Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center - El Paso v. Gloria Bustillos , 556 S.W.3d 394 ( 2018 )

COURT OF APPEALS
EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
EL PASO, TEXAS
§
TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY HEALTH No. 08-16-00164-CV
SCIENCES CENTER-EL PASO, §
Appeal from
Appellant, §
327th District Court
v. §
of El Paso County, Texas
GLORIA BUSTILLOS, §
(TC # 2015DCV3141)
Appellee. §
OPINION
This is an interlocutory appeal from the denial of a plea to the jurisdiction. Gloria Bustillos
sued Texas Tech University Health Science Center-El Paso (TTUHSC) alleging that its physicians
subjected her to a series of x-rays and invasive pelvic and anal examinations to assist U.S. Customs
and Border Protection agents in determining whether Bustillos was smuggling illegal drugs from
Mexico. No drugs were found. Bustillos sued for medical negligence, for “Assault/Battery Based
on Negligence,” and for violating her civil rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. TTUHSC filed a plea
to the jurisdiction arguing that Bustillos failed to adequately plead a waiver of its sovereign
immunity. We must decide whether TTUHSC’s Eleventh Amendment sovereign immunity has
been waived allowing Bustillos to bring a § 1983 action in state court. We must also determine
whether Bustillos adequately pled facts demonstrating that TTUHSC’s sovereign immunity was
waived under the Texas Tort Claims Act (the Act), and if not, whether Bustillos should be afforded
an opportunity to replead. We reverse the trial court’s denial of the plea to the jurisdiction and
dismiss all of Bustillos’ claims for lack of jurisdiction.
FACTAL SUMMARY
Bustillos alleged she was returning to El Paso after visiting a friend in Juarez, Mexico,
when agents detained her at the border because they suspected she was carrying illegal drugs.
They conducted a pat down search but found no drugs and conducted a canine search, but the dog
failed to alert to the presence of drugs. The agents then had Bustillos pull down her pants and
underwear and conducted a non-invasive visual search of her vaginal and anal areas, but again
found no drugs. They handcuffed and transported her to University Medical Center of El Paso1
where two TTUHSC physicians, Dr. Parsa and Dr. Solomin,2 ordered a series of x-rays to search
her body, subjecting and exposing her to unnecessary radiation. The x-rays did not reveal the
presence of drugs. The physicians then conducted an invasive pelvic and rectal exam, both of
which failed to reveal any drugs. The doctors eventually released Bustillos to the agents who
transported her back to the border and released her. She alleged that the searches humiliated and
traumatized her physically and emotionally and that she incurred medical expenses for the
unnecessary rectal and pelvic exams.3
In her second amended petition, Bustillos alleged a “Claim for Medical Negligence under
Texas Tort Claims Act” in which she complained the physicians had negligently injured her when
they “used and/or misused x-ray equipment, medical probes (including speculum), and other
1
University Medical Center of El Paso is part of the El Paso County Hospital District’s health care system. TTUHSC
is a separate entity that provides care to patients at UMC as an affiliated teaching hospital.
2
Bustillos alleged that both Dr. Parsa and Dr. Solomin were employees of TTUHSC. TTUHSC has not disputed this
allegation on appeal.
3
Bustillos states in her brief that she was billed for the doctors’ exams.
2
devices to examine Plaintiff’s vagina and rectum.” She asserted that TTUHSC had waived its
sovereign immunity for her personal injuries caused by the use or misuse of tangible personal
property under the Act. She also pled a Claim for Assault/Battery Based on Negligence, alleging
that “TTUHSC’s negligence in failing to supervise its physician employees allowed those
physicians to commit intentional torts of assault and battery on Plaintiff.”
Bustillos also brought a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against TTUHSC for its physician
employees’ violation of her civil rights to be free from unreasonable search and seizure, alleging
that the physicians knowingly violated the U.S. Constitution and law by proceeding to search her
vagina and rectum after x-rays and visual examination showed no foreign body present and did so
pursuant to an unconstitutional custom, policy and practice of performing unwarranted body cavity
searches of detained individuals.4
TTUHSU filed a plea to the jurisdiction asking the trial court to dismiss all of Bustillos’
claims for lack of jurisdiction because she had not, and could not, adequately plead that sovereign
immunity had been waived. In particular, it argued that her pleadings did not demonstrate that she
suffered an injury due to its employees’ negligent use of tangible personal property and that her
allegations of assault and battery demonstrated she was seeking to hold it liable for the intentional
torts of its physicians. It also claimed and that the Act did not waive immunity for intentional acts
or for any failure to supervise its employees. Finally, it contended that Bustillos could not maintain
4
Bustillos had originally sued Dr. Parsa, Dr. Solomin, and others in state court, without suing TTUHSC. One of the
named defendants removed the case to federal court. Bustillos subsequently added TTUHSC as a defendant in federal
court. When TTUHSC asserted its Eleventh Amendment immunity from suit, Bustillos moved to remand her whole
case back to state court. The federal court granted Bustillos’ motion in part, remanding only Bustillos’ claims against
TTUHSC because the Eleventh Amendment barred those claims. After remand, TTUHSC remained the only named
defendant in state court.
3
her § 1983 cause of action in state court because TTUHSC’s sovereign immunity under the
Eleventh Amendment had not been waived.
Bustillos responded that she had adequately pled a waiver of sovereign immunity arising
from the negligent use of tangible personal property. She argued that her assault/battery claim
based on negligence was a failure-to-supervise claim of negligently implemented policy, which
does waive sovereign immunity. Bustillos also claimed that she was not required to show a waiver
of immunity under the Act to maintain her § 1983 claim and that while the federal court is not
available for § 1983 claims against a state entity, “such claims may be brought in state courts.”
After hearing, the trial court denied the plea to the jurisdiction without specifying the reasons why.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Immunity from suit implicates a court’s subject matter jurisdiction. Sampson v. Univ. of
Texas at Austin, 500 S.W.3d 380, 384 (Tex. 2016); Rusk State Hosp. v. Black, 392 S.W.3d 88, 91
(Tex. 2012). “Whether a court has subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law, properly
asserted in a plea to the jurisdiction.” Sampson, 500 S.W.3d at 384; Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife
v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 225-26 (Tex. 2004); Tex. Dep’t of Aging & Disability Servs. v. Loya,
491 S.W.3d 920, 923 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2016, no pet.). In a plea to the jurisdiction, a defendant
may challenge either the adequacy of the plaintiff’s pleadings or the existence of jurisdictional
facts on the ground that they do not support a finding of subject matter jurisdiction. Miranda, 133
S.W.3d at 226; City of El Paso v. Collins, 483 S.W.3d 742, 748-49 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2016, no
pet.).
The plaintiff has the burden to plead facts that affirmatively demonstrate the trial court’s
jurisdiction. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 228; Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Texas Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d
440, 446 (Tex.1993); City of El Paso v. Waterblasting Techs., Inc., 491 S.W.3d 890, 894
4
(Tex.App.--El Paso 2016, no pet.). The question whether the plaintiff has alleged facts that
affirmatively demonstrate a trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law that an
appellate court reviews de novo. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226; Collins, 483 S.W.3d at 748-49.
In determining whether a plaintiff has carried her burden to allege facts sufficient to
establish subject matter jurisdiction, we review the allegations in the pleadings--accepting them as
true and construing them in the plaintiff’s favor--and any evidence relevant to the inquiry.
Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226-27; Loya, 491 S.W.3d at 923. If the pleadings do not allege facts
sufficient to affirmatively demonstrate jurisdiction, but the pleading defects are curable by
amendment, the issue is one of pleading sufficiency, and the plaintiff should be afforded an
opportunity to amend. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 226-27; Waterblasting Techs., Inc., 491 S.W.3d at
894. However, if the pleadings affirmatively negate jurisdiction, then a plea to the jurisdiction
may be granted without allowing the plaintiff an opportunity to amend. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d
227; Waterblasting Techs., Inc., 491 S.W.3d at 894.
CAN BUSTILLOS MAINTAIN AN § 1983 ACTION IN STATE COURT?
We first address whether the trial court had jurisdiction over the § 1983 cause of action.
TTUHSC contends the trial court erred in refusing to dismiss it because sovereign immunity under
the Eleventh Amendment has not been waived.5 Bustillos concedes that TTUHSC is an arm of
5
The United States Supreme Court has often referred to a state’s sovereign immunity as “Eleventh Amendment
immunity.” Alden v. Maine, 527 U.S. 706, 712-13, 119 S. Ct. 2240, 2246-47, 144 L. Ed. 2d 636 (1999). But the
Supreme Court has also recognized that “Eleventh Amendment immunity” is “something of a misnomer,” because
that immunity is really an aspect of the Supreme Court’s concept of state sovereign immunity. Id.; see also Univ. of
Tex. at El Paso v. Herrera, 322 S.W.3d 192, 195 (Tex. 2010)(“Our federal and state constitutional designs embody
the principle of state sovereignty that shields States from private suits in their own courts and in the federal courts.”).
Nevertheless, the term “Eleventh Amendment immunity” has been used interchangeably with “state sovereign
immunity” to refer to a state’s immunity from suit without its consent.
5
the state and that sovereign immunity protects it from a § 1983 suit in federal court. 6 See Will v.
Michigan Dep’t of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 66, 109 S. Ct. 2304, 2309, 105 L. Ed. 2d 45 (1989)
(Section 1983 “does not provide a federal forum for litigants who seek a remedy against a State
for alleged deprivations of civil liberties,” and this rule applies to governmental entities considered
“arms of the State”). But she claims that she can maintain her § 1983 action in state court. We
disagree.
The United States Supreme Court has clearly articulated that the Eleventh Amendment bars
suits against a state under § 1983 unless Congress has exercised its power under the Fourteenth
Amendment to override a state’s sovereign immunity or unless the state itself has waived its
immunity. Will, 491 U.S. 58, 66, 109 S. Ct. at 2309-10; Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 169,
105 S. Ct. 3099, 3107, 87 L. Ed. 2d 114 (1985); Tex. Dep’t of Aging & Disability Servs. v. Cannon,
383 S.W.3d 571, 575 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2012), aff’d, 453 S.W.3d 411 (Tex. 2015).
Congress did not abrogate the states’ sovereign immunity in enacting § 1983. Quern v. Jordan,
440 U.S. 332, 341, 99 S. Ct. 1139, 1145, 59 L. Ed. 2d 358 (1979); see also Graham, 473 U.S. at 169
n.17, 105 S. Ct. at 3107. And the Texas Legislature has not waived the State’s sovereign immunity
for § 1983 claims. See Tex. A & M Univ. Sys. v. Koseoglu, 233 S.W.3d 835, 839 (Tex. 2007)(“It
is up to the Legislature to institute such a waiver, and to date it has not seen fit to do so.”); Cannon,
383 S.W.3d at 575; In re K.G.S., No. 14-12-00673-CV, 2014 WL 801127, at *5 (Tex.App.--
6
A state agency is an arm of the state and is shielded by the sovereign immunity available to the state government.
Whitehead v. Univ. of Tex. Health Sci. Ctr. at San Antonio, 854 S.W.2d 175, 180 (Tex.App.--San Antonio 1993, no
writ); see Lowe v. Texas Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 298 (Tex. 1976). We have previously recognized that TTUHSC,
“as a state agency,” is immune from suit unless that immunity is waived. Texas Tech Univ. Health Scis. Ctr. v. Lucero,
234 S.W.3d 158, 168 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2007, pet. denied); see also TEX.GOV’T CODE ANN. § 572.002(10)(B)(West
2012)(defining a state agency to include a university system or institution of higher education).
6
Houston [14th Dist.] Feb. 27, 2014, no pet.)(mem. op.)(recognizing that Texas has not legislatively
waived its sovereign immunity for § 1983 claims).
Accordingly, the State of Texas and any arms of the State are not subject to suit under
§ 1983 in either federal court or state court. Howlett ex rel. Howlett v. Rose, 496 U.S. 356, 365,
110 S. Ct. 2430, 2437, 110 L. Ed. 2d 332 (1990)(“Will establishes that the State and arms of the
State, which have traditionally enjoyed Eleventh Amendment immunity, are not subject to suit
under § 1983 in either federal court or state court.”); Will, 491 U.S. at 66, 109 S. Ct. at 2309-10;
see City of Corinth v. NuRock Dev., Inc., 293 S.W.3d 360, 366 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 2009, no
pet.)(under the Eleventh Amendment, “the State of Texas and its agencies are immune from claims
based on federal law, whether brought in federal or state court”); see also Tex. Dep’t of Pub. Safety
v. Petta, 44 S.W.3d 575, 582 (Tex. 2001)(recognizing the Texas Department of Public Safety is
not subject to suit under § 1983 in state court).
We conclude the trial court lacked jurisdiction over the § 1983 cause of action. Nor is this
a defect that can be cured by remand to give Bustillos an opportunity to replead. TTUHSC is
entitled to sovereign immunity from the prosecution of any § 1983 action in state court no matter
the allegations made to support that claim, and Bustillos has not suggested how this jurisdictional
defect could be cured by amendment. See Koseoglu, 233 S.W.3d at 840 (refusing to remand for
an opportunity to replead because the “pleading defects cannot be cured, and [plaintiff] has made
no suggestion as to how to cure the jurisdictional defect”). We dismiss the § 1983 cause of action.
DID BUSTILLOS ADEQUATELY PLEAD HER
“CLAIM FOR MEDICAL NEGLIGENCE UNDER TEXAS TORT CLAIMS ACT”?
The parties do not dispute that TTUHSC is protected by sovereign immunity from tort
claims and that Bustillos could not sue for the negligence of its employees unless her pleadings
7
stated a medical negligence claim falling within the limited waiver of immunity provided by the
Act. See Tex. Tech Univ. Health Sci. Ctr. v. Jackson, 354 S.W.3d 879, 883-84 (Tex.App.--El Paso
2011, no pet.)(noting that TTUHSC could not be sued for negligence unless the plaintiff’s
pleadings stated a claim falling within the limited waiver of immunity contained in the Act); see
also Tex. Dep’t of Criminal Justice v. Miller, 51 S.W.3d 583, 587 (Tex. 2001)(the Act creates an
exception to the general rule of immunity “only in certain, narrowly defined circumstances”).
In her “Claim for Medical Negligence under Texas Tort Claims Act,” Bustillos alleged the
TTUHSC physicians had committed negligent acts when they “used and/or misused x-ray
equipment, medical probes (including speculum), and other devices” to examine her vagina and
rectum. She asserted in particular that TTUHSC had waived its sovereign immunity pursuant to
TEX.C IV.PRAC.&REM.C ODE ANN. § 101.021(2) and was liable for her injuries caused by the use
or misuse of tangible personal property.7 Section 101.021(2) provides in relevant part that a
7
Bustillo specifically alleged:
6.01 Plaintiff brings a case under the Texas Tort Claims Act, under Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code,
Section 101.001 et. seq.
6.02 Defendant TTUHSC has waived its sovereign immunity and is liable to Plaintiff pursuant to
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code, Section 101.021(2) for Plaintiff’s personal injuries caused by use
or misuse of tangible personal property.
6.03 Defendant TTUHSC, through its agents and/or employees (the physicians listed above), in the
course of rendering medical care and treatment to Plaintiff, committed acts and/or omissions which
constitute negligence as that term is defined by law including, but not limited to, the following acts
and/or omissions:
a. Physicians used and/or misused x-ray equipment, medical probes (including speculum), and other
devices to examine Plaintiff’s vagina and rectum; and
b. Other misuses/uses of tangible property.
6.04 Each and all of the foregoing acts and/or omissions of TTUHSC’s employee(s) and agent(s),
singularly or in combination, were a proximate cause of the injuries and damages incurred by
Plaintiff.
8
“governmental unit in the state is liable for . . . personal injury . . . so caused by a . . . use of tangible
personal . . . property if the governmental unit would, were it a private person, be liable to the
claimant according to Texas law.” TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. § 101.021(2)(West 2011).
To show a waiver of sovereign immunity, Bustillos had to plead facts showing that its physicians’
negligently used the x-ray equipment, medical probes, or other devices and that negligent use
caused her personal injury. Jackson, 354 S.W.3d at 885 (to show a waiver of immunity under the
Act, a plaintiff must allege a use of tangible personal property that caused personal injury or death).
TTUHSC contends the trial court erred in denying its plea to the jurisdiction because
Bustillos failed to plead facts sufficient to show a waiver of its sovereign immunity. See Miranda,
133 S.W.3d at 226 (the plaintiff is required to allege facts that affirmatively demonstrate the court’s
jurisdiction to hear the cause). Bustillos’ mere reference to the Act is insufficient to waive
immunity or confer jurisdiction on the trial court. Jackson, 354 S.W.3d at 885 (“a mere reference
to the Act is insufficient to waive immunity or confer jurisdiction”). At most, she alleges that
tangible personal property was involved with her body cavity searches in some unspecified way.
The mere involvement of tangible personal property will not, in and of itself, show a waiver under
the Act. Jackson, 354 S.W.3d at 884, citing Dallas County Mental Health & Mental Retardation
v. Bossley, 968 S.W.2d 339, 342-43 (Tex. 1998). For liability to exist, the plaintiff must specify
both that a negligent act or omission occurred and that it proximately caused the injury. Univ. of
Tex. Health Sci. Ctr. at Houston v. DeSoto, 401 S.W.3d 319, 325 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.]
2013, pet. denied); see Jackson, 354 S.W.3d at 884 (a plaintiff must plead facts showing that the
injury was proximately caused by the use of the property). And the use of the property must do
more than just furnish the condition that makes the injury possible; the plaintiff must show that the
tangible personal property was the instrumentality of harm. Jackson, 354 S.W.3d at 884, 885. As
9
the Texas Supreme Court has explained, “Doctors in state medical facilities use some form of
tangible personal property nearly every time they treat a patient.” Kerrville State Hosp. v. Clark,
923 S.W.2d 582, 585-86 (Tex. 1996). “If there is waiver in all of those cases, the waiver of
immunity is virtually unrestricted, which is not what the Legislature intended.” Miller, 51 S.W.3d
at 588.
Bustillos counters that she filed a preliminary expert report as required by the Texas
Medical Liability Act, which demonstrates that she is bringing a medical negligence claim. The
expert report concluded that Drs. Solomin and Parsa breached the standard of care by proceeding
to conduct a pelvic and rectal exam when the x-rays reported there was no foreign body present.
Stated differently, Bustillos does not complain that the physicians negligently used x-ray
equipment or misread the x-rays themselves. Nor does she contend that the doctors used or
misused the medical devices, including a speculum, that intruded upon her body and caused
undefined pain. The gravamen of her pleadings is that the physicians proceeded with a physical
vaginal and rectal exam despite a negative finding on the x-ray. In short, that is not negligent
activity, it is intentional conduct. Bustillos’ reliance on cases such as Texas Tech University Health
Sciences Center v. Lucero, 234 S.W.3d 158 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2007, pet. denied) is misplaced.
There, the physicians misread the abdominal CT scan and failed to diagnose a bile leak leading to
the patient’s death. Id., citing Salcedo v. El Paso Hosp. Dist., 659 S.W.2d 30 (Tex. 1983). Here,
the physicians correctly read the x-rays but proceeded anyway.
Bustillos also argues that her medical negligence claim can be construed as lack of
informed consent based on her allegation that she “did not voluntarily or intelligently consent to
any of the searches or bodily intrusions.” She claims that under the Texas Medical Liability Act,
lack of informed consent is a negligence claim. See TEX.C IV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. § 74.101
10
(West 2011)(a claim against a health care provider based on the failure to disclose the risks and
hazards involved in medical care or surgical procedure, “the only theory on which recovery may
be obtained is that of negligence” in failing to disclose the risks or hazards that could have
influenced a reasonable person). Regardless, claims regarding the failure to receive informed
consent do not fall within a waiver provision of the Act. Kamel v. Univ. of Tex. Health Sci. Ctr.
at Houston, 333 S.W.3d 676, 686 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. denied)(plaintiff’s
“claims regarding failure to disclose risks and to receive informed consent do not fall within the
waiver provision of the TTCA”); Arnold v. Univ. of Tex. Southwestern Med. Ctr. at Dallas, 279
S.W.3d 464, 469 (Tex.App.--Dallas 2009, no pet.)(“Failure to receive informed consent has also
been held to not waive immunity under the TTCA; therefore, the [plaintiffs’] attempt to waive
immunity by [the physician’s] use of implants she did not consent to fails.”); Mitcham v. Univ. of
Tex. Med. Branch of Galveston, 818 S.W.2d 523, 525 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1991, writ
denied)(plaintiff’s allegation that physician failed to inform her that inserting an arteriogram
needle could lead to blood clots was insufficient to show a waiver of immunity for use of tangible
personal property; the fact that a needle was used in the procedure did not transform the
conversation between physician and patient into the use of tangible personal property).
In sum, Bustillos’ medical negligence allegations are insufficient to show a waiver of
immunity because she has failed to allege any facts showing how the physicians were negligent
in their use of the tangible personal property--i.e., how they “misused” the tangible personal
property--and she has failed to allege any facts to link alleged negligent use to alleged personal
injury. See City of Houston v. McCullough, No. 01-02-00081-CV, 2003 WL 141251, at *4
(Tex.App.--Houston (1st Dist.) Jan. 9, 2003, pet. denied)(mem. op.)(“McCullough generally and
repeatedly asserts that the City negligently used or ‘implemented’ its tangible personal property,
11
but she never explains what acts constituted negligence, what personal property was negligently
used, or how this negligence caused her injury. . . . Allegations such as these, which consist of
general conclusions without any assertions of fact, do not satisfy the waiver provisions of the
TTCA.”).
DID BUSTILLOS ADEQUATELY PLEAD HER
“CLAIM FOR ASSAULT/BATTERY BASED ON NEGLIGENCE”?
In her “Claim for Assault/Battery Based on Negligence,” Bustillos alleged in one sentence
that “TTUHSC’s negligence in failing to supervise its physician employees allowed those
physicians to commit intentional torts of assault and battery on Plaintiff.” In categorizing the acts
of the physicians as intentional torts of assault and battery, Bustillos was referring to her prior
allegation that she “did not voluntarily or intelligently consent to any of the searches or bodily
intrusions.” Under Texas common law, a physician who provides treatment without consent
commits a battery. See Miller ex rel. Miller v. HCA, Inc., 118 S.W.3d 758, 767 (Tex. 2003)(“the
general rule in Texas is that a physician who provides treatment without consent commits a
battery”); Murphy v. Russell, 167 S.W.3d 835, 838 (Tex. 2005)(“Medical treatment will not
constitute a battery unless it is provided without the patient’s consent.”); see also Felton v. Lovett,
388 S.W.3d 656, 660 (Tex. 2012)(“when Section 74.101 [defining informed-consent claims as
negligence claims] does not apply, the common law does”).
But the Act does not waive sovereign immunity for the intentional torts of assault and
battery. TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. § 101.057(2)(Tort Claims Act “does not apply to a
claim . . . (2) arising out of assault, battery, . . . or any other intentional tort”). And TTUHSC, as
a state agency, cannot be held liable for the intentional acts of its employees. See Univ. of Tex.
Med. Branch at Galveston v. Hohman, 6 S.W.3d 767, 777 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1999,
12
pet. dism’d w.o.j.)(holding that UTMB, as a state agency, could not be liable for the intentional
torts of its employees).
Nor do claims regarding the failure to receive informed consent fall within a waiver
provision. Kamel, 333 S.W.3d at 686; Arnold, 279 S.W.3d at 469. And while Bustillos expressly
characterizes this as a direct claim against TTUHSC for its alleged failure to supervise the
physicians, claims of negligent supervision are claims for general medical negligence that do not
involve the use of tangible property and do not fall within the waiver in Section 101.021(2).
Kamel, 333 S.W.3d at 686; Arnold, 279 S.W.3d at 469; El Paso Mental Health & Mental
Retardation Ctr. v. Crissman, 241 S.W.3d 578, 582 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2007, no
pet.)(“Allegations of negligent supervision do not satisfy the limited waiver of immunity contained
within the Tort Claims Act.”).
Despite her express characterization of this claim as a failure-to-supervise claim, Bustillos
argues that it is actually one of “negligently implemented policy, which does waive sovereign
immunity.” [Emphasis added]. The policy to which Bustillos refers is one referenced in the §
1983 section of her pleadings that “UMC policy L-8 on searches by hospital personnel does not
permit an invasion of a person’s body for purposes of a search without either a valid, written, and
signed informed consent form or a search warrant.” Several problems exist with this argument,
but the fatal one is that her own pleadings reveal that policy L-8 is a “UMC policy” applicable to
“searches by hospital personnel.” TTUHSC is a separate entity from UMC, and its physicians are
not UMC personnel.
SHOULD BUSTILLOS BE GIVEN AN OPPORTUNITY TO REPLEAD?
Having determined that Bustillos did not adequately allege a waiver of sovereign immunity
for either her medical negligence claim or her assault and battery claim based on negligence, we
13
must determine whether Bustillos should be given an opportunity to replead. Normally, unless the
pleadings affirmatively negate jurisdiction, a plaintiff should be given an opportunity to amend.
Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 227; Waterblasting Techs., Inc., 491 S.W.3d at 894. Bustillos argues that
although she has alleged in her § 1983 cause of action that TTUHSC and its physicians acted
intentionally, she has alleged her two negligence causes of action in the alternative, and there is
nothing in those specific allegations to affirmatively negate jurisdiction. TTUHSC counters that
we must look at her pleading as a whole and focus on the real substance and not her
characterization of those claims. Indeed, we have previously recognized that “[i]n determining
whether sovereign immunity has been waived, we must look beyond a plaintiff’s characterization
of her claims and analyze the real substance of a plaintiff’s cause of action.” Jackson, 354 S.W.3d
at 886, citing Dallas Area Rapid Transit v. Whitley, 104 S.W.3d 540, 543 (Tex. 2003); Arnold,
279 S.W.3d at 470 (“It is well established that the treatment of claims under Texas law focuses on
the true nature of disputes rather than allowing artful pleading to gain favorable redress under the
law.”). TTUHSC contends that in applying these rules here, no waiver of its sovereign immunity
is possible because Bustillos complains of intentional conduct, not negligence. We agree.
Bustillos is not claiming that the TTUHSC physicians used the tangible personal property
negligently, but that they deliberately used the personal property to perform an invasive search of
her body without her consent. She is simply attempting to recast her § 1983 claim and allegations
of intentional conduct as the negligent use of tangible personal property and the failure to supervise
to avoid sovereign immunity barriers. We conclude that Bustillos’ pleadings affirmatively negate
jurisdiction, and she is not entitled to an opportunity to amend.8 We reverse the trial court’s order
8
Because of our ruling, we do not reach TTUHSC’s contention that derivative immunity protects it from Bustillos’
claims because the federal district court, after remand, determined that Dr. Parsa and Dr. Solomin, in their personal
14
denying TTUHSC’s plea to the jurisdiction and dismiss the entirety of Bustillos’ claims for want
of jurisdiction.
Addendum on Derivative Immunity
TTUHSC contends that derivative immunity protects it from Bustillos’ claims because the
federal district court determined that Dr. Parsa and Dr. Solomin, in their personal capacities, were
protected by qualified immunity for performing the body cavity searches (the federal court made
this ruling after it had already remanded Bustillos’ case against TTUHSC to state court). TTUHSC
bases this contention on DeWitt v. Harris County, 904 S.W.2d 650, 653-54 (Tex. 1995), in which
the Texas Supreme Court held a governmental entity does not have respondeat superior liability
under Section 101.021(2) when the employee possesses official immunity. Id. at 651.
DeWitt involved the application of “official immunity” in a wrongful death action against
a deputy constable and Harris County, in which the decedent ran into a car stranded on the roadway
after an accident. The plaintiff contended that the constable who investigated the accident was
negligent in failing to remove the car from the roadway or to otherwise make the scene safe. The
plaintiff’s claim against Harris County was based solely on respondeat superior liability for the
negligent acts of the constable. The jury found the constable negligent, but the trial court
concluded the constable was entitled to official immunity, but then entered judgment against the
county. Id. The Texas Supreme Court recognized that when a governmental unit’s liability is
based on respondeat superior liability for an employee’s negligence arising from the misuse of
tangible personal property under section 101.021(2), official immunity, like any other affirmative
capacities, were protected by qualified immunity for performing the body cavity searches. See DeWitt v. Harris
County, 904 S.W.2d 650, 651 (Tex. 1995)(holding a governmental entity does not have respondeat superior liability
under Section 101.021(2) when the employee possesses official immunity); TEX.R.APP.P. 47.1 (the court of appeals’
opinion need only address issues “necessary to final disposition of the appeal”).
15
defense becomes relevant to the governmental entity’s liability. Id. at 654. Accordingly, it held
the county was not liable under section 101.021(2) for the negligence of an employee when the
employee has no liability because of official immunity. Id.
TTUHSC argues that DeWitt controls here because Bustillos’ the federal court
subsequently dismissed Bustillos’ claims against the physicians based on “qualified immunity.”
In federal court, Bustillos asserted claims under § 1983 and unspecified intentional torts against
the physicians based on the same conduct she asserted against TTUHSC in state court, i.e.,
ordering x-rays and conducting pelvic and rectal exams. The federal court granted the physicians’
motion to dismiss.9 The federal court dismissed the § 1983 claims against the physicians in their
individual capacity under the qualified immunity doctrine, which shields state officials from
money damages unless the plaintiff pleads facts showing the official violated a statutory or
constitutional right and the right was clearly established at the time of the conduct. The court held
that the physicians did not violate Bustillos’ Fourth Amendment right because, although these were
“non-routine” searches (i.e., invasive) requiring reasonable suspicion to search, physicians are not
required to have knowledge of search and seizure law and are not required to articulate reasonable
suspicion when conducting searches at the behest of federal officers. Further, the law was not
clearly established at the time of the searches, because current law did not provide the physicians
9
The court dismissed the intentional tort claims against the physicians under Section 101.106(e), which mandates
dismissal of employees when both the governmental entity and its employees are sued and the governmental entity
moves for dismissal of the claims against the employees. The court dismissed the § 1983 claims against the physicians
in their official capacities because those suits were in effect suits against TTUHSC itself and because her claims did
not fall within the Ex Parte Young exception for prospective relief since Bustillos sought money damages.
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with fair warning that they must have knowledge of search and seizure law and must conform to
the Fourth Amendment in their medical practice.10
There several problems with applying DeWitt. First, the federal court’s ruling was based
on “qualified immunity” which evaluates whether there was a violation of a constitutional right
and whether that right was clearly established at the time. DeWitt, on the other hand, was based
on a finding of “official immunity.” Official immunity in Texas looks at whether the government
employee was performing a discretionary job duty in good faith. An employee acts in good faith
for official-immunity purposes if “a reasonably prudent official, under the same or similar
circumstances, could have believed that his conduct was justified based on the information he
possessed when the conduct occurred.” R.R. Comm’n of Texas v. Gulf Energy Expl. Corp., 482
S.W.3d 559, 569 (Tex. 2016). These are two different inquiries, and thus the federal court did not
determine that a reasonably prudent government physician, under the same or similar
circumstances, could have believed that his conduct was justified based on the information he
possessed when the conduct occurred. See Livingston v. Taylor, No. 13-07-00690-CV, 2009 WL
2397542, at *2 n.5 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi-Edinburg Aug. 6, 2009, no pet.)(mem. op.)
(recognizing that the terms “official immunity” and “qualified immunity” are often used
interchangeably, but that the doctrines are separate defenses; qualified immunity applies when
federal law claims are raised while official immunity applies when state law claims are raised);
Hudson v. Vasquez, 941 S.W.2d 334, 338 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 1997, no writ)(noting “the
10
As to the claims based on the Fifth Amendment due process requirement, the court held that Bustillos had failed to
allege any facts showing deliberate indifference that the physicians disregarded a known and excessive risk to
Bustillos’ health and safety.
17
federal test is nevertheless distinct from the state test, and resolution of state law immunity issues
does not resolve federal immunity issues under section 1983”).
Second, the federal court’s ruling was based on Bustillos’ § 1983 pleadings in federal court,
not her “negligence” pleadings in state court, to which TTUHSC is asking this Court to apply
them.
Third, TTUHSC is essentially asking this Court to rule that Bustillos is bound by the federal
court ruling in a separate proceeding in state court. That would require applying either the doctrine
of “claim preclusion” (res judicata), which requires a final judgment, or the doctrine of “issue
preclusion” (collateral estoppel), which requires that the fact issue to be precluded have been
actually litigated in the prior proceeding. The parties agree there is no final judgment in the federal
court lawsuit (as least at the time all the briefs were filed), and the federal court did not litigate any
fact issues, but only applied the law to Bustillos’ federal court pleadings. These problems
distinguish this case from DeWitt where the ruling was made in the same case, the ruling was
specifically based on official immunity (as opposed to qualified immunity), the ruling was made
after trial where factual issues had been decided, the judgment was final, and the ruling was applied
in the same case, not to a different case in a different jurisdiction.
June 13, 2018
ANN CRAWFORD McCLURE, Chief Justice
Before McClure, C.J., Rodriguez, J., and Larsen, J. (Senior Judge)
Larsen, J. (Senior Judge), sitting by assignment
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