted
that before he arrived to interview the [Petitioner], Lt. Angel had been talking
to the [Petitioner]. Detective Mathis said that although he did not promise the
[Petitioner] anything specific in return for his confession, he did explain to the
[Petitioner] that he would tell the district attorney general’s office that the
[Petitioner] had come forward on his own and cooperated with the police.
Detective Mathis admitted that he may have told the [Petitioner] he would try
to help transport the [Petitioner] from the Hamilton County Jail to Silverdale,
a state correctional facility.
On redirect examination, Det. Mathis said the [Petitioner] initiated the
contact with the police department. Detective Mathis explained that the reason
for the delay in reading the [Petitioner] his Miranda rights was the [Petitioner]
initially maintained that he had only heard about the murder, not that he had any
involvement in it. He said the [Petitioner] ultimately “came clean” and
confessed.
The [Petitioner] testified that when he first arrived at the police service
center, he was placed in an interview room with Det. Carroll and Det. Mathis.
He said Lt. Angel entered the room later. The [Petitioner] said Det. Mathis told
him he believed “the bicycle bandit” was responsible for the victim’s murder.
The [Petitioner] said that he then asked to speak with his attorney but that Det.
Mathis told him he did not need an attorney. The [Petitioner] said Det. Mathis
made promises to him before the taping began. He said Det. Mathis promised
him that the [Petitioner] would not be charged with the murder, that Det. Mathis
would speak with the [Petitioner’s] parole officer in another case, and that Det.
Mathis would speak with the district attorney general’s office in order to have
them dismiss certain charges against the [Petitioner] from another case in return
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for the [Petitioner’s] cooperation. He said Det. Mathis also promised to transfer
him from the Hamilton County Jail to Silverdale. The [Petitioner] said he was
transferred to Silverdale two days later. The [Petitioner] said he did not sign
the waiver form until after the taped statement was made.
After considering the evidence and the arguments of counsel, the trial
court denied the [Petitioner’s] motion to suppress. It stated:
Even on your motion, I can base all of my findings on
what Mathis and the statement says . . . . The initial contact came
not from the police to [the Petitioner] but from someone on [the
Petitioner’s] behalf and then later by [the Petitioner] to the
police. [The police] would have been derelict in their duty not to
see what [the Petitioner] had to say about it, something like this.
So they bring him out there and talk with him.
Now, as far as the requirements for Miranda warnings,
you have to be in custody and subject to interrogation. He was
in custody but certainly not on this and not by these officers on
this. So I don’t think that it actually applies in this situation.
The fact that he is in custody on something else doesn’t
mean for Miranda purposes he wasn’t in custody on this.
He also made the initial contact. Certainly they
questioned him after he gave them some information but I find
from the transcript itself and the conversation between Mr.
Mathis at the very beginning of the tape, he says, “Prior to taking
this statement I advised you of your constitutional rights and did
you understand these.” [The Petitioner] says, “Yes, he did.”
Mathis says, “Am I correct in saying that as I started to
advise you of them, you basically recited them to me, did you
not?” [The Petitioner] said, “Yes.”
Mathis says, “And I mean you read-told me what your
rights were without even looking at that form, you knew your
rights, is that correct?” [The Petitioner] says, “Yes.”
Mathis says, “And you have signed this rights waiver
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agreeing to talk to us today.” “Yes.” “And that’s your signature
that I’m pointing to on this rights form.” [The Petitioner] says,
“Yes.”
It’s incredible to believe that the rights waiver got signed
after the taped statement when they discuss it prior to even
questioning on the tape, so that’s totally unbelievable.
....
Now, I don’t believe that [the Petitioner] walked in there,
signed the waiver, and started this. I think he had probably been
there a while. He probably got there before midnight and had
been talking to some of them and talking to them about things
and as they decided they had information they needed to use, they
read him [the] rights waiver and did the tape. There is really
nothing wrong with it. He made a knowing and voluntary
statement to the police. It was not made during the course of
negotiations or settlement of this case. He obviously wanted
good treatment and was looking out for himself, no doubt about
that, that happens all the time. There was nothing improper
about this. The motion to suppress the confession is overruled.
Schreane, 2006 WL 891394, at *1-3.
The Petitioner appealed his conviction to this Court, contending that the trial court
erred when it failed to grant his motion to suppress his confession. He asserted that the State
violated his Fifth Amendment rights by failing to obtain a waiver of those rights from him
before he made incriminating statements to police. On that issue, we held:
The record reflects that the [Petitioner] initiated the questioning in this
case by voluntarily seeking out the detectives and speaking to them concerning
the victim’s murder. In this regard, we conclude the record does not reflect that
the [Petitioner] was under custodial interrogation before the police read him the
Miranda warnings and obtained his waiver of rights. The [Petitioner] is not
entitled to relief on this issue.
Schreane, 2006 WL 891394, at *5.
The Petitioner also appealed the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress based
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upon his allegation that his confession was involuntary in that it was the product of promises
of leniency. With regard to that issue, we held:
The record reflects that the trial court based its findings on the testimony
of Det. Mathis and the [Petitioner’s] statement and indicated it found the
[Petitioner’s] testimony incredible, at least to the extent it differed from Det.
Mathis’ testimony. Detective Mathis testified that he only promised the
[Petitioner] to help him with the district attorney’s office by telling them that
the [Petitioner] had cooperated. We conclude Det. Mathis’ promise was not
improper.
Id. at * 5. The Petitioner appealed our holding to the Tennessee Supreme Court, which denied
his request for an appeal. Id. at *1.
B. Post-Conviction Petition
The Petitioner filed a petition for post-conviction relief in which he alleged that he
received the ineffective assistance of counsel at trial. He contended his trial counsel was
ineffective for: (1) not seeking dismissal of the Petitioner’s indictment on due process
grounds; (2) not seeking dismissal of the Petitioner’s indictment under the Interstate Compact
on Detainers; and (3) not seeking suppression of the Petitioner’s statement to police on the
basis that he was denied the right to counsel.
The post-conviction court dismissed the Petitioner’s post-conviction petition, and the
Petitioner appealed that dismissal to this Court. In our opinion affirming the post-conviction
court’s judgment, we summarized the facts presented in the Petitioner’s direct appeal and also
the facts presented at the post-conviction hearing. As relevant to this appeal, our opinion
held:
This [C]ourt previously concluded that “the record does not reflect that
the [Petitioner] was under custodial interrogation before the police read him the
Miranda warnings and obtained his waiver of rights.” The record reflects that
the Petitioner initiated the questioning in this case by voluntarily seeking out
the detectives and speaking to them concerning the victim’s murder. As a
result, the Petitioner was not subject to custodial interrogation when he initiated
communication with the detectives. See [State v. Land, 34 S.W.3d 516, 524
(Tenn. Crim. App. 2000)]. The Petitioner testified that he requested counsel at
the beginning of his conversation with the detectives, before any custodial
interrogation began. Absent custodial interrogation, however, the Petitioner’s
right to counsel was not infringed. See [Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477,
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485-86 (1981); State v. Huskey, 177 S.W.3d 868, 881 (Tenn. Crim. App.
2005)]. Additionally, any statement the Petitioner made during subsequent
custodial interrogation did not violate his right to counsel because he waived
that right before any custodial interrogation began. As a result, the Petitioner’s
right to counsel was not violated when he spoke to the detectives.
Schreane, 2010 WL 3919264, at *8-9 (some citations omitted). The Petitioner appealed our
decision to the Tennessee Supreme Court, which denied him permission to appeal. Id. at *1.
C. Writ of Error Coram Nobis
On May 12, 2010, before our opinion on the Petitioner’s appeal from the denial of his
petition for post-conviction relief was released, the Petitioner filed a petition for writ of error
coram nobis. In it, he again contended that he was “in custody” at the time that he gave
incriminating statements about the murder. He stated in the petition that he invoked his right
to counsel and that his statement was involuntary. The Petitioner further asserted that the
State committed a violation of Brady v. Maryland. He argues that, on November 10, 2010,
he received his case from his appeal and was “unable to review the enclosed (8) eight legal
tapes,” only three of which included his interview. He states that these tapes, which may
include some statements by other persons, are “[n]ewly discovered evidence.”
II. Analysis
On appeal, the Petitioner contends that the coram nobis court erred when it dismissed
his petition for a writ of error coram nobis because his statement was made while in “custody”
and without the benefit of Miranda warnings. He further contends that the tapes are “newly
discovered evidence.” The State counters first that the Petitioner’s writ was filed “well
beyond” the one-year statute of limitations and should be dismissed. The State further asserts
that the Petitioner has failed to prove that he is entitled to a new trial based upon “newly
discovered evidence.”
When it dismissed the Petitioner’s petition, the coram nobis court found:
Even if the suppression of the [P]etitioner’s statement to police has
judgment-affecting potential, the newly discovered recordings do not
necessitate the suppression of the statement. At the same time that the subject
motion alleges a Brady violation and newly discovered recordings, it
contradictorily alleges that the recordings were discovered in appellate
counsel’s file. Nor does the motion clearly allege that the newly discovered
recordings corroborate the [P]etitioner’s account of police promises and
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representations to him at the time of his statement, only that one of the suspects
describes two perpetrators. It seems unlikely that, during interviews of other
suspects, police would refer to any promises to the [P]etitioner. It seems
especially unlikely that, during the interviews of other suspects that,
presumably, predate the [P]etitioner’s statement, police would refer to any
future promises to the [P]etitioner.
The Court therefore interprets the subject motion as alleging that the
recordings newly discovered by the [P]etitioner, though not necessarily newly
disclosed to the defense, establish that, at the time of his statement and despite
representations to him to the contrary, police were actually looking for a second
perpetrator. Such an allegation, however, is not equivalent to an allegation that
recordings not disclosed to the defense before trial corroborate the [P]etitioner’s
account of police representations and promises to him at the time of his
statement and establish that the statement was involuntary and does not state a
claim for the writ of error coram nobis.
The coram nobis court went on to state in its order dismissing the writ that:
In any event, even did the recordings of the interrogations of other
suspects constitute new evidence, had they been presented at trial, whatever
they contain, they could not have cast so much doubt on the [Petitioner’s]
confession as to result in a different judgment. They did not lead to an
immediate arrest, and, at a time, when by the [P]etitioner’s own account, the
victim’s murder was years old and “cold”, the [P]etitioner initiated the
questioning . . . by voluntarily seeking out the detectives and speaking to them
concerning the victim’s murder.
(Citation omitted).
A writ of error coram nobis is available to a defendant in a criminal prosecution.
T.C.A. § 40-26-105(a) (2012). The decision to grant or to deny a petition for the writ of error
coram nobis on its merits rests within the sound discretion of the trial court. State v. Ricky
Harris, 301 S.W.3d 141, 144 (Tenn. 2010) (citing State v. Vasques, 221 S.W.3d 514, 527-28
(Tenn. 2007)). Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-26-105(b) provides, in pertinent part:
Upon a showing by the defendant that the defendant was without fault in failing
to present certain evidence at the proper time, a writ of error coram nobis will
lie for subsequently or newly discovered evidence relating to matters which
were litigated at the trial if the judge determines that such evidence may have
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resulted in a different judgment, had it been presented at the trial.
A writ of error coram nobis is an “extraordinary procedural remedy,” filling only a
“slight gap into which few cases fall.” State v. Mixon, 983 S.W.2d 661, 672 (Tenn. 1999);
State v. Workman, 111 S.W.3d 10, 18 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2002). As previously noted by our
Court, “the purpose of this remedy ‘is to bring to the attention of the [trial] court some fact
unknown to the court, which if known would have resulted in a different judgment.’” State
v. Hart, 911 S.W.2d 371, 374 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995) (quoting State ex rel. Carlson v. State,
407 S.W.2d 165, 167 (Tenn. 1996)).
To establish that he is entitled to a new trial, the Petitioner must show: (a) the grounds
and the nature of the newly discovered evidence, (b) why the admissibility of the newly
discovered evidence may have resulted in a different judgment if the evidence had been
admitted at the previous trial, (c) that the Petitioner was without fault in failing to present the
newly discovered evidence at the appropriate time, and (d) the relief sought. Hart, 911
S.W.2d at 374-75. Affidavits should be filed in support of the petition. Id. at 375.
The grounds for seeking a petition for writ of error coram nobis are not
limited to specific categories, as are the grounds for reopening a
post-conviction petition. Coram nobis claims may be based upon any “newly
discovered evidence relating to matters litigated at the trial” so long as the
petitioner also establishes that the petitioner was “without fault” in failing to
present the evidence at the proper time. Coram nobis claims therefore are
singularly fact-intensive. Unlike motions to reopen, coram nobis claims are not
easily resolved on the face of the petition and often require a hearing.
Harris v. State, 102 S.W.3d 587, 592-93 (Tenn. 2003). Similar to habeas corpus hearings,
coram nobis evidentiary hearings are not mandated by statute in every case. Richard Hale
Austin v. State, No. W2005-02591-CCA-R3-CO, 2006 WL 3626332, *6 (Tenn. Crim. App.,
Jackson, Dec. 13, 2006). A petition of either type “‘may be dismissed without a hearing, and
without the appointment of counsel for a hearing’” if the petition does not allege facts
showing that the petitioner is entitled to relief. Id. (quoting State ex rel. Edmondson v.
Henderson, 421 S.W.2d 635, 636 (Tenn. 1967)).
Coram nobis claims are subject to a one-year statute of limitations that is computed
from the date the judgment of the trial court becomes final. T.C.A. § 27-7-103 (2009); State
v. Mixon, 983 S.W.2d 661, 670 (Tenn. 1999). The State bears the burden of raising the bar
of the statute of limitations as an affirmative defense. Harris, 102 S.W.3d at 593. Due
process considerations may toll the statute of limitations applicable to coram nobis petitions.
Workman v. State, 41 S.W.3d 100, 101 (Tenn. 2001). To determine whether due process
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requires tolling, a court must weigh the petitioner’s interest in obtaining a hearing to present
a later-arising ground for relief against the State’s interest in preventing stale and groundless
claims. Id. at 103. In balancing these interests, a court should utilize a three-step analysis:
(1) determine when the limitations period would normally have begun to run;
(2) determine whether the grounds for relief actually arose after the limitations
period would normally have commenced; and
(3) if the grounds are “later-arising,” determine if, under the facts of the case,
a strict application of the limitations period would effectively deny the
petitioner a reasonable opportunity to present the claim.
Sands v. State, 903 S.W.2d 297, 301 (Tenn. 1995). Whether due process requires tolling of
the limitations period is a mixed question of law and fact, which this Court reviews de novo
with no presumption of correctness. See Vaughn v. State, 202 S.W.3d 106, 115 (Tenn. 2006).
In this case, the State contends that the Petitioner’s writ is time barred. The Petitioner
was tried and convicted in 2004.1 This Court affirmed his judgments on April 5, 2006, and
the Tennessee Supreme Court denied the Petitioner permission to appeal on August 28, 2006.
The Petitioner filed his writ of error coram nobis on May 12, 2010, which is well beyond the
one-year statute of limitations. As the coram nobis court noted, however, the Petitioner’s
claims are that the State failed to disclose evidence to him in violation of Brady v. Maryland,
373 U.S. 83 (1963). Brady claims can, in rare cases, be considered “newly discovered
evidence” in a petition for a writ of error coram nobis. Antonio Bonds v. State, No.
W2006-00343-CCA-R3-CO, 2006 WL 3516225, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Jackson, Dec.
6, 2006), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Apr. 16, 2007) (citing Freshwater v. State, 160 S.W.3d
548 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2004). When appropriate, this Court has tolled the statute of
limitations for a petition for a writ of error coram nobis on due process grounds. State v.
Ratliff, 71 S.W.3d 291 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001). In the case under submission, the coram
nobis court correctly recognized that the statute of limitations is sometimes properly tolled for
a writ of error coram nobis that alleges a Brady violation. We will, therefore, review the
merits of the issue presented by the Petitioner.
The Petitioner contends that the tapes that he received as part of the record from his
appellate counsel contain evidence that would support his claim that the confession that he
gave to police was not voluntary. Those tapes contained recordings of suspects in the 1991
1
The Petitioner’s judgments of conviction are not included in the record, and the record does not
evince the precise date of the entry of those judgments.
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murder that were interviewed by police before the case became “cold.” The Petitioner did not
in his petition, and does not on appeal, explain why these tapes show that his confession was
involuntary. Further, as the coram nobis court noted, these tapes are unlikely to contain
information relevant to the Petitioner’s claim that police promised the Petitioner, who was not
a suspect at the time, favorable treatment if he confessed to the crime. We conclude that the
tapes of other suspects do not constitute “newly discovered evidence” and, as such, are not
the proper subject for a writ of error coram nobis. The Petitioner is not entitled to relief.
II. Conclusion
After a thorough review of the record and the applicable law, we affirm the coram
nobis court’s judgment.
_________________________________
ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, JUDGE
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