KBG Investments, LLC v. Greenspoint Property Owners' Association, Inc. , 478 S.W.3d 111 ( 2015 )

Affirmed as Modified and Opinion filed October 1, 2015.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
NO. 14-14-00484-CV
KBG INVESTMENTS, LLC, Appellant
V.
GREENSPOINT PROPERTY OWNERS’ ASSOCIATION, INC., Appellee
On Appeal from the 113th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 2013-20114
OPINION
In this action by a property owners’ association to enforce a restrictive
covenant, the property owner challenges the summary judgment against it and the
award of statutory damages for the property owner’s violations of the covenant.
Although we conclude that the property owner failed to raise a genuine issue of
material fact precluding summary judgment, we hold that the statutory damages
awarded constitute exemplary damages, which are available only if the claimant
also is awarded more than a nominal amount of other damages for the cause of
action. Because the property owners’ association was awarded no actual damages,
we conclude that the trial court erred in awarding it statutory damages. We
therefore modify the trial court’s judgment to eliminate the award of statutory
damages and affirm the judgment as modified.
I. BACKGROUND
Appellant KBG Investments, LLC owns a commercial tract in Greenspoint
Subdivision, which is subject to a Declaration of Covenants, Conditions and
Restrictions (“the Declaration”). Appellee Greenspoint Property Owners’
Association, Inc. (“Greenspoint”) administers and enforces the provisions of the
Declaration. According to Greenspoint’s petition, KBG sought and obtained
permission from the Architectural Review Committee to paint the exterior of its
building a certain color and to post at specified locations two “International Market
Place” signs. Rather than acting on this approval, KBG painted its building an
unapproved bright yellow color and erected two “Now Open” signs and two
“International Flea Market” signs at non-approved locations.
Greenspoint sued for permanent injunctive relief requiring KBG to remedy
the violations. In addition, Greenspoint sought declaratory relief that the lien it had
placed on KBG’s property to secure payment of attorneys’ fees, costs, and interest
was valid. Finally, Greenspoint sought foreclosure of the lien and an award of
statutory damages pursuant to section 202.004(c) of the Texas Property Code.
Greenspoint successfully moved for traditional summary judgment on its request
for a permanent injunction. The trial court additionally awarded Greenspoint
$10,400 in statutory damages, together with attorney’s fees, costs, and interest.
In two issues, KBG argues that the trial court erred in granting summary
judgment and in awarding statutory damages.
2
II. SUMMARY JUDGMENT
A movant for traditional summary judgment has the burden of showing that
there is no genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors,
Inc. v. Fielding, 289 S.W.3d 844, 848 (Tex. 2009). If the movant initially
establishes a right to summary judgment on the issues expressly presented in the
motion, then the burden shifts to the nonmovant to present to the trial court any
issues or evidence that would preclude summary judgment. See City of Houston v.
Clear Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671, 678–79 (Tex. 1979). When reviewing a
traditional summary judgment, we consider all the evidence in the light most
favorable to the nonmovant, crediting evidence favorable to the nonmovant if a
reasonable factfinder could, and disregarding contrary evidence unless a
reasonable factfinder could not. See Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572,
582 (Tex. 2006).
A. Condition Precedent
KBG first argues that the trial court erred in granting Greenspoint’s motion
for summary judgment because Greenspoint neither alleged nor proved that all
conditions precedent had been performed or had occurred. The record does not
support KBG’s argument. Greenspoint alleged in its petition that “[a]ll conditions
precedent to filing this suit and Plaintiff’s right to recovery have been performed or
have occurred.” A party that makes such a general averment in its pleading is
required to prove that allegation only to the extent that it is specifically denied by
the opposing party. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 54. Because KBG did not specifically
deny that any condition precedent had been fulfilled, Greenspoint was not required
to prove the contrary.
3
B. Affirmative Defenses of Estoppel, Laches, Unclean Hands, and Waiver
KBG next contends that the summary judgment must be reversed because a
review of the entire record in the light most favorable to KBG reveals that there are
material issues of fact regarding KBG’s affirmative defenses of estoppel, laches,
unclean hands, and waiver. This argument, however, fails to take into
consideration KBG’s burden in response to the summary-judgment motion.
Any issues that a non-movant contends avoid summary judgment must be
expressed in a written response or answer to the motion. See Sandhu v. Pinglia
Invs. of Tex., L.L.C., No. 14-08-00184-CV, 2009 WL 1795032, at *6 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] June 25, 2009, pet. denied) (mem. op.). Such issues include
any affirmative defenses that the nonmovant contends are sufficient to defeat
summary judgment. See Clear Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d at 678 (“[T]he non-
movant must expressly present to the trial court any reasons seeking to avoid
movant’s entitlement [to summary judgment], such as those set out in rules 93 and
94 . . . .”); Sharma v. Vinmar Int’l, Ltd., 231 S.W.3d 405, 421–22 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.) (characterizing the unclean-hands doctrine as
an affirmative defense); TEX. R. CIV. P. 94 (identifying estoppel, laches, and
waiver as affirmative defenses). Affirmative defenses that are raised in the non-
movant’s pleadings but are not expressly asserted in a summary-judgment response
or other answer to the motion cannot be considered on appeal as grounds for
reversal. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Clear Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d at 678.
The affirmative defenses of estoppel, laches, and unclean hands are not
mentioned in KBG’s summary-judgment response. Thus, we cannot consider
these as grounds for reversal.
Waiver is mentioned in KBG’s summary-judgment response only in the
conclusory sentence, “Only after the Plaintiff had effectively waived all its rights
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as to the Defendant’s actions, did the Plaintiff start making its assertions and
demands.” KBG did not state the factual basis for its conclusion that Greenspoint
had waived all of its rights before ever making an assertion or a demand. KBG
neither referred to any law, nor cited any evidence.
Even assuming, without deciding, that this bare assertion was sufficient to
raise the issue of whether summary judgment was precluded by the affirmative
defense of waiver, KBG still was required to offer summary-judgment proof of
each element of the defense. See Richardson v. Office Bldgs. of Hous., 704 S.W.2d
373, 376 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1985, no writ) (citing Seale v. Nichols,
505 S.W.2d 251, 254 (Tex. 1974)). “The elements of waiver include (1) an
existing right, benefit, or advantage held by a party; (2) the party’s actual
knowledge of its existence; and (3) the party’s actual intent to relinquish the right,
or intentional conduct inconsistent with the right.” Ulico Cas. Co. v. Allied Pilots
Ass’n, 262 S.W.3d 773, 778 (Tex. 2008) (citing Tenneco Inc. v. Enter. Prods. Co.,
925 S.W.2d 640, 643 (Tex. 1996)). In its response to the summary-judgment
motion, KBG mentioned none of these elements.
On appeal, it appears to be KBG’s position that Greenspoint’s right to object
to KBG’s paint and signs or to sue for KBG’s violation of the restrictive covenant
was waived pursuant to Article V, Section 1 of the Declarations That section
provides that no additions or improvements shall be erected or placed on the
property “until the construction plans and specifications including . . . colors
[and] . . . signs . . . have been submitted to and approved in writing by the
Architectural Review Committee . . . .” If the Architectural Review Committee
“fails to approve or disapprove such plans and specifications within thirty (30)
days after the receipt thereof, they shall be deemed to be approved . . . .”
KBG does not dispute Greenspoint’s uncontroverted evidence that KBG
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sought and obtained approval to paint the building a certain color and to post two
“International Market Place” signs in designated locations, and that KBG instead
painted the building an unapproved color and erected four unapproved signs at
other locations. KBG instead argues that the affidavit of Gurminder Singh,
attached to its summary-judgment response, raised a genuine issue of material fact
about whether Greenspoint failed to timely respond to a written request for
approval of these modifications. KBG contends that by failing to timely respond
to the modification request, Greenspoint tacitly approved KBG’s current paint and
signage choices and waived its right to an injunction requiring KBG to repaint its
building and remove its current signs. Specifically, Singh attested that after he was
told that the building’s color was unacceptable, he met with Greenspoint’s Board
of Trustees in February 2012. Singh states that he asked the Board to “consider
allowing me to maintain the color,” and that the Board asked him “to write an
explanation letter.” Singh says that he also asked “to be allowed to change my
signs,” and that he “was told then to put it in writing.” According to Singh, he sent
the letter in March 2012, but the Board “was unresponsive.” In addition, Singh
stated that after receiving a letter from Greenspoint’s attorney in June 2012, he
contacted the attorney and asked “that they reconsider their complaint.” Singh
says, “I was told to send a letter to the attorney and that they would present it.
Again, I heard nothing for an extended period of time.”
We disagree that Singh’s affidavit constitutes evidence sufficient to raise a
genuine issue of material fact about whether Greenspoint waived its right to
enforce the Declaration by failing to timely respond to a written request made
pursuant to Article V, Section 1. Under the terms of that section, Greenspoint’s
duty to timely approve or disapprove of a property owner’s paint and signage
choices is triggered by the Architectural Review Committee’s “receipt” of the
6
property owner’s “plans and specifications.” There is no evidence that Singh’s
March 2012 letter contained the “plans and specifications” required under Article
V, Section 1, or that it was received by the Architectural Review Committee.
Although Singh also attested that he was told to send a letter to Greenspoint’s
attorney sometime in or after June 2012, there is no evidence that he did so.
Because there is legally insufficient evidence that Greenspoint’s
Architectural Review Committee received “plans and specifications” concerning
KBG’s current paint and sign choices as required by Article V, Section 1 of the
Declaration, there is no evidence that Greenspoint failed to timely approve or
disapprove such plans and specifications. We accordingly overrule KBG’s first
issue.
III. STATUTORY DAMAGES
Section 202.004(c) of the Texas Property Code provides that “[a] court may
assess civil damages for the violation of a restrictive covenant in an amount not to
exceed $200 for each day of the violation.” TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. § 202.004(c)
(West 2014) (emphasis added). Because the statute places such an award within
the trial court’s discretion, we apply an abuse-of-discretion standard of review.
Sanchez v. Southampton Civic Club, Inc., 367 S.W.3d 429, 433 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.) (corrected op.). “Abuse of discretion,”
however, “means different things in different contexts.” See Schuring v. Fosters
Mill Vill. Cmty. Ass’n, 396 S.W.3d 73, 76 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013,
pet. denied). Here, KBG argues that the “civil damages” awarded to Greenspoint
are “exemplary damages,” and that the restrictions found in Chapter 41 of the
Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code on awards of exemplary damages apply.
This is a matter of statutory construction, which is a question of law subject to de
novo review. See Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Needham, 82 S.W.3d 314, 318 (Tex.
7
2002); see also Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 840 (Tex. 1992) (orig.
proceeding) (“A trial court has no ‘discretion’ in determining what the law is or
applying the law to the facts.”).
Both our court and our sister court have concluded that these civil damages
are punitive damages. “Damages assessed under section 202.004(c) of the
Property Code are unrelated to the type or extent of injury or harm.” Sanchez, 367
S.W.3d at 436. As such, they are “punitive rather than compensatory.” Id. (citing
Uptegraph v. Sandalwood Civic Club, 312 S.W.3d 918, 937 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2010, no pet.)).
KBG argues that because such damages are “punitive rather than
compensatory,” see id., they constitute “exemplary damages” under Chapter 41 of
the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE
ANN. § 41.001(5) (West 2015) (“‘Exemplary damages’ means any damages
awarded as a penalty or by way of punishment but not for compensatory
purposes. . . . ‘Exemplary damages’ includes punitive damages.”). KBG then
argues that because Greenspoint recovered no actual damages, the award of
statutory civil damages is precluded. See id. § 41.004(a) (“[E]xemplary damages
may be awarded only if damages other than nominal damages are awarded.”).
In response, Greenspoint points out that our sister court has held that section
202.004(c) does not require proof of actual damages as a prerequisite to the
assessment of statutory damages. See Uptegraph, 312 S.W.3d at 938 (“[E]vidence
of actual damages is not a prerequisite to the assessment of damages under section
202.004(c) . . . .”). But in neither Uptegraph nor Sanchez did the parties argue that
Chapter 41 precludes recovery of these statutory damages in the absence of actual
damages. The parties before us have not cited, and our own research has not
discovered, any Texas case that has addressed that question.
8
An analogous question was presented—but not answered—in Flores v.
Millennium Interests, Ltd., 185 S.W.3d 427 (Tex. 2005), a case addressing
questions certified to the court by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. In Flores, the
Texas Supreme Court concluded that a “liquidated damages” provision in section
5.077(c) of the Texas Property Code1 was really a punitive-damages provision, and
held that the claimants were not required to “prove actual harm or injury to recover
statutory damages,” because the court found “nothing in the statute to suggest such
a requirement.” Id. at 434 (emphasis added); see also Henderson v. Love, 181
S.W.3d 810, 817 n.7 ((Tex. App.—Texarkana 2005, no pet.) (concluding that “the
court was speaking just of Section 5.077 standing alone and not speaking to
whether the provisions of Chapter 41 apply”). Significantly, however, the court
“decline[d] to decide at this time whether these statutory damages are also
‘exemplary damages’ within the meaning of Chapter 41.” See Flores, 185 S.W.3d
at 434. The court accordingly did not answer the question of whether “a purchaser
must also comply with the requirements of Chapter 41 [of the Texas Civil Practice
and Remedies Code] to collect these statutory damages.” Id. (emphasis added).
Three dissenting justices would have reached that question, and would have
concluded that Chapter 41 did apply to the statutory damages at issue in that case.
See id. (Brister, J., dissenting).2
The Fifth Circuit has once again certified a similar issue to the Texas
Supreme Court in connection with another statute that provides for a civil penalty
1
Act of May 18, 2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 693, § 1, sec. 5.077, 2001 TEX. GEN. LAWS
1319, 1326, amended by Act of May 26, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 978, § 5, 2005 TEX. GEN.
LAWS 3280, 3282, and Act of May 30, 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., ch. 996, § 6, 2015 TEX. SESS. LAW
SERV. 3528, 3528–29 (West).
2
The courts that have addressed that question concluded that the statutory damages at
issue in Flores constituted exemplary damages to which Chapter 41 applies. See Smith v. Davis,
462 S.W.3d 604, 613 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2015, pet. denied) (op. on reh’g); Henderson, 181
S.W.3d at 816–17.
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without any actual damages: the Texas Optometry Act.3 The two certified
questions are:
1. Whether an action for a “civil penalty” under the Texas
Optometry Act is an “action in which a claimant seeks damages
relating to a cause of action” within the meaning of Chapter 41
of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. In other
words, are civil penalties awarded under Tex. Occ. Code
§ 351.605 “damages” as that term is used in Tex. Civ. Prac. &
Rem. Code § 41.002(a).
2. If civil penalties awarded under the Texas Optometry Act are
“damages” as that term is used in Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code
§ 41.002(a), whether they are “exemplary damages” such that
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 41.004(a) precludes their
recovery in any case where a plaintiff does not receive damages
other than nominal damages.
Forte v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 780 F.3d 272, 283 (5th Cir. 2015). These are
similar to the two questions that we must answer in this appeal, but under a
different statute. We stress, however, that we are not called upon to construe
Chapter 41 in a general sense; we instead determine only the effect of Chapter 41
on section 202.004(c) of the Property Code, which concerns a trial court’s
discretionary award of specific statutory damages to a private litigant for conduct
that is not otherwise unlawful and which, in the case before us, caused no actual
damages.4
3
TEX. OCC. CODE ANN. §§ 351.001–.608 (West 2012 & Supp. 2014).
4
We express no opinion on whether the attorney general’s claim for civil penalties for
certain statutory violations would fall under Chapter 41. See AEP Tex. N. Co. v. SPA Pipe, Inc.,
No. 03-06-00122-CV, 2008 WL 5210919, at *5 n.8 (Tex. App.—Austin Dec. 12, 2008, pet.
dism’d) (mem. op.) (“Although when construing statutes, we are required to read statutes as a
whole, we are also limited by the facts as they are presented in an appeal.”).
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A. Does Greenspoint’s lawsuit fall under Chapter 41?
Greenspoint argues that the claims arising from KBG’s violation of
restrictive covenants are not governed by Chapter 41 because (1) Greenspoint did
not seek “damages,” as that term is used in the provision identifying Chapter 41’s
scope; (2) unlike section 202.004, Chapter 41 makes proof of fraud, malice or
gross negligence a prerequisite to an award of exemplary damages; (3) section
202.004 provides a lower maximum amount of damages; and (4) if applied to
section 202.004, Chapter 41 would nullify such claims for civil damages. We
examine each in turn.
1. Chapter 41’s scope
Greenspoint argues that statutory damages under section 202.004 fall outside
of Chapter 41’s scope, because Chapter 41 “applies to any action in which a
claimant seeks damages relating to a cause of action.” See TEX. CIV. PRAC. &
REM. CODE ANN. § 41.002(a) (West 2015) (emphasis added). According to
Greenspoint, this case falls outside Chapter 41 because “actual damages are not
sought in claims for breach of restrictive covenants.” Greenspoint did not seek
actual damages, but instead sought to enforce a restrictive covenant through the use
of a permanent injunction. Greenspoint also sought “civil damages” under section
202.004(c) of the Property Code. Greenspoint admits—and we agree—that these
statutory “civil damages” are not actual, compensatory damages. See Sanchez, 367
S.W.3d at 436. Thus, Greenspoint’s argument that this is not an “action in which a
claimant seeks damages relating to a cause of action” rests on the implicit
assumption that “damages,” as used in section 41.002(a), refers only to actual
compensatory damages.
We can test this assumption by examining the legislature’s use of the word
“damages” within this same provision. See City of Lorena v. BMTP Holdings,
11
L.P., 409 S.W.3d 634, 643 (Tex. 2013) (“We construe statutes to provide
consistent meaning to the same word used throughout a statute.” (citing Needham,
82 S.W.3d at 318)). The legislature used the word “damages” four times in the
first three sentences of section 41.002 without specifying whether it was referring
to compensatory damages, exemplary damages, or both. Unless the context
indicates otherwise, we can presume that in using the same word in each of these
instances, the legislature intended the word to be given the same meaning. See
TGS-NOPEC Geophysical Co. v. Combs, 340 S.W.3d 432, 439 (Tex. 2011)
(“Undefined terms in a statute are typically given their ordinary meaning, but if a
different or more precise definition is apparent from the term’s use in the context
of the statute, we apply that meaning.” (citing In re Hall, 286 S.W.3d 925, 928–29
(Tex. 2009) (orig. proceeding))).
To determine whether the legislature used the word “damages” in the first
sentence of section 41.002 to refer only to compensatory damages, let us see how
the same word is used in the next two sentences:
This chapter establishes the maximum damages that may be awarded
in an action subject to this chapter, including an action for which
damages are awarded under another law of this state. This chapter
does not apply to the extent another law establishes a lower maximum
amount of damages for a particular claim.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 41.002(b) (emphasis added). If, as
Greenspoint contends, “damages” refers exclusively to compensatory damages,
then this subsection would mean that Chapter 41 establishes a maximum only for
compensatory damages.
We know, however, that “damages” is not used in section 41.002(b) to refer
exclusively to compensatory damages, because Chapter 41 in fact sets a maximum
amount for exemplary damages. See id. § 41.008(b) (“Exemplary damages
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awarded against a defendant may not exceed an amount equal to the greater of:
(1)(A) two times the amount of economic damages; plus (B) an amount equal to
any noneconomic damages found by the jury, not to exceed $750,000; or
(2) $200,000.”).5 Because the legislature did not use the word “damages” to refer
exclusively to compensatory damages in the remainder of section 41.002, we will
not read such a restriction into the legislature’s use of the same word in the first
sentence of this section. Cf. TGS-NOPEC Geophysical Co., 340 S.W.3d at 439
(“If a statute uses a term with a particular meaning or assigns a particular meaning
to a term, we are bound by the statutory usage.”).
2. Chapter 41’s requirement of proof of fraud, malice, or gross
negligence
As a further argument that Chapter 41 does not apply to the civil damages
awarded here, Greenspoint points out that section 202.004(c) does not require
proof of a particular mens rea before civil damages may be assessed. Greenspoint
contends that the absence of such a requirement in section 202.004(c) contrasts
with section 41.003, which requires clear and convincing evidence of fraud,
malice, or gross negligence as a prerequisite to recovery of exemplary damages.
But there is no contrast between the two provisions, because the requirement that
the claimant prove fraud, malice, or gross negligence does not apply “[i]f the
claimant relies on a statute establishing a cause of action and authorizing
exemplary damages in specified circumstances or in conjunction with a specified
culpable mental state.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 41.003(c) (West
2015); see id. § 41.003(a) (providing that proof of fraud, malice, or gross
negligence is required “[e]xcept as provided in Subsection(c)”). The civil damages
5
In fact, until 2003, Chapter 41 did not limit the recovery of any other type of damages.
In 2003, section 41.0105 was added, which provides, “In addition to any other limitation under
law, recovery of medical or health care expenses incurred is limited to the amount actually paid
or incurred by or on behalf of the claimant.” Id. § 41.0105 (West 2015).
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at issue here fall within that exception. Section 202.004 is a statute that establishes
a cause of action. See TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. § 202.004(b) (“A property owners’
association or other representative designated by an owner of real property may
initiate, defend, or intervene in litigation or an administrative proceeding affecting
the enforcement of a restrictive covenant or the protection, preservation, or
operation of the property covered by the dedicatory instrument.”). The statute
authorizes a trial court to “assess civil damages” of up to $200 for each day of the
violation of a restrictive covenant, which is defined as “any covenant, condition, or
restriction contained in a dedicatory instrument, whether mandatory, prohibitive,
permissive, or administrative.” Id. §§ 202.001(4); 202.004(c). And, as discussed
further infra, these “civil damages” constitute “exemplary damages.” Thus, proof
of fraud, malice, or gross negligence is not a prerequisite to the assessment of the
damages authorized by section 202.004(c).
3. Scope of Chapter 41’s exception for claims with lower damage limits
Greenspoint also contends that Chapter 41 does not apply to claims for civil
damages under the Property Code because section 202.004(c) “establishes a lower
amount of damages that could be awarded to a plaintiff for this particular claim.”
We need not address the question of whether section 202.004(c) in fact establishes
a lower amount of damages, because in any event, Greenspoint is mistaken about
the scope of this exception.
It is incorrect to say that the entirety of Chapter 41 is inapplicable if another
law establishes a lower amount of damages that could be awarded. The exception
instead provides that Chapter 41 “does not apply to the extent another law
establishes a lower maximum amount of damages for a particular claim.” TEX.
CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 41.002(b) (emphasis added). This means that
Chapter 41 “establishes the maximum exemplary damage award, even when
14
damages are awarded under another law, unless the other law ‘establishes a lower
maximum amount of damages for a particular claim.’” Smith v. Davis, 462 S.W.3d
604, 612–13 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2015, pet. denied). If another law establishes a
lower maximum amount of damages for a particular claim, then Chapter 41’s
maximum-damages provision does not apply. That, however, is “the extent” to
which Chapter 41 is rendered inapplicable. With the sole exception of the
damages cap, all of Chapter 41’s provisions continue to apply—including the
requirement that a claimant prove actual damages in more than a nominal amount
before exemplary damages may be collected.
4. Effect of applying Chapter 41 to section 202.004
Greenspoint additionally argues that, because Chapter 41 precludes an award
of penalty damages in the absence of actual damages, we would impermissibly
nullify the civil-damages provision of section 202.004(c) if we hold that it is
subject to the limitations of Chapter 41. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.023(5)
(West 2013) (“In construing a statute, whether or not the statute is considered
ambiguous on its face, a court may consider among other matters
the . . . consequences of a particular construction . . . .”).6 It is true that even if a
party cannot recover actual damages, the party still must secure factual findings on
their existence and amount before punitive damages may be awarded. See
Nabours v. Longview Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 700 S.W.2d 901, 903 (Tex. 1985)
(stating, in a case in which the plaintiffs were granted injunctive relief, that “[e]ven
6
Although section 41.003 exempts claims for statutory damages from the requirement
that the claimant prove fraud, malice, or gross negligence, Chapter 41’s requirement that the
claimant prove actual damages as a prerequisite to an award of exemplary damages contains no
similar exemption for statutory-damage claims. Compare TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.
§ 41.003 with id. § 41.004 (“Except [where a claimant . . . elects to have his recovery multiplied
under another statute], exemplary damages may be awarded only if damages other than nominal
damages are awarded.”).
15
in cases where actual damages are not recoverable, it is still necessary to allege,
prove and secure jury findings on the existence and amount of actual damage
sufficient to support an award of punitive damage”). But Greenspoint’s argument
is based on the additional assumption that in a suit based on a property owner’s
violation of a restrictive covenant, the property owners’ association could obtain
only injunctive relief, and could never prove actual damages.
Contrary to Greenspoint’s position, the remedies of actual damages for past
harm and injunctive relief to prevent future harm are not necessarily mutually
exclusive. See, e.g., Noell v. City of Carrollton, 431 S.W.3d 682, 712 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 2014, pet. denied) (“[A] court may properly grant injunctive relief to
stop a wrong and remedy it, and award past damages to the injured party for the
period of time the wrong existed.” (citing Marin Real Estate Partners, L.P. v. Vogt,
373 S.W.3d 57, 76–77 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2011, no pet.))); Eberts v.
Businesspeople Pers. Servs., Inc., 620 S.W.2d 861, 864 (Tex. Civ. App.—Dallas
1981, no writ) (“[I]f actual damages are proved, plaintiff may be entitled to
damages for a breach that occurred before the suit was filed as well as to an
injunction restraining subsequent breaches.”), cited with approval in Schneider
Nat’l Carriers, Inc. v. Bates, 147 S.W.3d 264, 284–85 (Tex. 2004); Ivic v.
Gorsalitz, No. C14-88-00204-CV, 1989 WL 70574, at *1 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] June 29, 1989, no writ) (not designated for publication) (awarding
actual damages for past violation of a restrictive covenant and permanently
enjoining future violation); cf. Schneider Nat’l Carriers, 147 S.W.3d at 285
(explaining that it “is a rule of general application” that “future damages cannot be
recovered if a permanent injunction issues to abate them”) (emphasis added).
It is not difficult to imagine a situation in which both damages and injunctive
relief are available. For example, the Declarations in this case provide that “[n]o
16
use shall be permitted which is offensive by reason of odor . . . or pollution,” a
situation that is analogous to a trespass to land. The property owner instead is
required to maintain the property in a “safe, clean and attractive condition at all
times.” If the owner does not, then Greenspoint can have such maintenance
performed, “and the Owner or lessee shall be liable for the cost thereof.”7 Thus, if
a property owner violated these maintenance-and-use provisions and refused to
cure them, then Greenspoint could do so, and the reasonable amounts it expended
to perform necessary maintenance would be evidence of the existence and amount
of its actual compensatory damages. Faced with repeated violations, Greenspoint
additionally could seek injunctive relief, such as that available in a trespass action.
Cf. City of Arlington v. City of Fort Worth, 873 S.W.2d 765, 769 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth 1994, writ dism’d w.o.j.) (“[I]njunction is the proper remedy to restrain
repeated or continuing trespasses where the remedy at law is inadequate because of
the nature of the injury, or the multiplicity of actions necessary to obtain redress.”).
Finally, as the Texas Supreme Court has stated, the “prime canon” of
statutory construction is that “we construe statutes by first looking to the statutory
language for the Legislature’s intent, and only if we cannot discern legislative
intent in the language of the statute itself do we resort to canons of construction or
other aids.” Tex. Lottery Comm’n v. First State Bank of DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d
628, 639 (Tex. 2010) (citing City of Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621, 626
(Tex. 2008)). Where a statute’s unambiguous language discloses the legislature’s
intent that the statute will prevail to the extent that it conflicts with another law, we
7
Even in the absence of such a provision in its declarations, some property owners’
associations have a statutory right to reasonably use self-help to enforce restrictive covenants.
See TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. § 215.009(c) (West 2014) (providing that a master mixed-use
property owners’ association “may use self-help to enforce its restrictive covenants against a
residential or commercial property owner as necessary to prevent immediate harm to a person or
property, or as otherwise reasonable”) (emphasis added).
17
must give effect to that language. See id. Here, the legislature has stated
unambiguously that, with certain exceptions inapplicable here, “the provisions of
[Chapter 41] prevail over all other law to the extent of any conflict.” TEX. CIV.
PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 41.002(c) (emphasis added).8 Thus, assuming,
without deciding, that Chapter 41 conflicts with section 202.004(c) in that Chapter
41 makes an award of actual damages a prerequisite to an award of exemplary
damages while section 202.004 contains no such requirement, then Chapter 41
prevails.
We therefore conclude that Chapter 41 applies.
B. Are the civil damages under section 202.004(c) of the Texas Property
Code exemplary damages under Chapter 41?
Chapter 41 defines exemplary damages as “any damages awarded as a
penalty or by way of punishment but not for compensatory purposes. . . .
‘Exemplary damages’ includes punitive damages.” See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.
CODE ANN. § 41.001(5) (West 2015). Our court already has determined that the
civil damages under section 202.004(c) of the Texas Property Code “are punitive
rather than compensatory.” Sanchez, 367 S.W.3d at 436. Under this precedent,
civil damages under section 202.004(c) of the Property Code fall squarely within
Chapter 41’s definition of exemplary damages.
In arguing to the contrary, Greenspoint likens its claim for violation of a
restrictive covenant to a claim for breach of contract. According to Greenspoint, it
would be nonsensical to treat the statutory civil damages at issue here as exemplary
8
As previously discussed, Chapter 41 does not apply “to the extent another law
establishes a lower maximum amount of damages for a particular claim.” Id. § 41.002(b). It
also does not apply to actions under (1) the Texas Free Enterprise and Antitrust Act of 1983;
(2) the Deceptive Trade Practices-Consumer Protection Act “except as specifically provided in
Section 17.50 of that Act”; (3) Chapter 36 of the Human Resources Code; or (4) Chapter 21 of
the Insurance Code. Id. § 41.002(d).
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damages because exemplary damages are not available for a breach of contract. In
other words, Greenspoint argues that it is nonsensical to construe the statute as
providing for an award of damages that would not have been available for a
common-law breach-of-contract claim. We have rejected that interpretation,
concluding instead that “[d]amages assessed under section 202.004 of the Property
Code are unrelated to the type or extent of injury or harm caused by the violation.”
Sanchez, 367 S.W.3d at 436. Thus, we already have construed section 202.004 to
authorize the assessment of non-compensatory, punitive damages that are not
available in a common-law breach-of-contract claim.
Greenspoint also attempts to distinguish civil damages under section
202.004 from exemplary damages under Chapter 41 by pointing out that the civil
damages at issue are discretionary. See TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. § 202.004(c) (“A
court may assess civil damages for the violation of a restrictive covenant in an
amount not to exceed $200 for each day of the violation.”). Greenspoint states
that, “[b]y contrast, provided a plaintiff meets the evidentiary standards under
Chapter 41, he should be able to recover exemplary damages.” This is incorrect;
an award of exemplary damages under Chapter 41 also is discretionary. See TEX.
CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 41.010(b) (West 2015) (“Subject to the [cap on
exemplary damages], the determination of whether to award exemplary damages
and the amount of exemplary damages to be awarded is within the discretion of the
trier of fact.”).
Chapter 41 is broad in scope, and with certain limited exceptions that are
inapplicable here, its provisions “prevail over all other law to the extent of any
conflict.” Id. § 41.002(c). While the Texas Property Code would allow the
recovery of these “civil damages” without any proof of actual damages, Chapter 41
does not, and Chapter 41 prevails. It is undisputed that Greenspoint neither alleged
19
nor introduced evidence of actual damages.9 We therefore conclude that the trial
court abused its discretion in awarding Greenspoint statutory damages. We
accordingly sustain KBG’s second issue.
IV. CONCLUSION
We conclude that Greenspoint carried its burden to establish that KBG
violated the restrictive covenant by painting the exterior of its building an
unapproved color and by posting unapproved signs. The burden therefore shifted
to KBG to introduce evidence sufficient to raise a genuine issue of material fact
precluding summary judgment. Because KBG failed to meet that burden, we
affirm the portion of the judgment granting Greenspoint permanent injunctive
relief.
We further conclude that statutory “civil damages” under section 202.004(c)
of the Texas Property Code are exemplary damages, and as such, are unavailable
where the claimant sustains no other damages.
We accordingly modify the trial court’s judgment to eliminate the award of
statutory damages, and affirm the judgment as modified.10
/s/ Tracy Christopher
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Christopher, Donovan, and Wise.
9
Greenspoint’s attorney’s fees are not “damages.” See In re Nalle Plastics Family Ltd.
P’ship, 406 S.W.3d 168, 173 (Tex. 2013) (orig. proceeding) (“While attorney’s fees for the
prosecution or defense of a claim may be compensatory in that they help make a claimant whole,
they are not, and have never been, damages.”).
10
The award of attorney’s fees was not challenged on appeal.
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