Reginald Washington v. State ( 2019 )

Opinion issued June 27, 2019
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
————————————
NO. 01-18-00596-CR
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REGINALD WASHINGTON, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the County Criminal Court No. 2
Tarrant County, Texas1
Trial Court Case No. 1517076
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury found appellant Reginald Washington guilty of the class A
misdemeanor offense of assault with bodily injury and assessed a sentence of 250
1
The Supreme Court of Texas transferred this appeal from the Court of Appeals for
the Second District to this court. We are unaware of any conflict between
precedent of that court and this court on any relevant issue.
days in county jail (suspended for 15 months’ community supervision), as well as a
$250 fine.
Washington asserts five issues on appeal. First, he asserts that the evidence
is insufficient to support the jury’s guilty finding. In his second issue, he asserts
that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the audio recording of the 9-1-1
call because it was not properly authenticated. He asserts in his third issue that the
trial court abused its discretion in admitting the audio recording and transcript of
the 9-1-1 call because they contained hearsay. Washington’s fourth issue asserts
that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting text messages because they
were not properly authenticated and contained hearsay. Finally, Washington asserts
in issue five that the trial court erred by failing to include a jury instruction for
class C misdemeanor offensive-contact assault, allegedly a lesser-included offense.
We affirm.
Background
On May 8, 2016, Reginald Washington visited Brittaney Whitfield at her
apartment in Tarrant County to discuss their ongoing relationship. Washington and
Whitfield had met through an online dating site, and they had been seeing each
other periodically for less than two months. Whitfield testified that she expressed
to Washington her desire to end the relationship, at which point Washington
attacked Whitfield, with Washington repeatedly hitting Whitfield in the head with
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his fists and grabbing her neck. After Whitfield began to scream for help,
Washington took Whitfield’s cell phone and fled the apartment complex. Hearing
the noise coming from Whitfield’s apartment, security guard Michael Cartner
entered Whitfield’s apartment and called 9-1-1. Police and paramedics arrived at
the scene, where Whitfield was given a medical examination but was not treated
for any injuries. After an investigation, a warrant was issued for Washington’s
arrest. Washington was arrested several months later and charged with the class A
misdemeanor of assault with bodily injury.
At trial, the State introduced a recording and a report of Cartner’s 9-1-1 call,
as well as screenshots from Whitfield’s phone of text messages that Whitfield said
were sent by Washington to her after the assault. Whitfield testified that
Washington hit her repeatedly about her head, causing a swollen right temple and
scratch marks on her face. The State introduced medical records taken by the
paramedics the night of the assault revealing that Whitfield experienced swelling
and pain in her head, leading to a primary impression by the paramedic team of
traumatic injury.
Analysis
Sufficiency of the Evidence
In his first issue, Washington argues that the evidence is insufficient to
support a finding of guilt. In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we
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view all evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether
a rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements beyond a reasonable
doubt. Braughton v. State, 569 S.W.3d 592, 608. (Tex. Crim. App. 2018). The
essential elements of assault with bodily injury are intentionally, knowingly, or
recklessly causing bodily injury to another, including the person’s spouse. TEX.
PENAL CODE § 22.01(a)(1).
Washington asserts that Whitfield’s testimony was not credible and that
therefore the State failed to establish all elements beyond a reasonable doubt.
Washington argues that Whitfield’s testimony at trial was discredited by the
photographs taken of Whitfield the night of the assault, as well as by the testimony
of the responding police officer, who said that he saw no injuries.
As an appellate court, we do not weigh the evidence or assess its credibility.
Isassi v. State, 330 S.W.3d 633, 638 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). We must give
deference to “the responsibility of the trier of fact to fairly resolve conflicts in
testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic
facts to ultimate facts.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
(quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318–19 (1979)). The jury heard
Whitfield testify that Washington’s assault caused her injury. The jury also saw the
ambulance records stating that Whitfield experienced head pain and swelling as a
result of the assault. We must presume that the jury resolved any conflicts in the
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testimony and weighed the evidence to support its guilty finding. We conclude
that, in viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, a rational
trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Washington
committed assault with bodily injury. Therefore, we overrule the first issue.
Evidentiary Rulings
In his second issue, Washington asserts that the trial court abused its
discretion in admitting the audio recording of the 9-1-1 call because it was not
properly authenticated. We review a trial court’s evidentiary ruling for an abuse of
discretion. See De La Paz v. State, 279 S.W.3d 336, 343–44 (Tex. Crim. App.
2009). If the trial court’s ruling was within the zone of reasonable disagreement,
we will not disturb its ruling. See Shuffield v. State, 189 S.W.3d 782, 793 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2006). We will uphold the ruling if it is reasonably supported by the
record and correct on any theory of law applicable to the case. Willover v. State, 70
S.W.3d 841, 845 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Roderick v. State, 494 S.W.3d 868, 874
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, no pet.).
Jill Nesbitt testified that she was the custodian of records for police
communications for the City of Fort Worth and that her job entailed maintaining,
locating, and providing the records created in police communications. Nesbitt
identified a CD that contained a 9-1-1 recorded call for the day in question, and she
had reviewed the call on the CD and placed her initials on the CD. She testified
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that she recognized the voice of the 9-1-1 call taker, who was a co-worker. The 9-1-1
recording was a record kept by her in the ordinary course of the City’s business
and was made at or near the time of the events recorded on the CD.
To authenticate an item of evidence, including sound recordings, the
proponent must produce evidence sufficient to support a finding that the item in
question is what the proponent claims it to be. TEX. R. EVID. 901(a); see Jones v.
State, 466 S.W.3d 252, 261 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015, pet. ref’d);
Jones v. State, 80 S.W.3d 686, 688 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.);
see also Shores v. State, No. 14-18-00213-CR, 2018 WL 5797266, at *3 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Nov. 6, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
publication); Knight v. State, No. 08-16-00123-CR, 2018 WL 3867570, at *3 (Tex.
App.—El Paso Aug. 15, 2018, no pet.) (not designated for publication). The
proffering party may present the testimony of a witness with personal knowledge
sufficient to authenticate the proposed evidence. See Knight, 2018 WL 3867570, at
*3 (citing TEX. R. EVID. 901(b)(1)). To authenticate an audio recording, the witness
is not required to identify every speaker on the recording. Jones, 80 S.W.3d at 689.
In performing its “gate-keeping function, the trial court itself need not
be persuaded that the proffered evidence is authentic.” Tienda v. State,
358 S.W.3d 633, 638 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). “The preliminary
question for the trial court to decide is simply whether the proponent
of the evidence has supplied facts that are sufficient to support a
reasonable jury determination that the evidence he has proffered is
authentic.” Id.
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Jones, 466 S.W.3d at 262; see Druery v. State, 225 S.W.3d 491, 502 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2007).
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that Nesbitt’s
testimony was sufficient to support a reasonable jury determination that the 9-1-1
recording was authentic. See Jones, 466 S.W.3d at 262–63; Jones, 80 S.W.3d at
689; see also Knight, 2018 WL 3867570, at *4–6 (citing Montoya v. State, 43
S.W.3d 568, 571 (Tex. App.—Waco 2001, no pet.) (9-1-1 recording was properly
authenticated under Rule 901 where officer testified that she was custodian of 9-1-1
tapes, had listened to tape in question, the tape was made in ordinary course of
business at Fort Worth Police Department, it was made at or near time of events
recorded, record was made by person with responsibility for making such record,
and record was made by person with knowledge of events recorded)). We overrule
issue two.
In his third issue, Washington asserts that the trial court abused its discretion
in admitting the 9-1-1 audio recording and a transcript of the 9-1-1 call because
they contain hearsay.
We first address the alleged transcript of the 9-1-1 call. The exhibit is
actually an incident report of the 9-1-1 call; it is not a transcript of the 9-1-1 call.2
Because Washington’s trial counsel misidentified the exhibit and did not make a
2
This type of report has been referred to as a computer-aided dispatch report. See
Knight, 2018 WL 3867570, at *1–2.
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specific objection to what the document actually is and therefore bring it to the trial
court’s attention, Washington’s complaint about the incident report is not
preserved for appellate review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A); Martinez v.
State, 22 S.W.3d 504, 507 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (“To preserve error regarding
the admission of evidence, a defendant must lodge a timely and specific
objection.”).
Turning to Washington’s hearsay objection to the 9-1-1 audio recording, the
recording was admissible under the hearsay exceptions for excited utterances3 or
present sense impressions.4 We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in admitting the audio recording of the 9-1-1 call. If the trial court did
3
An “excited utterance” is a “statement relating to a startling event or condition
made while the declarant [is] under the stress of excitement caused by the event or
condition.” TEX. R. EVID. 803(2). Courts have upheld the admissibility of 9-1-1
recordings as excited utterances. See Cook v. State, 199 S.W.3d 495, 498 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.); see also Oyervidez v. State, No. 01-17-
00007-CR, 2017 WL 6374657, at *3–4 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 14,
2017, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication); Johnson v. State, No.
02-05-00043-CR, 2006 WL 563305, at *2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Mar. 9, 2006,
pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication).
4
A present sense impression is a statement describing or explaining an event or
condition made while the declarant was perceiving the event or condition, or
immediately thereafter. TEX. R. EVID. 803(1). Courts have upheld the admissibility
of 9-1-1 recordings as present sense impressions. See Williams v. State, No. 02-17-
000123-CR, 2018 WL 547598, at *7–8 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Jan. 25, 2018,
pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication); Frank v. State, No. 01-16-
00197-CR, 2017 WL 1416882, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 20,
2017, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication); Child v. State, No. 08-
14-00108-CR, 2016 WL 5121989, at *4 (Tex. App.—El Paso Sept. 21, 2016, no
pet.) (not designated for publication) (transfer case from Tarrant County).
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err, it was harmless because Whitfield and Cartner both testified to the facts of the
assault that were related in Cartner’s 9-1-1 call. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b)
(providing that nonconstitutional error “that does not affect substantial rights must
be disregarded”); West v. State, 121 S.W.3d 95, 104 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003,
pet. ref’d) (applying Rule 44.2(b) harm analysis after determining trial court
impermissibly allowed hearsay statement). A trial court’s error in admitting
evidence is harmless when similar facts are proved by other properly admitted
evidence. Brooks v. State, 990 S.W.2d 278, 287 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (improper
admission of evidence does not constitute reversible error and is properly deemed
harmless if same or similar facts are proved by other properly admitted evidence);
Anderson v. State, 717 S.W.2d 622, 627 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (holding any error
in admission of hearsay is harmless if fact to which hearsay relates is sufficiently
proved by other competent and unobjected-to evidence); Sanders v. State, 422
S.W.3d 809, 817–18 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2014, pet. ref’d) (assuming trial
court erred in admitting 9-1-1 recording of call between 9-1-1 operator and
hospital employee who was responding to assault victim, no harm occurred in part
because unobjected-to testimony from victim established same facts of assault).
We overrule Washington’s third issue.
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In his fourth issue, Washington asserts that the trial court abused its
discretion in admitting text messages because they were not properly authenticated
and because they contain hearsay.
Washington alleges that the text messages were not authenticated because
there was no evidence that Washington himself sent the text messages to Whitfield.
In Tienda, a case relied on by Washington, the Court of Criminal Appeals noted
that electronic evidence can be admissible when it is sufficiently linked to the
purported author with evidence, including circumstantial evidence, that would
support a determination by a reasonable jury that the electronic evidence is what it
is purported to be. See Tienda, 358 S.W.3d at 638–39; Jones, 466 S.W.3d at 262–63.
Whitfield testified that the text messages in question were sent to her from the only
phone number that Washington used to contact her throughout their relationship
and also after the assault. There was no evidence that the phone number was used
by anyone other than Washington. A reasonable jury could have found that the text
messages were sent by Washington, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion
by admitting them. See Jones, 466 S.W.3d at 262–63.
Washington further complains that the trial court abused its discretion in
admitting the text messages because they were hearsay. Statements made by an
opposing party are not hearsay. TEX. R. EVID. 801(e)(2)(a); see Jones, 466 S.W.3d
at 264. Because the text messages were authenticated to be from Washington, they
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are admissions by an opposing party and are not hearsay. See Jones, 466 S.W.3d at
264–66. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in overruling
Washington’s hearsay objection. We overrule Washington’s fourth issue.
Lesser-Included Offense
In his fifth and final issue, Washington asserts that the trial court erred by
failing to include a jury instruction for class C misdemeanor offensive-contact
assault, allegedly a lesser-included offense.
We follow a two-step test in determining whether a trial court is required to
give a requested instruction on a lesser-included offense. Bullock v. State, 509
S.W.3d 921, 924 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). The first step is to determine whether the
requested instruction pertains to an offense that is a lesser-included offense of the
charged offense, which is a matter of law. Id. Under this step, an offense is a
lesser-included offense if it is within the proof necessary to establish the offense
charged. Sweed v. State, 351 S.W.3d 63, 68 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). The second
step is to ask whether there is evidence in the record that supports giving the
instruction to the jury. Id. Under this step, a defendant is entitled to an instruction
on a lesser-included offense when there is some evidence in the record that would
permit a jury to rationally find that, if the defendant is guilty, he is guilty only of
the lesser-included offense. Rice v. State, 333 S.W.3d 140, 145 (Tex. Crim. App.
2011). The evidence must establish the lesser-included offense as a valid, rational
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alternative to the charge offense. Id. (citing Hall v. State, 225 S.W.3d 524, 536
(Tex. Crim. App. 2007)).
Washington alleges that the class C misdemeanor offense of offensive-
contact assault is a lesser-included offense of bodily-injury assault. Following the
two-step Bullock test, we first look at whether offensive-contact assault is within
the proof necessary to establish bodily-injury assault. Offensive-contact assault
contains an element missing from bodily-injury assault: “when the person knows
or should reasonably believe that the other will regard the contact as offensive or
provocative.” TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.01(a)(3). For that reason, the Court of
Criminal Appeals has held that offensive-contact assault is not a lesser-included
offense of bodily-injury assault:
The State was not required to prove the latter (i.e., that appellant knew
or should reasonably have believed that the complainant would regard
this contact as offensive) to establish the former (i.e. that appellant
caused the complainant bodily injury by kicking). . . . In establishing
the charged bodily-injury-assault offense, the State was required to
prove only that appellant caused the complainant bodily injury by
kicking her. It is irrelevant whether the defendant knew or should
have reasonably believed that the complainant would consider this
contact as offensive or provocative.
McKithan v. State, 324 S.W.3d 582, 591 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Furthermore, the
Court of Criminal Appeals noted that because the three definitions of assault in
Penal Code Section 22.01(a) are “three distinct criminal offenses,”
[a] contrary decision in this case would be inconsistent with this
legislative intent and would amount to a holding that, in every bodily-
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injury-assault case involving physical contact, the State is required to
prove, as an element of that bodily-injury-assault case, that the
defendant also knew or should have reasonably believed that the
complainant would regard that contact as offensive.
Id. (citing Landrian v. State, 268 S.W.3d 532, 540 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008)).
Because offensive-contact assault is not within the proof necessary to establish
bodily-injury assault, it is not a lesser-included offense. See McKithan, 324 S.W.3d
at 591, 594.
Because we have determined that offensive-contact assault is not a lesser-
included offense of bodily-injury assault as a matter of law, it is unnecessary to
consider the second step of the Bullock test. We overrule Washington’s fifth issue.
Conclusion
Having overruled all of Washington’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s
judgment.
Richard Hightower
Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Higley and Hightower.
Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
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