Medical Center v. Allstate Insurance Company V. ( 2003 )

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
FEBRUARY 19, 2003 Session
SHELBY COUNTY HEALTH CARE CORPORATION, d/b/a REGIONAL
MEDICAL CENTER v. ALLSTATE INSURANCE COMPANY v.
WILLIAM GARY HOLT, GARY EUBANKS AND ASSOCIATES LAW
FIRM, and TERESA STIVERS
Interlocutory Appeal from the Circuit Court for Shelby County
No. 305908 T.D. Kay S. Robilio, Judge
No. W2002-01439-COA-R9-CV - Filed August 28, 2003
This is an interlocutory appeal by the third party defendants challenging the trial court’s decision that
the state of Tennessee has personal jurisdiction over them. For the following reasons, we affirm the
portion of the trial court’s ruling with respect to Teresa Stivers and reverse with respect to William
Holt and the Gary Eubanks and Associates Law Firm.
Tenn. R. App. P. 9; Interlocutory Appeal; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed in Part
and Reversed in Part
ALAN E. HIGHERS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which DAVID R. FARMER , J., and HOLLY
M. KIRBY, J., joined.
John S. Golwen, John W. Campbell, Memphis, TN, for Appellants
John D. Richardson, Teresa A. Boyd, Memphis, TN, for Appellee
OPINION
Facts and Procedural History
On May 30, 1997, Teresa Stivers (“Ms. Stivers”) was in a car accident that occurred in
Craighead County, Arkansas. Ms. Stivers was taken to the Regional Medical Center (“the Med”)
in Memphis, Tennessee where she incurred $36,420.27 in medical bills. In Arkansas, Ms. Stivers
retained William Gary Holt and the Gary Eubanks and Associates Law Firm (“The Attorneys”) to
represent her in a lawsuit against the driver of the other vehicle, Jesse Martin Ozbun. Allstate
Insurance Co. (“Allstate”) is Mr. Ozbun’s liability insurer. On June 9, 1997, the Attorneys sent a
letter to the Elvis Presley Trauma Center requesting an itemized list. On June 26, 1997, the Med
filed a hospital lien in the Shelby County Clerk’s Office and mailed an Affidavit for Hospital Lien
to the Attorneys and Ms. Stivers. On July 11, 1997, the Attorneys sent a letter to the Med requesting
an itemized statement of services received by Ms. Stivers. On August 8, 1997, Allstate issued a
$25,000 settlement check to Ms. Stivers and the Gary Eubanks and Associates Law Firm. On
October 28, 1997, Ms. Stivers formally released Allstate and Mr. Ozbun from liability for the auto
accident. On November 25, 1998, Allstate received actual notice of the hospital lien. The Med filed
suit against Allstate alleging it had impaired its hospital lien on the medial expenses incurred by Ms.
Stivers. Allstate brought a third-party complaint against the Attorneys and Ms. Stivers alleging
“indemnity, contribution, subrogation, negligent misrepresentation, intentional misrepresentation,
and negligence per se in violation of hospital lien law.” The Attorneys and Ms. Stivers moved the
trial court to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction over them. The trial court overruled this
motion and exercised personal jurisdiction over the Appellants. The Appellants filed an application
for an interlocutory appeal under Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 9 that was granted by the
trial court on June 5, 2002 and by this Court on August 12, 2002. Appellants present the following
question for our review: whether the trial court erred in ruling that it had personal jurisdiction over
Third-Party Defendants, William Gary Holt, Gary Eubanks and Associates Law Firm, and Teresa
Stivers.
Law and Analysis
Appellants, the Attorneys and Ms. Stivers argue that the trial court’s exercise of personal
jurisdiction over them under Tennessee’s long arm statute was improper. We have previously
discussed this statute, and the exercise of personal jurisdiction under it, extensively in United
Agricultural Services v. Scherer, 17 S.W.3d 252, 255-58 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999). In that case we
stated:
T.C.A. § 20-2-214(a) . . . . Jurisdiction of persons unavailable to
personal service in state--Classes of action to which applicable.--(a)
Persons who are nonresidents of Tennessee and residents of
Tennessee who are outside the state and cannot be personally served
with process within the state are subject to the jurisdiction of the
courts of this state as to any action or claim for relief arising from:
(1) The transaction of any business within the state;
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(6) Any basis not inconsistent with the constitution of this state or of
the United States;
In addition, T.C.A. § 20-2-223 provides in pertinent part:
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20-2-223. Personal jurisdiction based on conduct. - (a) A court may
exercise personal jurisdiction over a person, who acts directly or
indirectly, as to a claim for relief arising from the person's:
(1) Transacting any business in this state;
(2) Contracting to supply services or things in this state;
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(b) When jurisdiction over a person is based solely upon this section,
only a claim for relief arising from acts enumerated in this section
may be asserted against that person.
The Tennessee long-arm statute confers jurisdiction to the full extent allowable under the
Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
Southland Express, Inc. v. Scrap Metal Buyers of Tampa, Inc., 895 S.W.2d 335, 338 (Tenn. App.
1994).
In determining whether a court may assert in personam jurisdiction over a nonresident
defendant, due process requires that the defendant have certain "minimum contacts" with the forum
state "such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of fair play and
substantial justice." International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316, 66 S. Ct. 154, 158,
90 L. Ed. 95 (1945); J.I. Case Corp. v. Williams, 832 S.W.2d 530, 531-32 (Tenn. 1992). The Due
Process Clause requires "fair warning that a particular activity may subject [the defendant] to the
jurisdiction of a foreign sovereign." Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 472, 105 S. Ct.
2174, 2182, 85 L. Ed. 2d 528 (1985) (quoting Shaffer v. Heitner, 433 U.S. 186, 218, 97 S. Ct. 2569,
2587, 53 L. Ed. 2d 683 (1977) (Stevens, J. concurring)).
Courts recognize two types of in personam jurisdiction: general jurisdiction and specific
jurisdiction. Third Nat'l Bank in Nashville v. Wedge Group Inc., 882 F.2d 1087, 1089 (6th Cir.
1989); Shoney's Inc. v. Chic Can Enter., 922 S.W.2d 530, 537 (Tenn. App. 1995). When a state
exercises personal jurisdiction over a defendant in a suit not arising out of or related to the
defendant's contacts with the forum, the state is exercising "general jurisdiction" over the defendant.
Helicopteros Nacionales De Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 414 n. 9, 104 S. Ct. 1868, 1872
n. 9, 80 L. Ed. 2d 404 (1984). When a state exercises personal jurisdiction over a defendant in a suit
arising out of or related to the defendant's contacts with the forum, the state is exercising "specific
jurisdiction" over the defendant. Id. at 414 n. 8, 104 S. Ct. at 1872 n. 8.
For a court to exercise general in personam jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant without
violating the requirements of the Due Process Clause, the proof must show that the defendant
maintains "continuous and systematic" contacts with the foreign state. International Shoe Co., 326
U.S. at 317, 66 S. Ct. at 159; J.I. Case Corp., 832 S.W.2d at 532. "While it has been held in cases
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. . . that continuous activity of some sort within a state is not enough to support the demand that the
corporation be amenable to suits unrelated to that activity, there have been instances in which the
continuous corporate operations within a state were thought to be so substantial and of such a nature
as to justify suit against it on causes of action arising from dealings entirely distinct from those
activities." International Shoe Co., 326 U.S. at 318, 66 S. Ct. at 159.
However, in the absence of general jurisdiction resulting from continuous and systematic
contacts with the forum state, specific in personam jurisdiction still may be found when a
commercial actor purposely directs his activities toward citizens of the forum state and litigation
results from injuries arising out of or relating to those activities. Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. at 472,
105 S. Ct. at 2182; J.I. Case Corp., 832 S.W.2d at 532. In such a case, "the defendant's conduct and
connection with the forum State are such that he should reasonably anticipate being haled into court
there." World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 297, 100 S. Ct. 559, 567, 62 L.
Ed. 2d 490; Shoney's, Inc., 922 S.W.2d at 536.
When a controversy is related to or "arises out of" a defendant's contacts with the forum, the
United States Supreme Court has said that a "relationship among the defendant, the forum, and the
litigation" is the essential foundation of in personam jurisdiction. Helicopteros Nacionales, 466 U.S.
at 414, 104 S. Ct. at 1872 (quoting Shaffer v. Heitner, 433 U.S. 186, 204, 97 S. Ct. 2569, 2579, 53
L. Ed. 2d 683 (1977)).
In Masada Inv. Corp. v. Allen, 697 S.W.2d 332 (Tenn. 1985), the Tennessee Supreme Court
faced the question of jurisdiction of a malpractice suit against a Texas lawyer who had prepared an
inaccurate deed for the transfer of real estate in Memphis, Tennessee at the request of a Tennessee
resident. Allen, 697 S.W.2d at 333. The Court stated:
A three-pronged test had been developed to determine the
outer limits of personal jurisdiction based on a single act: the
defendant must purposefully avail himself of the privilege of acting
in or causing a consequence in the forum State; the cause of action
must arise from the defendant's activities there; and defendant's acts
or consequences must have a substantial connection with the forum
to make the exercise of jurisdiction reasonable. Southern Machine
Co. v. Mohasco Industries, Inc., 401 F.2d 374, 381 (6th Cir. 1968).
Subsection (6) [of the Tennessee long-arm statute] changed the
long-arm statute from a "single act" statute to a "minimum contacts"
statute which expanded the jurisdiction of Tennessee courts to the full
limit allowed by due process. Shelby Mutual Ins. Co. v. Moore, 645
S.W.2d 242, 245 (Tenn. App. 1981). That decision, quoting
extensively from Gullett v. Qantas Airways Ltd., 417 F. Supp. 490(M.D. Tenn. 1975), noted that the Mohasco test was now too
restrictive. The Moore court noted that three primary factors are to be
considered in determining whether the requisite minimum contacts
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were present: the quantity of the contacts, their nature and quality,
and the source and connection of the cause of action with those
contacts. Two lesser factors to be considered are the interest of the
forum State and convenience. The Moore court concluded:
The phrase "fair play and substantial justice" must be viewed
in terms of whether it is fair and substantially just to both parties to
have the case tried in the state where the plaintiff has chosen to bring
the action. In each case, the quality and nature of those activities in
relation to the fair and orderly administration of the law must be
weighed. As stated above in Qantas, this must involve some
subjective value judgment by the courts.
645 S.W.2d at 246.
Masada Inv. Corp., 697 S.W.2d at 334-35. The Masada Court concluded that "by willfully
and knowingly choosing to prepare legal documents which would be filed in Tennessee and be of
great consequence here, Allen purposely availed himself of the privilege of doing business within
this state." Masada, 697 S.W.2d at 335. The Court stated that "Tennessee has substantial interest in
the outcome of this litigation and is the most convenient forum since this action involves a
Tennessee defendant, WTFF, Tennessee property, and is controlled by Tennessee law." Id.In Burger King Corp., the United States Supreme Court stated:
Where a forum seeks to assert specific jurisdiction over an
out-of-state defendant who has not consented to suit there, this "fair
warning" requirement is satisfied if the defendant has "purposefully
directed" his activities at residents of the forum, Keeton v. Hustler
Magazine, Inc., 465 U.S. 770, 774, 104 S. Ct. 1473, 1478, 79 L. Ed.
2d 790 (1984), and the litigation results from alleged injuries that
"arise out of or relate to" those activities, Helicopteros Nacionales de
Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 414, [*258] 104 S. Ct. 1868,
1872, 80 L. Ed. 2d 404 (1984). . . . And with respect to interstate
contractual obligations, we have emphasized that parties who "reach
out beyond one state and create continuing relationships and
obligations with citizens of another state" are subject to regulation
and sanctions in the other State for the consequences of their
activities. Travelers Health Assn. v. Virginia, 339 U.S. 643, 647, 70
S. Ct. 927, 929, 94 L. Ed. 1154 (1950). See also McGee v.
International Life Insurance Co., 355 U.S. 220, 222-223, 78 S. Ct.
199, 200-201, 2 L. Ed. 2d 223 (1957).
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In defining when it is that a potential defendant should "reasonably anticipate" out-of-state
litigation, the Court frequently has drawn from the reasoning of Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235,
253, 78 S. Ct. 1228, 1239-1240, 2 L. Ed. 2d 1283 (1958):
"The unilateral activity of those who claim some relationship
with a nonresident defendant cannot satisfy the requirement of contact
with the forum State. The application of that rule will vary with the
quality and nature of the defendant's activity, but it is essential in each
case that there be some act by which the defendant purposefully
avails itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum
State, thus invoking the benefits and protections of its laws."
This "purposeful availment" requirement ensures that a
defendant will not be haled into a jurisdiction solely as a result of
"random," "fortuitous," or "attenuated" contacts, Keeton v. Hustler
Magazine, Inc., 465 U.S. at 774, 104 S. Ct. at 1478; World-Wide
Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, supra, 444 U.S. at 299, 100 S. Ct. at
568, or of the "unilateral activity of another party or a third person,"
Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, supra, 466 U.S.
at 417, 104 S. Ct. at 1873. Jurisdiction is proper, however, where the
contacts proximately result from actions by the defendant himself that
create a "substantial connection" with the forum State. McGee v.
International Life Insurance Co., supra, 355 U.S. at 223, 78 S. Ct. at
201; see also Kulko v. California Superior Court, 436 U.S. 84, 94,
n.7, 98 S. Ct. 1690, 1698, n.7, 56 L. Ed. 2d 132. Thus where the
defendant "deliberately" has engaged in significant activities within
a State, Keeton v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., supra, 465 U.S. at 781, 104
S. Ct. at 1481, or has created "continuing obligations" between
himself and residents of the forum, Travelers Health Assn. v.
Virginia, 339 U.S. at 648, 70 S. Ct. at 929, he manifestly has availed
himself of the privilege of conducting business there, and because his
activities are shielded by "the benefits and protections" of the forum's
laws it is presumptively not unreasonable to require him to submit to
the burdens of litigation in that forum as well.
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Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. at 472-76, 105 S. Ct. at 2182-84.
Appellants contend that under these principles the trial court erred in asserting personal
jurisdiction over them while Appellees contend that, under these very same principles, the trial court
was correct. Both parties agree that the Appellants’ contacts with the state of Tennessee consist of
Ms. Stivers extensive medical care at the Med in Memphis and the Attorneys’ two letters to
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Tennessee requesting statements of the medical care Ms. Stivers received. We find that neither of
these parties has maintained “continuous and systematic” contacts with the state of Tennessee and
that this suit arises out of the contacts the Appellants have made with Tennessee. Therefore, we find
that the exercise of general in personam jurisdiction over the Appellants is not proper.
As to the exercise of specific jurisdiction over the Appellants, we will apply the test outlined
above to each in turn. As to Ms. Stivers, we find that her contacts with the state of Tennessee are
sufficient to exercise personal jurisdiction over her and are not "random," "fortuitous" or
"attenuated," such that the "fair warning" requirement for specific personal jurisdiction is satisfied.
Keeton, 465 U.S. at 774. In this case, Allstate’s claim arises from the medical treatment Ms. Stivers
received and the expenses she incurred. The hospital lien and the controversy itself would not exist
absent Ms. Stivers’ contact with Tennessee. By receiving valuable medical treatment at the Med in
Memphis, and by agreeing to pay for that treatment, she has purposefully availed herself of
conducting activities in the state of Tennessee taking advantage of the benefits of its laws. As such,
Ms. Stivers is subject to personal jurisdiction pursuant to the Tennessee long arm statute, T.C.A. §
20-2-214(a).
Turning now to Mr. William Holt and the Gary Eubanks and Associates Law Firm, this court
finds that the contacts of the Attorneys are insufficient to exercise specific personal jurisdiction. The
Gary Eubanks and Associates Law Firm was retained by Ms. Stivers to represent her against the
driver of the vehicle causing her injuries, Jesse Martin Ozbun. The firm does business in the state
of Arkansas, having no attorneys who are licensed to practice law in the state of Tennessee. In
addition, the firm conducts no business in Tennessee nor does the firm advertise its services in the
state of Tennessee. The same holds true for Mr. Holt, the President of Gary Eubanks and Associates.
The only contacts the Attorneys had with the state of Tennessee were two letters sent to residents
of Tennessee. The first, dated June 9, 1997, was sent to the Elvis Presley Trauma Center requesting
an itemized statement of medical bills. The second, dated July 11, 1997, was sent to the Med
requesting a list of medical services their client, Ms. Stivers, required after her automobile accident.
These mailings alone do not constitute sufficient contact with Tennessee to find that the Attorneys
have "purposefully availed" themselves of conducting activities in Tennessee. The letters were
written, presumably, in furtherance of Ms. Stivers’ representation against the driver with which she
had an accident and not to conduct business in Tennessee "invoking the benefits and protections of
its laws." Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 253 (1958). Therefore, the Attorneys have not had
sufficient "minimum contacts" with the state of Tennessee to warrant exercising specific personal
jurisdiction over them.
Appellee also raises several issues unrelated to personal jurisdiction in its brief. This Court
in Smith v. Hukowicz, No. M2001-01320-COA-R9-CV, 2003 WL 132483 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 16,
2003), recently held:
This is an interlocutory appeal granted under Rule 9 of the Tennessee
Rules of Appellate Procedure. As such, the scope of issues that may
be raised differs from an appeal as of right under Rule 3. Heatherly
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v. Merrimack Mutal Fire Insurance Co., 43 S.W.3d 911, 914 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 2000). In a Rule 3 appeal, both parties have “broad latitude
with regard to the issues they can raise,” subject to Rules 3(e) and
13(b). Id. Such latitude does not exist in a Rule 9 appeal where “the
only issues that can be raised are those certified in the trial court’s
order granting permission to seek an interlocutory appeal and in the
appellate court’s order granting the interlocutory appeal.” Id.An examination of the trial court’s order granting this interlocutory appeal shows that it is for review
of the trial court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction over the Appellants. Thus, Appellee’s additional
issues are not properly before this Court and will not be addressed.
Conclusion
We affirm the decision of the court below with regard to Ms. Stivers but reverse the decision
with respect to William G. Holt and the Gary Eubanks and Associates Law Firm. Costs on this
appeal are taxed one-half to the Appellant, Teresa Stivers, and one-half to the Appellee, Allstate
Insurance Company, for which execution may issue if necessary.
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ALAN E. HIGHERS, JUDGE
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