People v. Denize ( 2015 )

Filed 5/13/15
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE, H039974
(Santa Clara County
Plaintiff and Respondent, Super. Ct. No. 179647)
v.
MAX HENRY DENIZE,
Defendant and Appellant.
Defendant Max Henry Denize is currently serving two consecutive “Three
Strikes” life sentences for 1996 convictions for grand theft (Pen. Code, §§ 484, 487,
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subd. (a)) and assault with a deadly weapon (§ 245, subd. (a)(1)) with a true finding on
an allegation of personal use of a deadly weapon (§ 1192.7, subd. (c)(23)). In 2013, an
attorney employed by the Santa Clara County Public Defender’s Office filed a petition
under section 1170.126 on defendant’s behalf seeking appointment of counsel and a
finding that defendant was eligible for “possible resentencing.” The attorney declared
that she was “informed and believe[d] that Mr. Denize’s third qualifying conviction was
for a non violent non serious offense” and that there were no disqualifying enhancements
or factors. The superior court denied the petition without appointing counsel. Its order
stated: “According to the Information, forms of verdict and abstract of judgment,
1
Statutory references are to the Penal Code.
Defendant’s third conviction was assault with a deadly weapon with the further allegation
that defendant personally used a dangerous and deadly weapon in the commission of that
offense (PC §245(a)(1)/667-1192.7). Defendant is ineligible for resentencing because his
current conviction is a serious felony as defined in Penal Code §1192.7[(c)](23).”
Defendant contends that the superior court erred in denying his petition without
appointing counsel. He also claims that the denial of his petition was erroneous because
his Three Strikes sentence for grand theft was eligible for resentencing under
section 1170.126. We conclude that he was not entitled to appointment of counsel
because his petition failed to state a prima facie case. We also conclude that an inmate
serving two Three Strikes life sentences, one for a serious offense and one for a
nonserious offense, is not eligible for resentencing under section 1170.126.
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I. Background
In December 1994, defendant went to a Sunnyvale Home Depot, placed several
“very expensive” items in his cart, removed the “sensormatic” theft-detection tags from
the items, and pushed his cart past a closed register without making any attempt to stop
and pay for the items in the cart. His conduct was observed by Home Depot employees.
As he headed for an exit, a Home Depot cashier approached him and asked to see his
receipt. Defendant became “mad and upset” and “started talking real loud.” A Home
Depot assistant manager intervened and told defendant that he could not leave with the
merchandise without a receipt. Defendant “took off,” abandoned the cart along with the
merchandise near the exit, and ran into the parking lot.
2
At defendant’s request, we have taken judicial notice of the appellate record in his
appeal from the judgment.
2
The assistant manager pursued defendant and told defendant that he was “under
arrest for shoplifting.” Defendant opened his car door and got into the driver’s seat.
Defendant tried to punch the assistant manager in the face, but the assistant manager
deflected the blows. With the assistant manager standing between the open car door and
the car and reaching into the car to try to pull defendant out of the car, defendant looked
the assistant manager “straight in the eyes,” “put the car in reverse and peeled out
backwards.” The car moved backward with “[g]reat acceleration,” and the car door
“slammed” into the assistant manager’s back. The car door was bent backward by the
force of its contact. Defendant “[s]lammed his car into forward gear and took off.” He
was stopped by police and arrested. Two boxed, unopened items of Home Depot
merchandise were found in defendant’s car. The sensormatic tags had been torn off of
both boxes.
Defendant was convicted by jury trial of grand theft, assault with a deadly
weapon, possession of stolen property (§ 496), second degree burglary (§§ 459, 460,
subd. (b)), and petty theft with a prior (§ 666). An allegation that the assault had
involved personal use of a deadly weapon was found true by the jury, and the court found
true allegations that he had suffered three prior serious felony and strike convictions
within the meaning of sections 667, subdivisions (a) and (b) to (i) and 1170.12, and had
served a prison term for a prior felony conviction (§ 667.5, subd. (b)). Defendant was
committed to state prison for a term of 66 years to life, which included consecutive 25
years to life terms for the assault and grand theft convictions. On appeal, this court
affirmed the judgment after modifying it to strike the petty theft conviction and one of the
section 667, subdivision (a) enhancements, thereby reducing his prison sentence to 61
years to life. In 2013, his petition seeking recall of his sentence under section 1170.126
was denied.
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II. Discussion
A. Failure to Appoint Counsel
Defendant contends that the trial court violated his federal constitutional right to
the assistance of counsel when it denied his petition without appointing counsel.
“The Sixth Amendment right to the assistance of counsel applies at all critical
stages of a criminal proceeding in which the substantial rights of a defendant are at stake.
[Citation.]” (People v. Crayton (2002) 28 Cal.4th 346, 362.) Thus, a defendant is
entitled to the assistance of counsel at a sentencing hearing. (See Gardner v. Florida
(1977) 430 U.S. 349, 358.) But the initial screening of a section 1170.126 petition to
determine eligibility for resentencing is not a sentencing hearing.
Relying on People v. Shipman (1965) 62 Cal.2d 226 (Shipman) and In re Clark
(1993) 5 Cal.4th 750 (Clark), defendant argues that there is a right to counsel in
postconviction proceedings where a prima facie case for relief is made. Shipman held
that a petitioner who has made a prima facie case for coram nobis relief is entitled to the
appointment of counsel. (Shipman, at pp. 232-233.) Clark held that a petitioner who has
made a prima facie case leading to issuance of an order to show cause as to the validity of
a judgment is also entitled to the appointment of counsel. (Clark, at p. 780.)
Defendant’s claim fails because his petition did not make a prima facie case that
he was eligible for resentencing under section 1170.126. A section 1170.126 petition is
required to “specify all of the currently charged felonies, which resulted in the [Three
Strikes sentence], and shall also specify all of the prior [strike] convictions . . . .”
(§ 1170.126, subd. (d).) Defendant’s petition did not meet these very minimal statutory
requirements. It did not “specify” any of the “currently charged felonies” or any of his
prior strike convictions. Instead, it was accompanied by a declaration of an attorney that
she was “informed and believe[d] that Mr. Denize’s third qualifying conviction was for a
non violent non serious offense” and that there were no disqualifying enhancements or
factors. By failing to make even the most minimal effort to comply with the statutory
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requirements, defendant’s petition failed to state a prima facie case that would have
merited the appointment of counsel.
Defendant maintains that section 1170.126 provides every petitioner with “a
presumptive entitlement to be resentenced once he establishes that he qualifies under the
Act.” The problem here is that defendant’s petition did not make even a minimal
showing that he was eligible for resentencing under section 1170.126. The mere filing of
a petition that lacks any substantive content, like the one filed by defendant, cannot create
any “presumptive entitlement” to resentencing if eligible because it lacks the information
that the statute requires the petition to provide in order to trigger an evaluation of
eligibility. Accordingly, defendant’s petition did not entitle him to the appointment of
counsel.
B. Denial of Petition
Defendant asserts that the superior court’s denial of his petition was erroneous
because, although he was ineligible for resentencing as to the Three Strikes sentence he
was serving for his assault conviction (a serious felony conviction due to the personal use
finding), he believes that he was eligible for resentencing as to the Three Strikes sentence
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he was serving for his nonserious grand theft conviction.
This issue is one of statutory construction. The Three Strikes Reform Act of 2012
(the Reform Act) enacted section 1170.126 and amended sections 667 and 1170.12. The
primary purpose of the Reform Act was to “Restore the Three Strikes law to the public’s
3
This issue is currently pending before the California Supreme Court in People v.
Machado (2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 1044, review granted July 30, 2014, S219819 and
Braziel v. Superior Court (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 933, review granted July 30, 2014,
S218503. Although the superior court’s order did not mention or address this issue, its
denial of defendant’s petition necessarily resolved this issue against him. Thus, this issue
is properly before us.
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original understanding by requiring life sentences only when a defendant’s current
conviction is for a violent or serious crime.” (Voter Information Guide, Gen. Elect.
(Nov. 6, 2012) p. 105.) The prospective portion of the Reform Act amended sections 667
and 1170.12 to bar a Three Strikes life sentence for a current offense that was “not a
serious or violent felony” unless the prosecution pleaded and proved an enumerated
disqualifying circumstance. (§§ 667, subd. (e)(2)(C), 1170.12, subd. (c)(2)(C).) The
retrospective portion of the Reform Act enacted section 1170.126 to create a procedure
that could be utilized by a person serving a Three Strikes life sentence “upon
conviction . . . of a felony or felonies that are not defined as serious and/or violent” to
“file a petition for a recall of sentence . . . to request resentencing in accordance with the
provisions of subdivision (e) of Section 667, and subdivision (c) of Section 1170.12, as
those statutes have been amended by the act that added this section.” (§ 1170.126,
subd. (b).)
Section 1170.126 provides: “The resentencing provisions under [section
1170.126] and related statutes are intended to apply exclusively to persons presently
serving an indeterminate term of imprisonment pursuant to paragraph (2) of
subdivision (e) of Section 667 or paragraph (2) of subdivision (c) of Section 1170.12,
whose sentence under this act would not have been an indeterminate life sentence.”
(§ 1170.126, subd. (a).) “Any person serving an indeterminate [Three Strikes] term of
life imprisonment . . . upon conviction, whether by trial or plea, of a felony or felonies
that are not defined as serious and/or violent felonies by subdivision (c) of Section 667.5
or subdivision (c) of Section 1192.7, may file a petition for a recall of sentence . . . to
request resentencing in accordance with the provisions of subdivision (e) of Section 667,
and subdivision (c) of Section 1170.12, as those statutes have been amended by the act
that added this section.” (§ 1170.126, subd. (b).) “An inmate is eligible for resentencing
if: [¶] (1) The inmate is serving an indeterminate [Three Strikes] term of life
imprisonment . . . for a conviction of a felony or felonies that are not defined as serious
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and/or violent felonies by subdivision (c) of Section 667.5 or subdivision (c) of Section
1192.7. [¶] (2) The inmate’s current sentence was not imposed for any of the offenses
appearing in clauses (i) to (iii), inclusive, of subparagraph (C) of paragraph (2) of
subdivision (e) of Section 667 or clauses (i) to (iii), inclusive, of subparagraph (C) of
paragraph (2) of subdivision (c) of Section 1170.12. [¶] (3) The inmate has no prior
convictions for any of the offenses appearing in clause (iv) of subparagraph (C) of
paragraph (2) of subdivision (e) of Section 667 or clause (iv) of subparagraph (C) of
paragraph (2) of subdivision (c) of Section 1170.12.” (§ 1170.126, subd. (e).)
Our task is to determine whether the voters intended for section 1170.126 to
preclude a defendant from obtaining retrospective relief where he or she is serving
multiple indeterminate Three Strikes life terms, one of which is for a serious or violent
offense and one of which is for a nonserious, nonviolent offense that would not have been
punished by a life sentence under the prospective portion of the Reform Act.
“[O]ur interpretation of a ballot initiative is governed by the same rules that apply
in construing a statute enacted by the Legislature. [Citations.] We therefore first look to
‘the language of the statute, affording the words their ordinary and usual meaning and
viewing them in their statutory context.’ [Citations.] Once the electorate’s intent has
been ascertained, the provisions must be construed to conform to that intent. [Citation.]
‘[W]e may not properly interpret the measure in a way that the electorate did not
contemplate: the voters should get what they enacted, not more and not less.’ ” (People
v. Park (2013) 56 Cal.4th 782, 796.) “When the language is ambiguous, ‘we refer to
other indicia of the voters’ intent, particularly the analyses and arguments contained in
the official ballot pamphlet.’ [Citation.] If a penal statute is still reasonably susceptible
to multiple constructions, then we ordinarily adopt the ‘ “construction which is more
favorable to the offender . . . .” ’ ” (People v. Rizo (2000) 22 Cal.4th 681, 685-686.)
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4
We need not look beyond the statutory language here. While the Reform Act
does not explicitly address this issue, the statutory language necessarily precludes
defendant from succeeding on his claim. Although the intent of the Reform Act was to
require “life sentences only when a defendant’s current conviction is for a violent or
serious crime” (Voter Information Guide, Gen. Elect. (Nov. 6, 2012) p. 105), this is the
general purpose of the Reform Act as a whole, not specifically the purpose of the
retrospective portion of the Reform Act. In any case, this general purpose does not
dictate whether defendant’s claim succeeds or fails. He does have a current conviction
for a serious crime and received “life sentences,” which is facially consistent with this
general statement of purpose. To resolve defendant’s claim, we must turn first to
section 1170.126, subdivision (a), which identifies the purpose of the retrospective
portion of the Reform Act.
Section 1170.126, subdivision (a) identifies the targets of the retrospective
provisions as “persons presently serving an indeterminate term of imprisonment [under
the Three Strikes law], whose sentence under this act [(the Reform Act)] would not have
been an indeterminate life sentence.” (§ 1170.126, subd. (a), italics added.) This clause
does not support a claim that the voters intended for a person in defendant’s position to
fall within the purview of the retrospective portion of the Reform Act. A person like
defendant who is serving two Three Strikes life terms, one of which is for a serious
offense and another of which is for a nonserious offense, is “presently serving an
indeterminate term” under the Three Strikes law. But it is not true that he would not have
4
The ballot pamphlet adds nothing to the statutory language. Its only relevant
language is the statement, “The measure limits eligibility for resentencing to third strikers
whose current offense is nonserious, non-violent . . . .” (Voter Information Guide, Gen.
Elect. (Nov. 6, 2012) p. 50.) This statement does not address the situation where a
defendant has multiple current offenses.
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been sentenced to an indeterminate life term under the prospective portion of the Reform
Act. A person who is sentenced under the prospective portion of the Reform Act for both
a nonserious conviction and a serious conviction will be sentenced to an indeterminate
life term. Hence, under section 1170.126, subdivision (a), defendant is not among those
persons targeted by the retrospective portion of the Reform Act. While it is true that he
received two life terms, while a person sentenced under the prospective portion of the
Reform Act for his convictions would receive only one life term, section 1170.126,
subdivision (a) does not identify those serving two life terms as among those eligible to
benefit from its provisions if at least one of those life terms would have been imposed
under the prospective portion of the Reform Act.
Subdivisions (b) and (e) of section 1170.126 contain statutory language that
conclusively rebuts defendant’s contention. The voters identified those who may file
petitions as “[a]ny person serving an indeterminate [Three Strikes] term of life
imprisonment . . . upon conviction, whether by trial or plea, of a felony or felonies that
are not defined as serious and/or violent felonies . . . .” (§ 1170.126, subd. (b), italics and
boldface added.) The voters also provided that one of the eligibility criteria is that “[t]he
inmate is serving an indeterminate [Three Strikes] term of life imprisonment . . . for a
conviction of a felony or felonies that are not defined as serious and/or violent
felonies . . . .” (§ 1170.126, subd. (e)(1), italics added.) If the voters had intended to use
the word “term” to mean only a single life sentence for a single offense, they would not
have referred to a “term . . . for a conviction of a felony or felonies . . . .” (Italics added.)
Three Strikes life terms are imposed on a count-by-count basis, so there cannot be a
single Three Strikes life term imposed for multiple “felonies.” The voters’ use of the
words “felony or felonies” illuminates their intent with regard to multiple sentences.
When the voters referred to a “[Three Strikes] term . . . for . . . felonies,” they necessarily
meant to include an aggregate of multiple Three Strikes life sentences. We cannot ignore
the voters’ inclusion of the “or felonies” language, and this language has no apparent
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meaning other than to reference an aggregate of multiple Three Strikes life sentences for
multiple felonies. “[A] statute should not be given a construction that results in rendering
one of its provisions nugatory.” (People v. Craft (1986) 41 Cal.3d 554, 560.)
When we read section 1170.126 with the understanding that the voters intended its
references to “an indeterminate [Three Strikes] term” and “an indeterminate life
sentence” to include a term that is an aggregate of multiple Three Strikes life sentences,
we can readily discern that the voters did not intend for retrospective relief to be available
to those inmates serving two Three Strikes sentences, one of which was imposed for a
serious conviction and the other for a nonserious conviction. A person serving an
aggregate sentence of an indeterminate Three Strikes life term for one or more felonies is
eligible only if he or she would not have received an indeterminate life term under the
prospective portion of the Reform Act. A person with both a serious conviction and a
nonserious conviction would receive a life sentence under the prospective portion of the
Reform Act because he or she would receive a life term for the serious offense.
Because the statutory language necessarily excludes defendant from the class of
those eligible for retrospective relief, his claim cannot succeed. Under section 1170.126,
a person who received Three Strikes sentences for both a serious offense and a
nonserious offense is not within the purview of the Reform Act’s retrospective portion,
may not file a petition under section 1170.126, and is ineligible for resentencing under its
provisions.
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III. Disposition
The order is affirmed.
_______________________________
Mihara, J.
I CONCUR:
_____________________________
Bamattre-Manoukian, Acting P. J.
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Grover, J. Dissenting.
With Proposition 36, also known as the Three Strikes Reform Act of 2012, voters
amended Penal Code sections 667 and 1170.12 so that a Three Strikes life prison term
applies only where the third strike offense is a serious or violent felony or the prosecution
pleads and proves an enumerated triggering factor. (Pen. Code, §§ 667, subd. (e)(2)(A),
(C), 1172.12, subd. (c)(2)(C).) Proposition 36 also created a procedure for resentencing
inmates previously sentenced to an indeterminate term under the Three Strikes law
“whose sentence under this act would not have been an indeterminate life sentence.”
(Pen. Code, § 1170.126, subd. (a).) Penal Code section 1170.126 does not expressly
address whether a person serving two consecutive life sentences imposed under the Three
Strikes law—one for a qualifying nonserious, nonviolent felony and the other for a
disqualifying offense—is eligible to be resentenced on the qualifying felony. This issue
is now pending before our Supreme Court in In re Machado (2014)
226 Cal.App.4th 1044, review granted July 30, 2014, S219819 (Machado), with oral
argument presently set for May 27, 2015.
I fully embrace the reasoning of the appellate court in Machado, necessitating my
dissent here. The plain language of Penal Code section 1170.126 is consistent with the
conclusion that an inmate who meets the criteria in Penal Code section 1170.126,
subdivisions (e)(2) and (e)(3) is eligible for resentencing on a third strike term that was
imposed for a nonserious and nonviolent commitment offense, notwithstanding
ineligibility on a disqualifying offense. Voters’ silence or ambiguity on the issue
presented here demands application of the rule of lenity resulting in an interpretation
favorable to defendant.
Such a construction is also consistent with arguments presented to the voters in
support of Proposition 36: That the measure would save money and prison space while
continuing to mandate indeterminate prison terms for dangerous offenders. (Voter
Information Guide, Gen. Elec. (Nov. 6, 2012), p. 52.) In keeping with the aims of
conserving resources while ensuring public safety, resentencing defendant here would not
be a meaningless exercise. If defendant is resentenced, he will be parole-eligible at
roughly age 69 instead of 91. If, however, the trial court determines in its discretion “that
resentencing [defendant] would pose an unreasonable risk of danger to public safety”
(Pen. Code, § 1170.126, subd. (f)), defendant’s resentencing petition will be denied.
On the issue of the right to counsel, I agree with the majority’s rejection of
defendant’s claim, but I do so for different reasons. In my view, defendant is not entitled
to counsel under the Sixth Amendment because a Penal Code section 1170.126,
subdivision (e) eligibility determination is not a critical stage of a criminal prosecution.
(Iowa v. Tovar (2004) 541 U.S. 77, 80–81; People v. Ebert (1988) 199 Cal.App.3d 40,
44.) Although due process may require the appointment of counsel in post-judgment
proceedings (see In re Clark (1993) 5 Cal.4th 750, 780, People v. Shipman (1965)
62 Cal.2d 226, 232–233), defendant has not demonstrated that fundamental fairness
requires the appointment of counsel at this threshold stage; because he seeks counsel to
argue a legal issue resolved by this appeal, his due process claim is moot.
I would reverse the judgment and direct the trial court to consider defendant’s
eligibility for resentencing under Penal Code section 1170.126 with respect to his grand
theft conviction.
____________________________________________
Grover, J.
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Trial Court: Santa Clara County Superior Court
Trial Judge: Honorable Linda R. Clark
Attorney for Defendant and Appellant: William Robinson
Under Appointment by the Sixth District
Appellate Program
Attorneys for Plaintiff and Respondent: Kamala D. Harris
Attorney General of California
Dane R. Gillette
Chief Assistant Attorney General
Gerald A. Engler
Senior Assistant Attorney General
Eric D. Share
Supervising Deputy Attorney General
Huy T. Luong
Deputy Attorney General