Long, Christopher ( 2015 )

PD-0259-15
COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
AUSTIN, TEXAS
Transmitted 5/22/2015 2:58:17 PM
Accepted 5/26/2015 10:11:34 AM
PD-0259-15 ABEL ACOSTA
CLERK
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
FOR THE STATE OF TEXAS
CHRISTOPHER LONG,
PETITIONER,
vs.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
RESPONDENT.
On Appeal in Cause No. 13-05-11,818 in the
24th Judicial District Court ofDeWitt County, Texas
Hon. Juergen "Skipper" Koetter, Judge Presiding
FIRST AMENDED PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
Luis A. Martinez
Bar No. 24010213
P.O. Box 410
Victoria, Texas 77902
(361) 575-6764 telephone
(361) 575-8454 telefax
May 26, 2015 Email:
Lamvictoriacounty@gmail.com
ATTORNEY FOR PETITIONER
CHRISTOPHER LONG
May 22, 2015
IDENTITY OF JUDGE, PARTIES AND COUNSEL
Pursuant to TEX. R. APP. P. 68.4(a), the parties to the suit are as
follow:
APPELLANT CHRISTOPHER LONG
APPELLEE THE STATE OF TEXAS
TRIAL JUDGE HON. JUERGEN KOETTER
STATE'S ATTY AT TRIAL: HON.MICHAEL SHEPPARD
24th Judicial District Attorney
De Witt County Courthouse
307 N. Gonzalez
Cuero, Texas 77954
DEFENSE ATTY AT TRIAL: HON. CHRIS ISLES
P.O. Box389
Refugio, Texas 78377
APPELLATE STATE'S ATTY: HON. ROBERT LASSMAN
24th Judicial District Attorney
DeWitt County Courthouse
307 N. Gonzalez
Cuero, Texas 77954
APPELLATE DEFENSE ATTY: HON. LUIS A. MARTINEZ
P.O. Box410
Victoria, Texas 77902
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
IDENTITY OF JUDGE, PARTIES AND COUNSEL .......................... .i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........ ......... .... .. .. .... ...... ... ..... .. ..... ... .... .. .ii
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES ....................................................... iii
I. STA TEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT ........................... 2
II. STATEMENT OF THE CASE .................................................... .3
III. STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY ................................. .3
IV. GROUND FOR REVIEW .... ... .... ....... ...................... ...... .. ...... .... .4
V. ARGUMENT ........................... ... ............................................ 4
WHEN A TRIAL JUDGE ACTS AS AN ADVERSARY OR AN
ADVOCATE BY INTERROGATING WITNESSES DURING A
SENTENCING HEARING, ISN'T REQUIRING A FINDING OF
"EGREGIOUS CONDUCT" ACTUALLY SUBJECTING A
TRIAL JUDGE'S CONDUCT TO A HARM ANALYSIS?
VI. CONCLUSION AND PRAYER..................................................... 7
VII. CERTIFICATE OF CO:MPLIANCE................................................9
VIII. CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ................. ........................ ............. 9
IX. APPENDIX ...................................................................... ..... 10
ii
LIST OF AUTHORITIES
Cases:
Arizona v. Fuliminante, 499 U.S. 279 (1991) ....... ........ ... .........................7
Blue v. State, 41 S.W.3d 129 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000) ...... ........ . ...... .. ......... ... 6
Cain v. State, 947 S.W.2d 262 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997) ................................. 7
Hernandez v. State, 268 S.W.3d 176
(Tex.App.-Corpus Christi, 2008, no pet.) ....................................... 6
Trung The Luu v. State, 440 S.W.3d 123 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.]
2013, no pet.) .. ... . ...... ... ... ....... .. ...... ...... ................ .......... ......... 4
Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1 (1999) .. ..... ...... ............... .................... 7
Unkart v. State, 400 S.W.3d 94 (Tex.Crim.App. 2013) ...... ..... .. ................. 6
Statutes:
TEX. PEN. CODE §37.03 ..................................................................... 1
T.R.A.P. 49.1 .... ......... .. .. .. .. ........... . ..... .. ... .. ....... ... ... .... ... .. .. .. .. .... ... .3
T.R.A.P. 68.4 .................................................................................. 4
lll
PD-0259-15
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
FOR THE STATE OF TEXAS
CHRISTOPHER LONG,
PETITIONER,
vs.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
RESPONDENT.
On Appeal in Cause No. 13-05-11,818 in the
24th Judicial District Court of DeWitt County, Texas
Hon. Juergen "Skipper" Koetter, Judge Presiding
FIRST AMENDED PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
TO THE HONORABLE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS:
COMES NOW, CHRISTOPHER LONG, Petitioner in this matter and
respectfully submits this PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW arising
from the judgment of the 13th Judicial District Court of Appeals' decision
affirming the sentence imposed in the trial court after convicting him of the offense
of "AGGRAVATED PERJURY," a Third Degree Felony. See Tux PEN. CODE
§37.03.
This appeal originally arises from the 24th Judicial District Court of DeWitt
County, Texas, the Honorable Juergen "Skipper" Koetter, Judge Presiding, in
District Court Cause Number 13-05-11,818, in which the Petitioner,
CHRISTOPHER LONG, was the Defendant and the State of Texas was the
Plaintiff. Petitioner pled guilty to an indictment charging him with "Aggravated
Perjury." The Trial Court sentenced Petitioner to 6 years in the Texas Department
of Criminal Justice-Institutional Division and $1,905.00 in court costs.
I.
STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT
Petitioner respectfully requests that this Honorable Court of Criminal
Appeals allow him the opportunity to argue his case before the Court of Criminal
Appeals. Petitioner believes that this matter requires that the Court of Criminal
Appeals ask questions regarding the facts and circumstances in this case in order to
adequately present his point for consideration. Petitioner believes it to be essential
that he be allowed to interact with the Court of Criminal Appeals to explain his
position and his interpretation of the cases relied upon.
2
II.
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Appellant was formally charged with "AGGRAVATED PERJURY" in a
one-count indictment filed with the DeWitt County District Clerk.
Petitioner subsequently pled guilty and went to the Trial Court for
punishment. On the same day as Appellant's plea, the Trial Court conducted a
punishment hearing. After considering the arguments of counsel and the evidence
presented by both parties during the punishment hearing, the Trial Court assessed
Appellant's punishment as imprisonment in the Institutional Division of the Texas
Department of Criminal Justice for six ( 6) years and costs of court.
III.
STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Following his sentencing, Petitioner timely filed his notice of appeal. After
briefs were submitted, and no oral argument, the 13th Court of Appeals set the
matter for submission on, or about, December 29, 2014. On, or about, January 15,
2015, the 13th Court of Appeals issued a memorandum opinion overruling
Petitioner's sole issue and affirmed the trial court's sentence.
Petitioner timely filed a Motion for Rehearing pursuant to T.R.A.P. 49.l on,
or about, January 30, 2015. The Motion for Rehearing was denied by the 13th
Judicial District Court of Appeals on, or about, February 6, 2015.
3
On March 10, 2015, a Motion to Extend Time to File PDR was filed and
approved by this Court, extending the deadline for filing a Petition for
Discretionary Review until May 8, 2015.
IV.
GROUNDS FOR REVIEW
In accordance with Rule 68.4 of_ the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure,
Petitioner presents the following ground for review:
WHEN A TRIAL JUDGE ACTS AS AN ADVERSARY OR AN ADVOCATE BY
INTERROGATING WITNESSES DURING A SENTENCING HEARING, ISN'T
REQUIRING A FINDING OF "EGREGIOUS CONDUCT" ACTUALLY SUBJECTING
A TRIAL JUDGE'S CONDUCT TO A HARM ANALYSIS?
v.
ARGUMENT
"A judge should not act as an advocate or adversary for any party." Trung
The Luu v. State, 440 S.W.3d 123, 128 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no
pet.) After reviewing the transcripts of Petitioner's sentencing hearing, the 13th
Court of Appeals noted in its opinion that:
"The extent and adversarial nature of the trial judge's
questioning of appellant in this case is cause for
unease ... "
Long v. State, Opinion of January 15, 2015, p. 11.
The three reviewing Justices of the 13th Court of Appeals also agreed to the
4
following:
"Finally, even though we agree that the trial judge's
questions were improperly adversarial. .."
Long v. State, Opinion of January 15, 2015, p.13.
Further, the reviewing Justices of the 13th Court of Appeals characterized
the Trial Court's questioning as follows:
"We agree that the trial judge put questions to appellant
and Candice that could fairly be characterized as
adversarial; the judge challenged their testimony and
probed for inconsistencies in their statements. Moreover,
the general tenor of the questions indicated that the trial
court judge did not rate highly the credibility of either
witness."
Long v. State, Opinion of January 15, 2015, p. 11.
Petitioner agrees with the Court of Appeals as to these characterizations of
the Trial Court's questioning. Petitioner also believes that it is significant how the
13th Court of Appeals has described the Trial Court's conduct during Appellant's
sentencing hearing. The Trial Court's questions were extensive, improper and
adversarial to the extent that the conduct caused the Court of Appeals "unease."
The question then becomes: What else must be shown to conclude that Appellant's
fundamental and constitutional right to a neutral, detached and impartial tribunal
were offended? Appellant contends that it is not necessary to conclude that the
Trial Court's actions be egregious in order to find fundamental error as explained
5
infra.
The 13th Court of Appeals cited its previous decision in Hernandez (relying
on Blue v. State) that a defendant may raise the issue of the trial court's lack of
impartiality in sentencing for the first time so long as the complained of conduct
was "so egregious as to deem the judge biased on the matter of punishment." Long
v. State, Opinion of January 15, 2015, p. 10 (citing Hernandez v. State, 268 S.W.3d
176, 184 n. 34 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2008, no pet.)(citing Blue v. State, 41
S.W.3d 129, 137 (Tex.Crim.app. 2000)(Keasler, J., concurring).
In Unkart v. State, this Court clarified the status of Blue v. State:
We now take the opportunity to clarify the status of Blue.
***
With respect to Blue, it is not possible to ascertain a
majority holding or the narrowest ground or rule that
commands a majority of the court. The rationales of the
plurality and concurring opinions are entirely disparate:
they did not even focus on the same error, much less give
the same reason why it was error. The plurality focused
on the effect of the trial judge's comments on the jury,
while Judge Keasler considered the comments merely as
evidence that the trial judge was biased. Consequently,
the Blue decision has no precedential value. The opinions
in the Blue case may nevertheless be considered for any
persuasive value they might have, in the same way as any
other opinion that does not command a majority of this
Court, such as a concurring opinion.
Unkartv. State, 400 S.W.3d 94, 100-101(Tex.Crim.App.2013).
It is in the concurring opinion that "egregious" is identified as a benchmark
6
for finding fundamental error. Does this actually make "egregious" a requisite
finding? Appellant does not believe that it does. Rather, Appellant contends that
the adversarial questioning, advocating against Appellant by the Trial Court that
caused 13th Court of Appeals unease, that specific conduct is enough to find
fundamental error.
The right to an impartial judge is so sacred that the United States Supreme
Court has declared a violation of this right to be "structural error." Neder v. United
States, 527 U.S. 1 (1999). The presence of a biased judge on the bench is a
structural defect in the trial mechanism Arizona v. Fuliminante, 499 U.S. 279, 309-
310 (1991). Errors that the Supreme Court has designated as "structural" are
categorically immune from harmless error analysis. Cain v. State, 947 S.W.2d
262, 264 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997).
Requiring that a court of appeals find that conduct, which is clearly
adversarial by their own finding, also be "egregious" in order to find structural
error requires de facto harm analysis. It is tantamount to finding "well, appellant
wasn't denied that much of a neutral and detached tribunal."
VI.
CONCLUSION AND PRAYER
WHEREFORE, for the reasons set forth above, Petitioner submits that the
Trial Court erred. Petitioner prays that the Court of Criminal Appeals grant this
7
Petition for Discretionary Review; allow Petitioner to brief the issues raised by this
matter and allow oral argument. Following the briefing and oral argument,
Petitioner respectfully prays that this Honorable Court reverse and render the
sentence below and/or reverse and remand this case to the 13th Court of Appeals
for further proceedings and/or remand the case to the Trial Court for a new
sentencing. Petitioner further prays for general relief, and any other relief he is
entitled to in law or in equity.
Respectfully Submitted,
Luis A. Martinez, P.C.
P.O. Box 410
Victoria, Texas 77902-0410
(361) 575-6764 (Telephone)
(361) 575-8454.
(Telecopier)
.,
/{lA_)~(j,A.,.9z'1S....
fr/
By:
Luis A. Martinez
State Bar No. 24010213
ATTORNEY FOR PETITIONER
CHRISTOPHER LONG
8
VII.
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
In accordance with Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.4(i)(3), the
undersigned, Luis A. Martinez, I hereby certify that the number of words in the
above Petition for Discretionary Review, excluding those matters listed in Rule
9.4(i)(3), is 871.
Luis A. Martinez
VIII.
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
This is to certify that a true copy of the foregoing document was served upon
the person below in the manner indicated on this 22nd day of May, 2015, pursuant
to the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Luis A. Martinez
Via E-Mail Via Certified Mail, RRR
The Hon. Robert C. Lassman State Prosecuting Attorney
DeWitt County District Attorney P.O. Box 12405
DeWitt County Courthouse Austin, Texas 78711
Cuero, Texas 77954
9
APPENDIX
1. Opinion of the 13th Court of Appeals, Long v. State, January 15, 2015.
NUMBER 13-13-00579-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
CHRISTOPHER LONG, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 24th District Court
of De Witt County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Benavides, Perkes, and Longoria
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Longoria
By one issue, appellant Christopher Long challenges his sentence of six years'
imprisonment for aggravated perjury, a third-degree felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.
§ 37.03 (West, Westlaw through 2013 3d C.S.). We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
DeWitt County District Attorney Michael Sheppard testified at appellant's trial that
appellant, a confidential informant, turned over a quantity of cocaine to authorities and
stated that he had purchased the cocaine from a man named Brandon Michalek. The
State brought charges against Michalek arising out of the sale. At Michalek's trial,
appellant changed his story and told the court that he had not purchased cocaine from
Michalek and that the cocaine actually belonged to appellant. As a result, the State
dismissed the charges against Michalek and charged appellant with aggravated perjury,
a third-degree felony. See id. Appellant entered an open plea of guilty, judicially
confessed to all of the elements of the offense, and opted for the trial court judge to assess
punishment. With the agreement of the parties, the trial judge deferred accepting the
plea and making a finding of guilt until after hearing evidence on punishment. Appellant
requested that the court impose a term of community supervision , and the State
recommended a minimum sentence of six years' imprisonment.
Appellant and his wife, Candice Long (Candice), testified at the punishment
hearing. After the attorneys for both parties informed the trial judge that they had no more
questions for appellant, the trial court judge stated: "[t]he Court has a little other
information that I'd like to get from this witness." Appellant's counsel did not object, and
the trial judge proceeded to question appellant about certain matters raised by his
testimony. The record of the questioning is extensive, so we reproduce a representative
sample in which the judge questions appellant about his testimony that John Herrick,
Michalek's trial counsel in the drug case, allegedly took appellant on a ride to San Antonio
and convinced him not to testify:
2
THE COURT: Mr. Long, on the day that you were telling Mr. Sheppard
about when Mr. Herrick and his wife came to your house and took you to
San Antonio, okay, you know what day I'm talking about?
[APPELLANT]: Yes, sir.
THE COURT: Okay. When he pulled up in front of your house did you
know who he was?
(APPELLANT]: No, sir, I did not. At first I didn't, I didn't recognize the car.
THE COURT: Had you ever talked to him before that on the phone or by
any other means?
[APPELLANT]: No, sir.
THE COURT: And so this total stranger pulled up in front of your house
and, what, how did he convince you to get in the car and go to San Antonio?
[APPELLANT]: I don't know. He's real convincing.
THE COURT: Did he tell you that he was Mr. Michalek's lawyer?
[APPELLANT]: At first he never told me that until I got in the car and then
he told me he was Mr. Michalek's.
THE COURT: Well, tell me what he told you to get you to go to San Antonio
with him. I mean, can I pull up to your house and say let's go to Laredo and
you'll just jump in and go to Laredo?
[APPELLANT]: No.
THE COURT: Well . ..
[APPELLANT]: He didn't really say nothing, he just asked me to ride with
him to San Antonio, so I did.
THE COURT: A total stranger just pulled up in front of your house and said,
hey, let's go to San Antonio and you got in the car and went with him?
[APPELLANT]: Yes, sir.
THE COURT: Does that seem kind of unbelievable to you?
[APPELLANT]: Yeah. But that's what happened. Honestly, that's what
happened.
3
THE COURT: And then as you have previously testified, all those things
that occurred on the trip, you told Mr. Sheppard about everything that
happened on the trip. Nothing else happened on that trip, right?
[APPELLANn: No, sir.
THE COURT: And you had never ever before that day ever heard of or met
Mr. Herrick?
[APPELLANn: No, sir.
THE COURT: And he hasn't been to see you at the jail?
[APPELLANn: No, sir.
THE COURT: He hasn't sent you messages through other persons, verbal
messages or anything else?
[APPELLANn: No, sir.
THE COURT: No threats or anything else?
[APPELLANn: I ain't seen him since...
THE COURT: April the 2nd-
[APPELLANTJ: Yes, sir.
THE COURT: -2013, you have not seen or heard from Mr. Michalek?
[APPELLANT]: I ain't seen him or heard from him.
THE COURT: Do you know where he is today?
[APPELLANT]: No, sir, I don't.
THE COURT: Well, do you think that what you're doing today would trigger
his-him[1J taking action on the threats that were made against you?
[APPELLANT]: Most likely.
THE COURT: And so what's the incentive, what are you doing here?
1 Here, the trial judge is referring to threats that Michalek and one of his associates allegedly made
against appellant and his family.
4
[APPElLANn: I'm doing the right thing.
THE COURT: And what brought you to this place? How did you get here
to-how did you come to realize that lying to the State and interfering with
the operation of justice is a bad thing and that you wanted to do this?
[APPELLANn: Sitting in that eight-man tank got me realizing that I did the
wrong thing and I shouldn't never lie. Being incarcerated has taught me a
lesson. I should never have lied under oath, never. I should have told the
truth while I had the chance.
Following this exchange, the trial judge permitted the attorneys for both parties to
ask follow-up questions. Appellant's next and final witness was his wife Candice. The
trial judge posed similar questions to her after the parties' attorneys finished their
examinations. The record of the judge's questioning of Candice is also extensive so we
again reproduce a representative sample:
THE COURT: Okay. You've said that at some point in time Mr. Long went
to-went somewhere with Mr. Herrick. Is that right?
THE WITNESS: Yes, sir.
THE COURT: And you also said that you had met Mr. Herrick about one
week before that happened?
THE WITNESS: Yes, sir.
THE COURT: And that was because he came to your house one week
earlier; is that correct?
THE WITNESS: Yes, sir.
THE COURT: And was Mr. long home that day or was he not there?
THE WITNESS: When?
THE COURT: The first time that Mr. Herrick came to your house. Not the
day that he went off with him, the time before that when you said you met
him, was Mr. long present when you met him or not?
THE WITNESS: Yes, sir.
5
THE COURT: On the day that Mr. Long went somewhere with Mr. Herrick
and came back at nine or ten o'clock at night, did he tell you ahead of time
that Mr. Herrick was going to pick him up or did he come in and tell you that
Mr. Herrick was there and wanted him to go somewhere with him?
THE WITNESS: If he ...
THE COURT: Did he tell you during the day, before Mr. Herrick got there,
John Herrick is coming to pick me up, we're going to go somewhere, or did
he come in and tell you John Herrick is here and I'm going to go somewhere
with him? Did he know ahead of time that he was coming to pick him up?
THE WITNESS: Yes, sir.
THE COURT: How do you know that?
THE WITNESS: He came in the house and told me that John Herrick was
coming to pick him up and that he'll be back late.
THE COURT: But John Herrick wasn't there yet; is that correct?
THE WITNESS: I don't know. I was inside.
THE COURT: Okay. So you think that he knew that John Herrick was
coming to pick him up before he got there or do you think he didn't know
before he got there?
THE WITNESS: I don't think he knew.
THE COURT: So John Herrick showed up and then your husband didn't
know he was coming to pick him up but he came and told you that he was
there and that he was going to leave with him?
THE WITNESS: I don't know. All I know is he came in and told me he was
leaving and that he would be back later and that he was going with John
Herrick.
THE COURT: Okay. And he had met John Herrick with you a week earlier?
THE WITNESS: Well, he met him before I did. I just met him the same day
when we both walked outside.
THE COURT: Okay. So he had met him even before John Herrick showed
up at your house a week before he took him off wherever they went?
6
THE WITNESS: Yes, sir. I think he met him in court when they had court
one day.
THE COURT: So how long before-how long before Mr. Long went with
Mr. Herrick do you think he knew him? A month?
THE WITNESS: I don't know.
THE COURT: But you're sure that he did know him before the day that he
came to get him and take him off wherever they went?
THE WITNESS: I don't know when he met him.
THE COURT: But do you know for sure that he knew him before he went
somewhere with him?
THE WITNESS: Yes, sir. I think so.
THE COURT: Okay. And tell me why you think you're sure of that.
THE WITNESS: Well, because he was supposed to be one of my cousin's
lawyers too -
THE COURT: Okay.
THE WITNESS: -and stuff so... Me and my husband's around each other
most of the time, but not all the time, because you've got to get a break
sometime from a man so...
THE COURT: Why is that?
THE WITNESS: Because. A man will drive you up the wall.
THE COURT: Had - to your best of your recollection, do you remember
your husband, Mr. Long, talking to you about John Herrick before the day
that he went with him? So wherever they went, we're just going to call it the
day they went to San Antonio. Before that day, the best of your recollection,
do you remember your husband talking to you about John Herrick?
THE WITNESS: Yes, sir.
THE COURT: Okay. To the best of your recollection do you remember
your husband, Mr. Long, talking to you about John Herrick before that week,
that one week earlier when he came to your mother's house? There was a
time when he came to your mother's house and pjcked your husband up,
7
you've told me that a week before that he came by your house and talked
to you. Right?
THE WITNESS: He came by.
THE COURT: And talked to you and your husband and then one week later
he came by, picked your husband up and took him to San Antonio for a little
while.
THE WITNESS: Yes, sir.
THE COURT: Is that what you remember?
THE WITNESS: Yes, sir.
THE COURT: Now, before the first time-I assume that the time a week
before he took him off, that that was the first time John Herrick had ever
been to your mother's house.
THE WITNESS: Yes, sir.
THE COURT: That you know of. Before he came to your mother's house
the first time, do you ever remember your husband talking about John
Herrick before that?
THE WITNESS: About meeting him in court one day.
THE COURT: Okay. So he had talked about it before he came to the house
the first time?
THE WITNESS: Yes. Because John Herrick and Brandon were outside
when Chris was leaving the courtroom-
THE COURT: Okay.
Following closing arguments, the trial court judge found appellant guilty and
assessed punishment at six years' imprisonment in the Texas Department of Criminal
Justice-Institutional Division, court costs, and no fine.
8
II. JUDICIAL BIAS
By his sole issue, appellant argues that the trial judge committed fundamental error
because he abandoned the role of a neutral, detached hearing officer and took on the
role of an advocate for the State.
A. Applicable Law
"Due process requires a neutral and detached hearing body or officer." Brumit v.
State, 206 S.W.3d 639, 645 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (citing Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S.
778, 786 (1973)). A criminal trial must be held before a judge with no actual bias against
a defendant or interest in the outcome of the defendant's case. Avilez v. State, 333
S.W.3d 661, 673 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. refd). In the absence of a
clear showing to the contrary, we will presume that the trial judge was neutral, detached,
and unbiased in all phases of the trial. Brumit, 206 S.W.3d at 645 (citing Thompson v.
State, 641 S.W.2d 920, 921 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel. Op.] 1982)).
This Court has concluded that a defendant has an absolute right to an impartial
judge at both the guilt/innocence and punishment stages of the trial. Hernandez v. State,
268 S.W.3d 176, 185 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 2008, no pet.). 2 Applying the Texas
Court of Criminal Appeals's three-part Marin framework, 3 we further concluded that a
defendant may raise an issue of the trial court's lack of impartiality in sentencing for the
2At the time this Court issued its decision in Hernandez, five other courts of appeals had reached
the same conclusion. See Hernandez v. State, 268 S.W.3d 176, 184 n.34 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 2008,
no pel) (collecting cases).
3 In Marin v. State, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals divided a defendant's rights into three
categories: absolute rights, waiver-only rights, and forfeitable rights that must be implemented on request.
851 S.W.2d 275, 278-80 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (en bane), overruled on other grounds, Cain v. State, 947
S.W.2d 262, 264 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (en bane). The Court further held that the requirement of Rule
33.1 that a defendant must object to preserve error does not apply to rights falling within the first two
categories. See id. at279--80; see also Blue v. State, 41S.W.3d129, 137 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (Keasler,
J., concurring) (explaining the history of the Marin framework).
9
first time on appeal so long as the complained-of conduct was "so egregious as to deem
the judge biased on the matter of punishment." Id. at 185-86 (citing Blue v. State, 41
S.W.3d 129, 137 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (Keasler, J., concurring)).
"Texas is 'second to none' in its disapproval of judges' examination of witnesses."
Galvan v. State, 988 S.W.2d 291, 297 (Tex. App.-Texarkana 1999, pet. refd) (citing
Morrison v. State, 845 S.W.2d 882, 886 n.10 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (en bane)). Texas
is the only jurisdiction that has not adopted a version of Federal Rule of Evidence 614,
which explicitly permits judicial examination of witnesses. Id. However, a trial court judge
may question a witness to clarify a point or ask the witness to repeat something the judge
did not hear. Williams v. State, 89 S.W.3d 325, 328 (Tex. App.-Texarkana 2002, pet.
refd). Texas law discourages questioning by the trial judge in other areas because it
presents two dangers: {1) the questioning could convey the judge's opinion of the case
to the jury and so influence their verdict; and (2) the court "in its zeal and active
participation" could assume the role of an advocate and lose the neutral and detached
role that is required of a judge. Id.
B. Analysis
Only the second potential harm is at issue here because the trial judge's
examinations occurred in the context of a guilty-plea proceeding where the parties agreed
that the judge would assess punishment. See Guinn v. State, 209 S.W.3d 682, 686 (Tex.
App.-Texarkana 2006, no pet.} ("The first potential danger cannot apply in this case
since this entire proceeding was before the court during a guilty plea proceeding.").
Appellant argues that the trial court improperly stepped into the role of the prosecutor,
something which is not consistent with due process. See United States v. Lanham, 416
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F.2d 1140, 1143 (5th Cir. 1969) (observing, in a jury trial, that "[i]t seems clear that the
trial judge determined in his own mind that Lanham was giving perjured testimony and
set out to demonstrate this to the jury. In a word, he took over prosecution. This we may
not permit"). We agree that the trial judge put questions to appellant and Candice that
could fairly be characterized as adversarial; the judge challenged their testimony and
probed for inconsistencies in their statements. Moreover, the general tenor of the
questions indicated that the trial court judge did not rate highly the credibility of either
witness. However, given the context, we disagree that the judge stepped into the role of
the prosecutor.
In Moreno v. State, the Texarkana Court of Appeals confronted a similar situation:
the trial court judge extensively questioned the defendant when he testified during the
guilt/innocence phase of a bench trial. 900 S.W.2d 357, 358-59 (Tex. App.-Texarkana
1995, no pet.). The court of appeals concluded that the questioning did not rise to the
level of fundamental error because the judge was seeking facts for his role as factfinder,
the questions would have been allowed to the parties' attorneys, the answers were within
the bounds of admissible testimony, and nothing in the record revealed that the judge
became so entangled in his role as an advocate that he could not make an objective fact
finding. Id. at 359-60.
The extent and adversarial nature of the trial judge's questioning of appellant and
Candice in this case is cause for unease, but after a thorough review of the record, we
conclude that the rationale of Moreno applies to this case. The trial judge appeared to be
seeking facts for his role as factfinder, the questions the judge asked of appellant and
Candice would not have been out of bounds to the parties' attorneys, and the answers of
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both were within the bounds of admissible testimony. See Moreno, 900 S.W.2d at 359-
60; see also Guinn, 209 S.W.3d at 686 (concluding that the trial judge was authorized to
inquire into facts relevant to disposing of the petition for community supervision filed by
an appellant who entered a guilty plea). It is also relevant that appellant asked the judge
to place him on community supervision. Appellant's request required the judge to make
an independent determination regarding whether suspending the sentence and placing
him on community supervision was in the best interests of justice, society, and appellant.
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.12 § 3(a) (West. Westlaw through 2013 3d C.S.).
Many of the trial judge's questions were directed at testing appellanfs story that Herrick
induced appellant not to testify and also promised to assist appellant with any resulting
legal issues. We agree with the Guinn Court that the trial judge had some leeway to
follow up on this issue after the parties' attorneys finished their examination, even though
some of the questions went beyond what was necessary for the trial court to make a
decision. See Guinn, 209 S.W.3d at 686-87 (holding that the trial judge did not commit
fundamental error by questioning a defendant about his drug use after the witness had
testified during the punishment phase that using alcohol and marijuana contributed to his
offense, even though some of the judge's questions went beyond what was strictly
necessary); see also Agee v. State, No. 03-01-00338-CR, 2002 WL 219874, at *2 (Tex.
App.-Austin Feb. 14, 2002, pet. refd) (mem. op, not designated for publication) (holding
that in a bench trial where the judge was to assess punishment, the trial court did not
commit fundamental error by questioning witnesses on issues that were raised in their
testimony and that were relevant to punishment). Finally, even though we agree that the
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trial judge's questions were improperly adversarial,4 the record does not indicate that the
judge became involved as an advocate to such an extent that he could not impartially
assess punishment. See Moreno, 900 S.W.2d at 359-60; see also Guinn, 209 S.W.3d
at 686-87. Because appellant has not demonstrated that the trial judge's behavior was
so egregious as to deem him biased, we conclude that appellant has not demonstrated
fundamental error. See Hernandez, 268 S.W.3d at 185 (holding that trial judge's conduct
rises to the level of fundamental error if it is "so egregious as to deem the judge biased
on the matter of punishment"). We accordingly overrule appellant's sole issue.
Ill. CONCLUSION
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
. NORA L. LONGORIA
Justice
Do not publish.
Tex. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Delivered and filed the
15th day of January, 2015.
4 See Trung The Luu v. State, 440 S.W.3d 123, 128 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist] 2013, no
pet.) {"A judge should not act as an advocate or adversary for any party.").
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