State of Tennessee v. Morris L. Long, II ( 2021 )

03/08/2021
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
Assigned on Briefs August 19, 2020
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. MORRIS L. LONG, II
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Dickson County
No. 22CC-2013-CR-47 Larry J. Wallace, Judge
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No. M2019-01085-CCA-R3-CD
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Defendant-Appellant, Morris Long, was convicted by a Dickson County jury of first-
degree premeditated murder, Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202, and sentenced to life
imprisonment. The sole issue presented for our review is whether the evidence was
sufficient to support his conviction. Upon our review, we affirm the judgment of the trial
court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3, Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed
CAMILLE R. MCMULLEN, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JAMES CURWOOD
WITT, JR., and TIMOTHY L. EASTER, JJ., joined.
William B. Lockert, III, District Public Defender, and Joshua C. Turnbow, Assistant Public
Defender, for the Defendant-Appellant, Morris L. Long, II.
Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Caitlin Smith, Senior Assistant
Attorney General; Ray Crouch, District Attorney General; and Jennifer Stribling, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the Appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
On December 20, 2012, the Defendant bludgeoned his wife, Ashlee Long, the
victim in this case, to death with a hammer. Her lifeless body was found by her parents a
few days later at their home in Burns, Tennessee. The Defendant was subsequently
indicted by the Dickson County Grand Jury for first-degree premeditated murder. The
Defendant conceded at trial that he had killed the victim; however, he argued, as he does
in this appeal, that the killing was “a crime of passion.”
The State presented proof at trial concerning the events leading up to the day the
victim was killed. Abigail Needham, the victim’s mother, testified that the victim and the
Defendant struggled financially and that she and her husband, the victim’s stepfather, often
gave them money to help cover their expenses. She explained that she had been giving the
victim money to make her car payments, but the victim was giving the money to the
Defendant, who was not making the payments. The day before the offense, the victim’s
car had been repossessed. The victim worked at Dairy Queen and was the sole financial
provider for the family. On the morning of the offense, the victim asked her mother for a
ride to work, and the victim’s mother observed that the victim had been crying and was
upset. The victim was dropped off at work between 11:15 and 11:25 that morning.
Rochelle Robbers, a co-worker of the victim, also observed that the victim was depressed
that day and overheard her tell another co-worker “today’s not going to be a good day.”
Crystal Payne, another co-worker, stated that after she and the victim closed the restaurant
that day, the victim told her that the Defendant was picking her up but was running late.
Although the victim had discussed joining her mother at her younger brother’s Christmas
play that same night, the victim did not attend the play.
The next morning, December 21, 2012, the victim’s mother and stepfather saw the
Defendant near his father’s truck parked beside their duplex as they left the home, but they
did not speak with the Defendant. Pat Martin, the victim’s father, testified that at 11:00
that morning, he went to visit the victim at work. The victim’s co-workers told him she
had not come in for her shift and suggested she may be running late. The victim’s
stepfather explained that it was unusual for the victim to go so long without contacting him
or her mother because the victim and her children would visit their side of the duplex on a
regular basis. The victim’s mother grew concerned when she learned the victim had not
shown up for work. Later that night, the victim’s mother and stepfather went to check on
the victim and proceeded to enter the home through the unlocked front door. Once inside,
they did not observe any signs of a struggle. They attempted to open the victim’s bedroom
door but it was locked, which was unusual. They called the victim’s father, a police officer,
and asked him if they should pick the lock. The victim’s father advised them not to enter
the bedroom, and they returned to their side of the duplex.
The victim’s mother and stepfather continued their search by going to the victim’s
workplace and making an inquiry about the victim. The victim’s manager said she had not
seen the victim since the Defendant picked her up from work the night before, so they
headed home. Shortly after they got home, the Defendant approached them in the
breezeway between the two sides of the duplex. The Defendant asked why they were
looking for him, and the victim’s mother clarified that they were looking for the victim.
The Defendant told them that the victim was in Nashville shopping with a friend. He
proceeded to ask the victim’s stepfather for gas money, but this request was denied. The
victim’s stepfather asked the Defendant where the victim was and the Defendant said
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“telling you where she is would defeat the purpose. . . .” After this encounter, the
Defendant left the premises.
On the morning of December 22, 2012, the victim’s mother and stepfather decided
to open the victim’s bedroom door. The victim’s stepfather began to make out the
silhouette of the victim’s legs under the bed covers and told the victim’s mother to leave
the room and call 9-1-1. The victim’s mother began frantically screaming at the 9-1-1
operator, so the victim’s stepfather took out his cell phone and dialed a second call to 9-1-
1. He told the operator he needed police to come to their location because he believed his
stepdaughter was dead. The 9-1-1 operator asked if he could feel the victim’s pulse. The
victim’s stepfather attempted to touch her neck, but covers were stuck to her. He placed
his hand on the victim’s side and notified the 9-1-1 operator that she was cold, stiff, and
not breathing.
Penny Sanders, a friend of the Defendant, interacted with the Defendant on the
evening of December 20, 2012, two days before the victim was found. Sanders testified
that she was at the house of another witness, Stacy Butler, babysitting when the Defendant
knocked on the door around 10:30 to 11:00 that evening. The Defendant asked Sanders if
he could use her phone and told her he had run out of gas. After using Sanders’ phone, the
Defendant asked if he could use her car. Sanders said no but agreed to take him to get gas.
After they got to the gas station, the Defendant went inside but quickly returned, stated that
he did not have money, and asked Sanders for money. Sanders told the Defendant she only
had a couple of dollars and the Defendant told her “that’s not enough.” Upon the
Defendant’s request, Sanders then drove him to the victim’s father’s house. The victim’s
father testified that he gave the Defendant a few dollars for gas and told him he needed to
go be home with his wife and children. The Defendant returned to the car with the money
and Sanders returned to the gas station where the Defendant purchased gas.
Sanders described the Defendant’s demeanor as “dazed off and not really in tune
with the conversation” she was attempting to have with him. She stated he looked tired,
zoned out, and not himself. When the Defendant was putting the gas into his father’s truck,
gas was seeping out and spilling. Sanders testified that the Defendant attempted to light a
cigarette over the spilled gasoline until she told him not to. She stated that while asking
the Defendant about his children and family, the Defendant spontaneously stated that his
father was going to be “so mad” at him. He repeated this statement multiple times during
their interaction. The Defendant never told Sanders why his father would be mad at him.
A few minutes after 11:00 on the morning of December 21, 2012, the victim’s father
interacted with the Defendant again. After discovering the victim never came in for her
shift at work, the victim’s father drove to her house to see if she needed a ride to work. He
testified that when he was nearing the duplex, the Defendant stepped out from some nearby
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apartments and stopped him. The Defendant asked him if he had seen the victim, and he
told the Defendant he had not. The Defendant proceeded to tell him that the victim was
with her cousin. After this, the victim’s father turned the car around and drove away. Later
that day, he called the Defendant to see if he had heard from the victim. The Defendant
told him the victim was out shopping with a different friend.
The Defendant’s sister, Christina Orridge, traveled from her home in Nashville to
visit family in Dickson on December 21. Orridge testified that the Defendant called her,
not knowing she was in Dickson, and told her he needed to come to her house in Nashville
to “get away” because he was “in trouble.” She told the Defendant she would visit him as
soon as she could and said he needed to go to the police if he had done something wrong.
She picked the Defendant up at the home of Brandon Torres, a friend of the Defendant who
lived near the duplex, around 3:00 in the afternoon. After the Defendant got into his sister’s
car, he told her to “get the eff away from the house.” When she asked what was wrong,
the Defendant told her that he had gotten into an argument with another man. He told her
that the man “kept poking at him” so he “picked up a hammer and smashed him in the
face.”
The Defendant asked his sister if he could come with her to Nashville and she told
him to stop talking because her children were in the car. The Defendant told her their
brother had sent him money and that he wanted to go stay with him in North Carolina. The
Defendant then asked her to take him to the bus stop in Nashville. She reiterated that the
Defendant needed to go to the police and that he could not come with her. When his sister
asked where the victim was, the Defendant said she was Christmas shopping with her
mother. The Defendant’s sister did not take him to the bus stop.
Brandon Torres testified that the Defendant returned to his home an hour or two
after leaving with his sister. Upon the Defendant’s request, Torres got a ride from his
neighbor to retrieve gas for the Defendant. He took a small amount of money the
Defendant gave him and purchased gas. After putting the gas in his father’s truck, the
Defendant asked Torres to come with him to cash a MoneyGram his brother had sent to
him. He went with the Defendant to Walmart to cash the MoneyGram. An agent with the
Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (TBI) identified video surveillance of the Defendant
and Torres in the Walmart and testified that the Defendant “appeared to be nervous,” and
was “looking over his shoulder. . . like he was looking out for something.” Torres and the
Defendant went to a gas station where the Defendant purchased more gas, and the
Defendant dropped him off at his apartment.
Torres described the Defendant’s demeanor as stressed out and anxious. The
Defendant told him “he may have hurt someone.” Torres questioned this and the Defendant
stated that he could not talk about it, but he would “eventually find out.” On cross-
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examination, he stated the Defendant appeared bothered, irritated, and paranoid, like he
wanted to “undo whatever it was or talk to somebody but he wouldn’t.”
Stacey Butler, the ex-girlfriend of the Defendant’s first cousin, was approached by
the Defendant at her home around 10:00 on the evening of December 21. Butler stated she
was pulling out of her driveway when the Defendant pulled up behind her. The Defendant
asked her if she had any money for gas. She told the Defendant she also needed gas and
that she would follow him to the gas station and fill both their tanks. She testified that she
asked the Defendant how the victim was doing and that the Defendant told her she was
“doing okay and she was at work.” She described the Defendant’s demeanor as “nervous,
kind of jittery, skittish” and said he did not “act like his normal self.”
Penny Trotter, a family friend of the Defendant, testified that the Defendant came
to her house at 1:00 in the morning on December 22 while she had several friends over.
The Defendant told her he needed a ride home because he did not want his father’s truck
to be seen there. No one at Trotter’s home would give the Defendant a ride. She testified
that the Defendant left her home and returned about an hour later wearing different clothes.
The Defendant asked if he could sleep on her couch for the night and said his wife was out
of town. The Defendant showed her a broken key and she agreed to let him sleep on her
couch. She described the Defendant’s demeanor as normal and said “[h]e certainly wasn’t
acting like he had killed anybody.” On cross-examination, Trotter testified that her son
told her he saw the Defendant looking into a mirror and shaking his head. At 8:00 that
morning, she saw the Defendant driving away in his father’s truck.
Covey Thompson, a semi-truck driver, was driving on Highway 70 South on the
morning of December 22. As Thompson was approaching his exit, he saw the Defendant’s
father’s truck on the side of the road and assumed it was broken down. He saw the
Defendant at the front of the truck and thought he was repairing it. Once he got closer, he
saw the Defendant in a running stance. The Defendant jumped in front of the truck and
Thompson swerved to avoid him. When he saw the Defendant’s shoes in the rearview
mirror, he knew he had hit him. He immediately pulled over and called 9-1-1. By the time
he made his way to the Defendant, several people were surrounding him and police were
approaching.
Sergeant Daniel Cole, a police sergeant with the Metropolitan Nashville Police
Department, was dispatched to the scene of the accident. The call coded the incident as a
“safety hazard” and stated “there was an individual running in and out of traffic at I-40
East.” When Sergeant Cole arrived at the scene, he observed “a pickup truck on the right
shoulder of the interstate as well as a Pepsi 18-wheeler semi-truck” and “the Defendant
lying in the right – far right lane of travel on I-40.” He secured the scene while a passerby,
who happened to be a vascular surgeon, rendered aid to the Defendant. Based on the
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truck’s tag, Sergeant Cole and other officers at the scene asked their dispatcher to contact
Dickson County to locate the owner of the truck and notify them of the accident. He
received a response telling him to call the Dickson County Sheriff’s Department. The
Dickson County sheriff’s deputy told him about the crime scene in Dickson and TBI
arrived to take over the accident scene.
TBI Agent Sean Adkins was assigned to investigate the crime scene at the duplex.
When he arrived at the scene on the day the victim was found, it had been secured by the
Dickson Police Department, and no evidence had been collected. He made an initial
observation of the scene and then proceeded to take photographs. He stated that the home
appeared normal and the crime scene was contained to the bedroom. A single drop of
blood was on the floor a couple of feet away from the door and a massive amount of blood
was on the wall above the head of the bed. He noted nothing in the room appeared to be
disturbed and there was no sign of a struggle. The victim was lying on her stomach partially
covered with comforters. The victim’s left arm was underneath her with her head resting
on her forearm, her left hand in a fist, and her right hand resting near her face.
Blood was pooled on the sheets by the victim’s elbow and had dripped down the
mattress, the box spring, and onto the floor. Blood was identified near the foot of the bed,
on an ashtray and purse located to the right of the bed, and on the wall above the bedroom
door. A piece of tissue from the victim’s head was found on the instep of the victim’s left
foot. Agent Adkins described this tissue and the blood spatter near the foot and side of the
bed as “cast-off.” He testified that this blood traveled off of the murder weapon as it was
flung back between blows. He stated that the larger amount of blood above the head of the
bed was the result of impact spatter, blood that splashed out directly from the blows. The
impact spatter was smeared. He described all the blood at the scene other than the pooling
of blood on the victim, the clothing and pillow beneath her, the mattress, the box spring,
and floor directly beneath the pooling to be either cast-off or impact spatter. The murder
weapon, a hammer, was found at the scene. The victim’s father identified the hammer as
a tool that he kept in a toolbox stored in the breezeway between the two sides of the duplex.
There was blood on both the head of the hammer and the shaft and hairs were attached to
the hammer head.
After making these initial observations, Agent Adkins began removing the layers
on top of the victim. The victim was wearing a bra, a shirt, and earrings and was not
wearing underwear or pants. The pillow underneath the victim’s head was soaked with
blood. The cup of the victim’s bra was also soaked with blood, indicating the victim was
lying on the bra when killed. There was a large amount of blood on the victim’s shirt. Two
areas were void of blood, one above and one below the victim’s shirt, indicating that
something had been covering the areas when the blood was spattered. Agent Adkins
testified that it appears the victim’s shirt was pulled up while the blood was spattered and
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was pulled back down after the victim was unconscious. The straps of the shirt were ripped,
and the straps and clasp of the victim’s bra were also ripped. A pile of cigarette ashes was
found on the bed, between the victim’s legs. Agent Adkins testified that the ashes had not
been disturbed and were placed after all movement had stopped.
On cross-examination, Agent Adkins explained that no one from the serology unit
of TBI was brought out to analyze the blood spatter because it was obvious that the blood
originated from where the victim was lying. Although he admitted he is not a serology
expert, he testified that he had completed a ten-week course in blood pattern analysis.
Agent Adkins reiterated his previous testimony that the blood found at the foot of the bed
was the result of cast-off and was not consistent with a struggle in which the victim was
standing erect at the foot of the bed. He explained that if there had been a struggle at the
foot of the bed, blood would be pooled on the floor and present on surfaces further away
from the impact site. He testified that the pattern of blood across the victim’s body
indicated she was lying down when struck. He noted that if the victim had been standing
erect when hit, blood would have dripped onto her shoulders, but instead there was a void
of blood.
Agent Adkins testified that he only did a cursory search of the home for additional
weapons because he deemed a detailed search unnecessary after the discovery of the
hammer. He also noted that the cigarette butts in the ashtray to the right of the bed were
not tested for DNA. He explained that ashes cannot be tested for DNA, so it would be
impossible to connect a cigarette butt to the ashes found between the victim’s legs. He
stated that nothing indicated the victim was using or holding the hammer before the murder.
On redirect, he emphasized that the placement of the tissue found on the instep of the
victim’s foot shows she was not moving during the attack.
Agent Charly Castelbuono, a Special Agent Forensic Scientist at TBI, performed
forensic testing on the evidence collected in this case. The victim’s fingernails and various
areas of the hammer were tested for DNA. Only the victim’s DNA was found on these
items. She also performed forensic testing on the items of clothing the Defendant was
wearing when he was hit by the truck on December 22. Two stains on a “doo-rag” head
covering the Defendant was wearing tested positive for the victim’s DNA. Only the
Defendant’s DNA was found on all the other items of clothing tested.
Agent Castelbuono performed an analysis on the slides created from the victim’s
vaginal swab. She testified that the examination confirmed the presence of the Defendant’s
semen and a small number of spermatozoa. She noted that only a small amount of the
vaginal swab was applied to the slide to preserve the sample in case further testing was
needed. She explained that this examination cannot determine when intercourse occurred
or when sperm was deposited into the vagina as many factors can contribute to the amount
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of sperm present in a sample, including the sperm count of the Defendant, the length of
time that passes between the victim’s death and the examination, and the decomposition of
the body. On cross-examination, she confirmed that the prosecution did not request an
analysis of the vaginal swab until three months after she received the evidence. She also
testified that many of the items at the crime scene were not tested for DNA, explaining that
the presence of the victim’s blood on these items was so great that it would be extremely
difficult to identify the DNA of anyone else.
Dr. David Zimmerman, a medical examiner for the State of Tennessee, performed
the victim’s autopsy on December 23, 2012. His main findings were “multiple lacerations
and abrasions of the head, multiple fractures of the skull, injuries of the brain and associated
bleeding.” The cause of death was “multiple blunt force injuries to the head” and the
manner of death was homicide. All the victim’s injuries were confined to the right side of
her head and face and no defensive wounds were found. Dr. Zimmerman identified
lacerations underneath the victim’s right eye that were made by significant force, enough
force to tear the skin. He described the force used to make these lacerations as similar to
“chopping wood.” On the victim’s skull, he identified at least fourteen separate impact
sites. There were multiple fractures to the bones of the skull and the brain underneath these
fractures was bruised and bleeding. Dr. Zimmerman stated that any one of these blows to
the face or skull would be significant enough to render the victim unconscious or kill her.
On cross-examination, he identified two lacerations close to the victim’s nose that appeared
to be the same size and shape as the claw from a hammer. He stated these injuries were
caused by less force than the victim’s other injuries.
The Defendant did not offer any proof. Following deliberations, the jury convicted
the Defendant of first-degree premeditated murder. The Defendant was sentenced to life
in prison. On May 29, 2019, the trial court conducted a hearing on the Defendant’s motion
for a new trial and amended motion for new trial, which were denied. The Defendant filed
a timely notice of appeal, and his case is now properly before this court for our review.
ANALYSIS
The Defendant contends that the State failed to prove he acted with the requisite
premeditation in the murder of the victim. In response, the State argues that ample
evidence was presented to support the jury’s determination that the Defendant acted with
premeditation. We agree with the State.
“Because a verdict of guilt removes the presumption of innocence and raises a
presumption of guilt, the criminal defendant bears the burden on appeal of showing that
the evidence was legally insufficient to sustain a guilty verdict.” State v. Hanson, 279
S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 2009) (citing State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 191 (Tenn. 1992)).
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“Appellate courts evaluating the sufficiency of the convicting evidence must determine
‘whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt.’” State v. Wagner, 382 S.W.3d 289, 297 (Tenn. 2012) (quoting Jackson
v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)); see Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e). When this court
evaluates the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal, the State is entitled to the strongest
legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from that
evidence. State v. Davis, 354 S.W.3d 718, 729 (Tenn. 2011) (citing State v. Majors, 318
S.W.3d 850, 857 (Tenn. 2010)).
Guilt may be found beyond a reasonable doubt where there is direct evidence,
circumstantial evidence, or a combination of the two. State v. Sutton, 166 S.W.3d 686,
691 (Tenn. 2005); State v. Hall, 976 S.W.2d 121, 140 (Tenn. 1998). The standard of review
for sufficiency of the evidence “‘is the same whether the conviction is based upon direct
or circumstantial evidence.’” State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011)
(quoting State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 2009)). The jury as the trier of fact
must evaluate the credibility of the witnesses, determine the weight given to witnesses’
testimony, and reconcile all conflicts in the evidence. State v. Campbell, 245 S.W.3d 331,
335 (Tenn. 2008) (citing Byrge v. State, 575 S.W.2d 292, 295 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1978)).
Moreover, the jury determines the weight to be given to circumstantial evidence, and the
inferences to be drawn from this evidence, and the extent to which the circumstances are
consistent with guilt and inconsistent with innocence, are questions primarily for the jury.
Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d at 379 (citing State v. Rice, 184 S.W.3d 646, 662 (Tenn. 2006)).
When considering the sufficiency of the evidence, this court “neither re-weighs the
evidence nor substitutes its inferences for those drawn by the jury.” Wagner, 382 S.W.3d
at 297 (citing State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997)).
First degree murder is defined as “a premeditated and intentional killing of another.”
Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202(a)(1) (Supp. 2011). Premeditation is defined as:
an act done after the exercise of reflection and judgment. “Premeditation”
means that the intent to kill must have been formed prior to the act itself. It
is not necessary that the purpose to kill preexist in the mind of the accused
for any definite period of time. The mental state of the accused at the time
the accused allegedly decided to kill must be carefully considered in order to
determine whether the accused was sufficiently free from excitement and
passion as to be capable of premeditation.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202(d) (2019). The existence of premeditation is a question of
fact for the jury to determine and may be inferred from the circumstances surrounding the
offense. State v. Clayton, 535 829, 845 (Tenn. 2017) (citing State v. Dotson, 450 S.W.3d
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1, 86 (Tenn. 2014); State v. Davidson, 121 S.W.3d 600, 614 (Tenn. 2003)). Factors that
may support the existence of premeditation include, but are not limited to, the use of a
deadly weapon upon an unarmed victim, the particular cruelty of the killing, the infliction
of multiple wounds, declarations by the defendant of an intent to kill, lack of provocation
by the victim, failure to aid or assist the victim, evidence of procurement of a weapon,
preparations before the killing for concealment of the crime, calmness immediately after
the killing, and destruction and secretion of evidence of the killing. State v. Kiser, 284
S.W.3d 227, 268 (Tenn. 2009); State v. Leach, 148 S.W.3d 42, 53-54 (Tenn. 2004);
Davidson, 121 S.W.3d at 615; Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 660. In addition, a jury may infer
premeditation from any planning activity by the defendant before the killing, from evidence
concerning the defendant’s motive, and from proof regarding the nature of the killing.
State v. Bordis, 905 S.W.2d 214, 222 (Tenn. Crim. App. Deb. 24, 1995) (citation omitted).
In challenging the sufficiency of the convicting evidence, the Defendant does not
contest the fact that he killed the victim. Rather, he asserts the State failed to prove that he
acted with premeditation beyond a reasonable doubt. The Defendant argues, as he did at
trial, that he killed the victim during a heated argument. However, the victim was killed by
multiple blows to the face and skull with a hammer, and the medical examiner counted
fourteen separate impact sites on the victim’s skull. Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 660; see also
State v. Johnson, No. E2013-02346-CCA-R3-CD, 2015 WL 913657, at *11-12 (noting that
while the infliction of “repeated blows. . . is not sufficient, by itself, to establish first degree
murder,” repeated blows along with proof of other factors indicating premeditation can
establish evidence sufficient for a first-degree murder conviction) (quoting State v. Brown,
836 S.W.2d 530, 542 (Tenn. 1992)). There was also no evidence of a struggle, and the
victim was unarmed with no defensive wounds. A TBI agent testified that the blood spatter
at the crime scene indicated the victim was attacked while sleeping or lying down. The
impact spatter above the head of the bed, the cast off on the victim’s body, and the cast-off
throughout the room also indicated that the victim could not have been standing erect when
attacked. Based on the evidence, a rational trier of fact could have found, beyond a
reasonable doubt, that the defendant acted with premeditation when he killed the victim
with a hammer. Accordingly, we conclude that the evidence was sufficient to sustain the
Defendant’s conviction of first-degree premeditated murder, and the Defendant is not
entitled to relief.
CONCLUSION
Upon our review, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
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CAMILLE R. MCMULLEN, JUDGE
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