MoneyGram International, Inc. v. Demetri Theofanopoulos ( 2018 )

AFFIRM; and Opinion Filed July 6, 2018.
In The
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
No. 05-17-00798-CV
MONEYGRAM INTERNATIONAL, INC., Appellant
V.
DEMETRI THEOFANOPOULOS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 116th Judicial District Court
Dallas County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. DC-16-13957
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Lang-Miers1, Evans, and Schenck
Opinion by Justice Lang-Miers
Appellant MoneyGram International, Inc. appeals from the trial court’s order granting
appellee Demetri Theofanopoulos’s special appearance. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
Appellant MoneyGram is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business and
headquarters in Dallas Texas. MoneyGram provides international money transfer services.
Appellee Theofanopoulos is a citizen and resident of Greece. He is the managing director of
Moneylink Societe Anonyme Intermediation and Provision of Money Transfer Services d/b/a
1
Justice Elizabeth Lang-Miers was not present for oral argument but participated in the disposition of this appeal. Justice Molly Francis was
present for oral argument but did not participate in the disposition of this appeal.
Moneylink S.A., which—through agreement with MoneyGram—provided MoneyGram’s money
transfer services in Greece.
In 2006, MoneyGram and Moneylink entered into an International Money Transfer
Agreement, which Theofanopoulos signed as managing director for Moneylink.2 As described by
MoneyGram vice president Eric Dutcher in a declaration, “Moneylink was appointed
MoneyGram’s agent in Greece to perform electronic money transfer services, principally through
a network of sub-representatives located in Greece.” Under the Transfer Agreement, “Moneylink
was to deposit trust funds into a bank account to be debited and credited by MoneyGram for the
settlement of mutual payment obligations” and these “payments were to occur twice a week.”
Dutcher stated that Theofanopoulos “had full authority and control over Moneylink’s
operations[.]” The Transfer Agreement stated that it was governed by and was to be enforced in
accordance with the law of England and Wales.
According to Dutcher, in 2012, Moneylink “consistently fell behind on payments” and, by
December 5, 2012, Moneylink had accrued a debt of €889,656.81. Representatives of
MoneyGram communicated by e-mail and telephone with Theofanopoulos about this debt.
Theofanopoulos spoke with Larry Angelilli of MoneyGram by phone about the debt and bringing
Moneylink’s “accounts current[.]” Dutcher stated that Theofanopoulos acknowledged the debt
and said that he could only pay MoneyGram €89,656.81, and that—“[a]fter additional
communications between MoneyGram representatives in Texas and Theofanopoulos”—
MoneyGram and Theofanopoulos, on behalf of Moneylink, entered into a Payment Plan
Agreement. The Payment Plan Agreement provided for the payment of the remaining €800,000
in four installments beginning January 15, 2013 and ending April 15, 2013. Dutcher stated that
2
A 2013 e-mail from Theofanopoulos indicates that MoneyGram and Moneylink had a business relationship beginning in 2000.
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“[a]t no time during these communications with MoneyGram representatives in Texas did
Theofanopoulos state that he had taken funds from the trust account for his own personal benefit.”
Dutcher declared that, after signing the Payment Plan Agreement, €89,656.81 “was
immediately paid” and the first installment of €200,000 was paid “shortly thereafter[,]” but that
the remaining three installments totaling €600,000 were never paid, despite “Theofanopoulos
repeatedly representing to MoneyGram—through phone conversations with individuals in Texas
and e-mails directed to individuals in Texas—that the installments would be paid[.]”
Dutcher stated that MoneyGram’s consultant, Deloitte Tax LLP, later informed
MoneyGram that “Theofanopoulos had loaned himself €860,000 (interest free) from Moneylink’s
accounts.”3 According to Dutcher, in the several months prior to when Deloitte “uncovered the
fraud,” Theofanopoulos made oral and written representations to MoneyGram representatives in
Texas that the money would be paid back and that the money was “being properly maintained in
the trust accounts for the benefit of MoneyGram.” Dutcher stated that “MoneyGram continued to
attempt to find a solution with Theofanopoulos rather than terminate the relationship” and,
between February and April 2013, “MoneyGram representatives from Texas began negotiating” a
Dominion of Funds (DOF) Agreement with Theofanopoulos. Theofanopoulos and MoneyGram
representatives in Texas negotiated by telephone and e-mail and, according to Dutcher, he sent
3
On February 1, 2013, Deloitte reported the “outflow of €860K on 06/06/2012” to Theofanopoulos. In a February 15, 2013 Interim Update
Communication concerning Project Greece to MoneyGram, Deloitte stated the following “Observations”:
 Based on the Cash in Hand ledger for the period 01.01.2012 to 31.12.2012, there is an outflow of €860K on 06.06.2012
which was located as an accounting entry by crediting the Cash in Hand account and debiting the Sundry Debtors account
and more specifically the owner Mr[.] Theofanopoulos. The description of the outflow based on the cash movement is
‘withdrawal from CEO Theofanopoulos Dimitrios as an ‘interest free loan’ which is to be repaid in 48 installments starting
from 1/9/2013.”
 We were not provided with further explanations in relation to the above transaction. According to Mr. Theofanopoulos, the
matter should be discussed directly between Money[G]ram and himself.
The report then stated “Implications”:
 Based on the information available, we cannot assess the recoverability of this ‘interest free loan’ to Mr. Theofanopoulos by
Moneylink. According to article 23a of the Law 2190/1920, such loans to the Management of a Societe Anonyme (such as
Moneylink) are not allowed. The tax consequences of such a loan should also be analyzed.
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drafts of and revisions to the proposed DOF Agreement to MoneyGram representatives in Texas.
Dutcher stated that the DOF Agreement “was a means to ensure that further trust funds would not
be misappropriated by Theofanopoulos and to safeguard against future debt and credit risk.”4 The
DOF Agreement recognized that (1) “over three million Euro” was due by Moneylink to
MoneyGram from Moneylink’s “failure to perform its obligations arising from the” International
Money Transfer Agreement and (2) the purpose of the agreement was to limit MoneyGram’s
“further credit risk” and “restrict the exposure of the Money[G]ram Trust Funds[.]” The agreement
provided that it was governed by and shall be construed in accordance with the laws of Greece.
Ultimately, MoneyGram terminated its “business relationship with Money[l]ink and
Theofanopoulos.”
MoneyGram sued Theofanopoulos alleging claims of fraud, fraud by nondisclosure or
concealment, conversion, money had and received, and unjust enrichment.5 Theofanopoulos filed
a special appearance or, in the alternative, a motion to dismiss the suit for forum non conveniens.
He argued that MoneyGram “has not and cannot allege sufficient contacts, or other conduct
with Texas to warrant the exercise of personal jurisdiction.”6 He argued that he has not had
contact with the state of Texas and whether he committed purposeful acts against MoneyGram is
not the test under Texas law, and that the correct test is whether a defendant committed such acts
in Texas. He argued that he is a citizen and resident of Greece, he is not a resident of Texas, he
does not have any real property or other assets in the United States, he does not maintain an office,
website, or “other point of contact” in the United States, and he is not individually a party to any
agreements in the United States with any “persons or entities” in the United States. He attached a
4
Dutcher contends that “Theofanopoulos admitted to loaning himself the money and promised repayment.” But Dutcher in his affidavit and
MoneyGram in its brief do not direct us to where this admission by Theofanopoulos is located in the record.
5
MoneyGram served the petition on Theofanopoulos pursuant to the Hague Convention’s international service of process protocol.
6
All bolded language throughout this opinion is bold in the parties’ briefs.
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declaration in which he stated that he has never been to Texas for any business or personal reason
and had not been in the United States since 1983, and his reasons for being in the United States
had nothing to do with the allegations in this lawsuit. He declared that he had not engaged in
conduct indicating his intent to serve the Texas market, he had not personally solicited business in
Texas or with any persons or entities in Texas, and he had not entered into any agreements that
expressly consented to jurisdiction in Texas.
As MoneyGram states on appeal, MoneyGram then “amended its petition to state more
clearly the jurisdictional basis for the lawsuit.” In its first amended petition, MoneyGram argued
that the Texas trial court had personal jurisdiction over Theofanopoulos because:
 Theofanopoulos “has done business in Texas specifically related to these causes
of action by (1) negotiating and entering into a business transaction and/or
agreements with MoneyGram, a corporation headquartered in Texas;
(2) conducting business with a corporation headquartered in Texas over the
course of five years; (3) inducing MoneyGram to agree to a payment plan with
Moneylink due to the accrual of debt that Moneylink owed to MoneyGram; and
(4) agreeing to and then failing to make the required and promised payments to
MoneyGram because—unbeknownst to MoneyGram—Defendant had
purposefully and fraudulently diverted those debts and monies owed to
MoneyGram to his personal bank account.”
 MoneyGram’s claims “arise from or are connected with purposeful acts
committed by Defendant in Texas because (in addition to the foregoing business
dealings), this suit is based on several misrepresentations and omissions of
material facts made by Defendant directed to MoneyGram, a corporation with
its headquarters and principal place of business in Dallas, Texas.”
 Theofanopoulos “purposefully acted in Texas on matters related to this suit by
intentionally misleading and omitting material facts to MoneyGram, which was
known to him to be a corporation with its headquarters and principal place of
business in Texas.” Theofanopoulos “communicated those misrepresentations
and omissions by electronic mail, phone calls, and a video conference with
MoneyGram employees located in Texas” whom he knew were located in
Texas. And he “was well aware” that MoneyGram is a corporation with its
headquarters and principal place in Texas because he sent and received drafts
of agreements with MoneyGram that had MoneyGram’s Texas address on
them.
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 Theofanopoulos’s “corporate-officer status” does not shield him from the
court’s jurisdiction because his “conduct was not done on behalf of his
company, Moneylink, but was instead done in his individual capacity as he
diverted money held in trust for MoneyGram to his personal bank accounts.”
 The court also had jurisdiction based on section 17.042 of the civil practice and
remedies code because “the Texas long-arm statute allows the exercise of
personal jurisdiction over a defendant who ‘commits a tort in whole or in part
in this state.’”
MoneyGram then filed its Response to the Special Appearance, and included Dutcher’s
declaration. Theofanopoulos filed a reply in support of his special appearance in which he argued,
among other arguments, that the alleged phone calls, e-mails, and video conference were not
enough to establish minimum contacts.
The trial court held a hearing concerning the special appearance. Following the hearing,
the court entered an order sustaining the special appearance and dismissing the suit, and later
entered an amended order that clarified the prior order, sustained the special appearance, and
dismissed the suit.7 MoneyGram filed this appeal.
APPLICABLE LAW AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
“Texas courts may exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident if ‘(1) the Texas long-
arm statute authorizes the exercise of jurisdiction, and (2) the exercise of jurisdiction is consistent
with federal and state constitutional due-process guarantees.’” Old Republic Nat’l Title Ins. Co.
v. Bell, No. 17-0245, 2018 WL 2449360, at *3 (Tex. June 1, 2018) (quoting Moncrief Oil Int’l,
Inc. v. OAO Gazprom, 414 S.W.3d 142, 149 (Tex. 2013)). “The long-arm statute is satisfied by a
defendant who ‘commits a tort in whole or in part in this state.’” Id. (quoting TEX. CIV. PRAC. &
REM. CODE ANN. § 17.042(2)). “However, allegations that a tort was committed in Texas do not
necessarily satisfy the United States Constitution.” Id. The exercise of jurisdiction by a state
comports with federal due process if the nonresident defendant has “minimum contacts” with the
7
The court did not rule on Theofanopoulos’s motion to dismiss for forum non conveniens.
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state and the exercise of jurisdiction “‘does not offend traditional notions of fair play and
substantial justice.’” M & F Worldwide Corp. v. Pepsi-Cola Metro. Bottling Co., 512 S.W.3d 878,
885 (Tex. 2017) (quoting Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277, 283 (2014)).
Although a defendant’s contacts with the forum may give rise to either general or specific
jurisdiction, the issue in this case is “whether the nonresident defendant[’s] alleged minimum
contacts gave rise to specific jurisdiction[.]” Id. at 886. “[S]pecific jurisdiction exists when the
cause of action arises from or is related to a defendant’s purposeful activities in the state.” Old
Republic, 2018 WL 2449360, at *3; see Searcy v. Parex Res., Inc., 496 S.W.3d 58, 67 (Tex. 2016)
(“[S]pecific jurisdiction exists when the plaintiff’s claims ‘arise out of’ or are ‘related to’ the
defendant’s contact with the forum.”). “For a Texas court to exercise specific jurisdiction over a
defendant, ‘(1) the defendant’s contact with Texas must be purposeful, and (2) the cause of action
must arise from those contacts.’” Old Republic, 2018 WL 2449360, at *3 (quoting Michiana Easy
Livin’ Country, Inc. v. Holten, 168 S.W.3d 777, 795 (Tex. 2005)). “Thus, when analyzing specific
jurisdiction, we focus on the relationship between the forum, the defendant, and the litigation.” Id.
The defendant’s minimum contacts are established when the defendant “purposely avails
itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum state, thus invoking the benefits
and protections of its laws.” Id. (quoting Retamco Oper., Inc. v. Republic Drilling Co., 278 S.W.3d
333, 338 (Tex. 2009)). “The defendant’s activities, whether they consist of direct acts within Texas
or conduct outside Texas, must justify a conclusion that the defendant could reasonably anticipate
being called into a Texas court.” Retamco, 278 S.W.3d at 338. “Three principles govern the
purposeful-availment analysis: (1) ‘only the defendant’s contacts with the forum’ are relevant, not
the unilateral activity of another party or third person; (2) the defendant’s acts must be ‘purposeful’
and not ‘random, isolated or fortuitous’; and (3) the defendant ‘must seek some benefit, advantage,
or profit by “availing” itself of the jurisdiction’ such that it impliedly consents to suit there.” M&F
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Worldwide, 512 S.W.3d at 886 (quoting Michiana, 168 S.W.3d at 785). The minimum contacts
analysis focuses on the “quality and nature of the defendant’s contacts, rather than their number.”
Searcy, 496 S.W.3d at 67 (quoting Retamco, 278 S.W.3d at 339). In addition, in order for a
nonresident defendant’s forum contacts to support the exercise of specific jurisdiction, “the
defendant’s purposeful contacts must be substantially connected to the operative facts of the
litigation or form the basis of the cause of action.” Old Republic, 2018 WL 2449360, at *4; see
Moki Mac River Expeditions v. Drugg, 221 S.W.3d 569, 585 (Tex. 2007). “The operative facts
are those on which the trial will focus to prove the liability of the defendant who is challenging
jurisdiction.” University of Alabama v. Suder Found., No. 05-16-00691-CV, 2017 WL 655948, at
*4 (Tex. App.—Dallas Feb. 17, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.) (quoting Leonard v. Salinas Concrete,
LP, 470 S.W.3d 178, 188 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2015, no pet.)). Although generally “we analyze
the defendant’s contacts ‘on a claim by claim basis’ to determine whether each claim arises out of
or is related to the defendant’s minimum contacts[,]” id. (quoting TV Azteca v. Ruiz, 490 S.W.3d
29, 37 (Tex. 2016)), we need not analyze contacts on a claim-by-claim basis when—as in this
case—all claims arise from the same forum contacts. Moncrief, 414 S.W.3d at 150–51.
Additionally, we review determinations of personal jurisdiction de novo. M & F
Worldwide, 512 S.W.3d at 885. “When, as here, the trial court does not issue findings of fact and
conclusions of law, we imply all relevant facts necessary to support the judgment that are supported
by evidence.” Id. (quoting Moncrief, 414 S.W.3d at 150). In a personal jurisdiction challenge, the
plaintiff and the defendant bear shifting burdens of proof. Old Republic, 2018 WL 2449360, at
*4. The plaintiff has the initial burden to plead sufficient allegations to bring the nonresident
defendant within the reach of the Texas long-arm statute. Id. Once the plaintiff has done so, the
burden shifts to the defendant to negate all bases of personal jurisdiction alleged by the plaintiff.
Id. “One way the defendant can meet this burden to negate jurisdiction is by showing that ‘even
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if the plaintiff’s alleged facts are true, the evidence is legally insufficient to establish jurisdiction’
or that ‘the defendant’s contacts with Texas fall short of purposeful availment.’” Id. (quoting Kelly
v. Gen. Interior Constr., Inc., 301 S.W.3d 653, 659 (Tex. 2010)); see Michiana, 168 S.W.3d at
791 (stating “[j]urisdiction cannot turn on” whether “a plaintiff merely alleges wrongdoing”). If
the defendant negates all grounds for personal jurisdiction alleged by the plaintiff, the burden shifts
back to the plaintiff to show that the court has personal jurisdiction over the defendant as a matter
of law. Voltaix, LLC v. Ajongwen, 406 S.W.3d 235, 240 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.). “[W]e
must not confuse ‘the roles of judge and jury by equating the jurisdictional inquiry with the
underlying merits.’” Old Republic, 2018 WL 2449360, at *4 (quoting Searcy, 496 S.W.3d at 70).
MINIMUM CONTACTS
In one issue on appeal, MoneyGram argues that the trial court erred in concluding that
Theofanopoulos’s contacts with Texas were insufficient to confer personal jurisdiction. It alleges
that Theofanopolos attempted to defraud a Texas corporation “through repeated (and undisputed)
communications directed at MoneyGram’s representatives in Texas.” It claims Theofanopoulos
“intentionally directed misrepresentations and fraudulent conduct to the Texas representatives of
a Texas corporation, and his liability arises from these forum contacts, which will be the focus of
the trial.” It also contends that Theofanopoulos’s contacts with Texas “are extensive.”
It argues that “Theofanopoulos participated in phone calls, emails, and a video
conference with Moneygram representatives in Texas to induce MoneyGram to continue its
relationship with Theofanopoulos under false pretenses.” It lists eleven “facts and contacts
supporting jurisdiction” and contends that Theofanopoulos’s potential liability arises from or
relates to these forum contacts and that “they are the operative facts of the litigation and will be
the focus of the trial.” They include:
 “Theofanopoulos knowingly misrepresented information to MoneyGram representatives
in Texas upon which MoneyGram now bases its claims[.]”
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 Theofanopoulos “failed to disclose his personal loan” despite “having regular contact with
MoneyGram representatives in Texas[.]”
 “Theofanopoulos negotiated, authorized, and signed the Payment Plan Agreement despite
knowing that MoneyGram was not getting all material information[.]”
 “Theofanopoulos induced MoneyGram to enter into the Payment Plan Agreement—
through phone calls and emails—despite knowing” that he had no intent to fulfill his
promises under the agreement and that he had been simultaneously diverting funds owed
to MoneyGram.
 “Theofanopoulos negotiated and entered into business transactions and/or agreements
with Moneygram employees in Texas[.]”
 “Theofanopoulos conducted business with MoneyGram in Texas over the course of five
years[.]”
 At the “time of the events made the basis of this lawsuit[,]” Theofanopoulos “engaged in
continuous and systematic e-mail correspondence with MoneyGram employees located in
Texas[.]”
 At the “time of the events made the basis of this lawsuit[,]” Theofanopoulos “engaged in
continuous and systematic phone conversations with MoneyGram representatives located
in Texas[.]”
 “Theofanopoulos sent several drafts and revisions of proposed agreements to MoneyGram
in Texas[.]”
 “Theofanopoulos was well aware that he was dealing with a corporation whose
headquarters and principal place of business are in Texas[.]”
 “Theofanopoulos participated in at least 35 e-mails, at least 11 phone calls, and at least 1
videoconference with MoneyGram representatives in Texas during the relevant time
period.”
In response, Theofanopoulos argues that these contacts do not establish personal
jurisdiction. He stresses that “[o]nly the defendant’s contacts with the forum are relevant, not the
unilateral activity of another party or third person.” Ahrens & DeAngeli, P.L.L.C. v. Flinn, 318
S.W.3d 474, 477 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, pet. denied). And that “minimum-contacts analysis is
focused on the quality and nature of the defendant’s contacts, rather than their number.” Searcy,
496 S.W.3d at 74. In reply, MoneyGram argues that the communications do establish minimum
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contacts because they involve “reaching out to a long-term business partner in Texas to
commit fraud.”
MoneyGram contends Theofanopoulos “was aware that he was dealing with MoneyGram
representatives in Texas” because he called the MoneyGram office on several occasions and
several e–mails and agreements identified MoneyGram’s address and contact information. He
argues that “Theofanopoulos himself placed many calls to Texas[.]” The record includes requests
for him to call the Dallas office and evidence that he called the Dallas area code.
MoneyGram also argues that the record shows that Theofanopoulos was also in
“continuous contact with multiple MoneyGram representatives” who “work in Dallas, Texas, as
evidenced by the address information identified on several of their emails[,]” including the chief
executive officer, chief financial officer, and vice presidents of MoneyGram. According to
MoneyGram, as stated in Dutcher’s declaration and as evidence shows, Theofanopoulos was “well
aware” that MoneyGram and its representatives were in Dallas.
We agree with Theofanopoulos that on this record the communications without more do
not establish minimum contacts to support personal jurisdiction. “Even assuming that the phone
calls, [e-mails, and video conference] were sufficiently connected to the claim, a proper minimum-
contacts analysis looks to the defendant’s contacts with the forum state itself, not the defendant’s
contacts with persons who reside there.” Old Republic, 2018 WL 2449360, at *5. In addition, we
have held, alleged “fraudulent or negligent misrepresentations made through electronic media do
not establish specific jurisdiction.” KC Smash 01, LLC v. Gerdes, Hendrichson, Ltd., L.L.P., 384
S.W.3d 389, 393 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.); see Michiana, 168 S.W.3d at 791 (involving
tort, contract, and statutory claims and stating “changes in technology have made reliance on phone
calls obsolete as proof of purposeful availment”). And as the supreme court concluded with respect
to a Canadian entity in Searcy and based on the special appearance record, Theofanopoulos “had
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no control over” where the executives of MoneyGram “happened to be located[,]” “did not desire
to create an ongoing relationship with Texas, enjoy the benefits of our laws, or profit from our
thriving economy.” 496 S.W.3d at 62 (holding even “considering the extent of the
communications” which were “voluminous” and “electronic[,]” a foreign entity “did not
purposefully avail itself of Texas’s jurisdiction” because its “contacts with Texas were too
fortuitous and attenuated”).8
We also conclude that the contractual relationship between the parties does not support
personal jurisdiction. Theofanopoulos argues that the contracts do not establish minimum contacts
because “merely contracting with a Texas entity is insufficient to show purposeful availment.”
Ahrens, 318 S.W.3d at 485. Theofanopoulos also contends that the terms of the contracts negate
Texas jurisdiction because, when the contracts address jurisdiction, the governing law for the
contract is in another jurisdiction than Texas, including England, Wales, and Greece. We agree.
“Even a sustained contractual relationship with a Texas resident does not support the exercise of
jurisdiction if the contract is centered around the nonresident’s operations outside Texas.” Univ.
of Alabama, 2017 WL 655948, at *6 (internal quotation omitted). And designation of foreign
forums “suggests that no local availment was intended.” Searcy, 496 S.W.3d at 75 (quoting
Michiana, 168 S.W.3d at 792).
But MoneyGram argues that it is not contending that the contracts between MoneyGram
and Theofanopoulos’s company create minimum contacts and is not relying on the contracts as the
“operative contacts from which liability arises.” It argues that instead it relies on
8
MoneyGram argues that the facts in Searcy are not analogous to this case because the specific jurisdiction analysis in Searcy did not involve
a fraud claim and the “phone calls there were part of a tortious interference claim involving a third party with a tenuous nexus to Texas, and not
part of a larger fraudulent scheme with a Texas corporation.” It argues that in neither Searcy nor Ahrens “was the nonresident defendant making
affirmative misrepresentations to a Texas corporation, fraudulently inducing the execution of a contract, and furthering a deceptive scheme via that
fraudulent inducement and subsequent communications” and, according to MoneyGram, “[t]hose facts” are “sufficient to establish minimum
contacts.” We disagree with MoneyGram’s contention that the “specific jurisdiction analysis” in those cases does not apply. Yet we agree with
MoneyGram’s contention—that it notes Searcy and Ahrens recognized—that the “key” is that “jurisdiction depends on the facts and the nature of
the contacts.”
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Theofanopoulos’s “fraudulent inducement of a single contract”—the Payment Plan
Agreement—“to establish jurisdiction[.]” MoneyGram contends that the “existence of the
Payment Plan Agreement (which has no venue provision) is critical” but “even more” critical “are
the facts leading up to its negotiation (including representations falsely made)” and the
“subsequent deception” which form the “operative facts” of MoneyGram’s fraud claim. To the
extent that MoneyGram relies upon the “existence of the Payment Plan Agreement”—which
MoneyGram argues is “critical”—to establish minimum contacts, we conclude that the Payment
Plan Agreement “does not support the exercise of jurisdiction” because it is centered around
Theofanopoulos’s company’s “operations outside Texas”—namely the payment of a debt by
Theofanopoulos’s company Moneylink—which operated in Greece—to MoneyGram. See id.
Second, MoneyGram argues that “[g]iven the fraudulent nature of Theofanopoulos’s
contacts, his physical presence in Texas is not necessary to establish jurisdiction.” It argues
that “[i]t is irrelevant” that Theofanopoulos has never been to Texas and has not visited the United
States in over thirty years and argues, quoting Retamco, that “[j]urisdiction . . . may not be avoided
merely because the defendant did not physically enter the forum state.” 278 S.W.3d at 339
(quoting Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 476 (1985)). But Retamco is
distinguishable because the supreme court concluded that a company “reached out and created a
continuing relationship in Texas” when it took “assignment of Texas real property,” although the
company “may not have actually entered the state to purchase this real property.” Id. And the
supreme court quoted Burger King, 471 U.S. at 476, for the proposition that, “[s]o long as a
commercial actor’s efforts are ‘purposefully directed’ toward residents of another State, we have
consistently rejected the notion that an absence of physical contacts can defeat personal jurisdiction
there.”
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MoneyGram argues that “these principles are particularly applicable” when a “nonresident
defendant directs misrepresentations to Texas residents to perpetuate a fraud or induce a plaintiff
to enter into further agreements.” To support its argument, it discusses three cases: J.D. Fields &
Co. v. W.H. Streit, Inc., 21 S.W.3d 599, 601, 604–05 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, no
pet.), Norstrud v. Cicur, No. 02-14-00364-CV, 2015 WL 4878716, at *8–9 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth Aug. 13, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op), and Glencoe Capital Partners II, L.P. v. Gernsbacher,
269 S.W.3d 157, 166–67 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, no pet.). It contends that, like the
defendants in these cases, Theofanopoulos’s “continuous and systematic misrepresentations and
omissions” to MoneyGram created sufficient contacts so that Theofanopoulos could “reasonably
anticipate being hauled into a Texas court” as a result of “his fraudulent actions.” But all three
cases are distinguishable. J.D. Fields concerned jurisdiction over a party who “personally
guaranteed the indebtedness of defendant company that was payable to Houston[.]” 21 S.W.3d at
605. In Norstrud, the court concluded that a company’s chief financial officer who resided in
Florida “purposefully targeted” investors “in Texas,” “directed misinformation to them to secure
their investment,” and signed agreements that “contain[ed] clauses that either Texas law governs
the agreement or that the agreement is performable in Texas,” which “show[ed] the contemplation
of a long-term relationship with Texas[.]” Norstrud, 2015 WL 4878716, at *3, 8–9. And Glencoe
found that nonresident board members had minimum contacts with the state when, among other
contacts, they allegedly “sought to induce Texas residents” to “subscribe to” corporate notes. 269
S.W.3d at 165.
MoneyGram also argues that, “more importantly,” “Theofanopoulos’s actions show a
concerted course of conduct intended to deceive MoneyGram representatives in Texas and induce
them” to enter into various agreements so that he could conceal his personal “loan” and avoid
defaults under prior agreements. It argues that, like the defendant in Fields, Theofanopoulos
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“called the Texas office to assure that monies owed would be paid” and to “induce a Texas
company” to enter into further agreements. But, as noted, Fields involved additional jurisdictional
facts, including a personal guarantor guaranteeing a debt payable in Texas. 21 S.W.3d at 605.
And, as stated above, “a proper minimum-contacts analysis looks to the defendant’s contacts with
the forum state itself, not the defendant’s contacts with persons who reside there.” Old Republic,
2018 WL 2449360, at *5.
Additionally, MoneyGram argues that Theofanopoulos’s contacts “were purposeful, not
fortuitous because they establish an ongoing relationship with Texas residents.”9 It contends
that Theofanopoulos’s signature, revisions to agreements, and authorization “establish purposeful
availment of the privilege of conducting activities in Texas.” MoneyGram notes that, under
Retamco, an out of state company with no physical ties to Texas that signs a contract out of state
still has minimum contacts “when it is clear the company purposefully directed its activities
towards Texas.” 278 S.W.3d at 340; see Burger King, 471 U.S. at 473 (discussing “parties who
‘reach out beyond one state and create continuing relationships and obligations with citizens of
another state,’” quoting Travelers Health Ass’n v. Virginia, 339 U.S. 643, 647 (1950)).
MoneyGram states that this Court has recognized that “a single contract may meet the purposeful
availment standard where the agreement involves many contacts between the defendant and the
forum over a period of time.” Tabacinic v. Frazier, 372 S.W.3d 658, 666 (Tex. App.—Dallas
2012, no pet.). But Tabacinic is distinguishable: we concluded that a “contract for the purchase
or assignment of Texas real property is such” a “single contract [that] may meet the purposeful
availment standard[.]” Id. at 666–67.
9
MoneyGram refers to Theofanopoulos “planning his fraudulent scheme in Texas.” As the record indicates, however, Theofanopoulos was
not and has never been “in Texas.”
–15–
In addition, MoneyGram argues that Texas courts have found purposeful availment “where
nonresident defendants established an ongoing relationship with and obligations to Texas residents
in order to profit from a business transaction with a Texas corporation.” The three cases that
MoneyGram points to as authority are again distinguishable. In Carlile Bancshares, Inc. v.
Armstrong, No. 02-14-00014-CV, 2014 WL 3891658, at *12 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Aug. 7,
2014, no pet.) (mem. op.), the plaintiffs pleaded that defendants “contracted by mail or otherwise
with a Texas resident and either party is to perform the contracts in whole or in part in” Texas and
the defendants concealed information in Texas during merger negotiations. In Enright v. Asclepius
Panacea, LLC, No. 03-15-00348-CV, 2016 WL 1048881, at *6 (Tex. App.—Austin Mar. 8, 2016,
no pet.) (mem. op.), among other facts, the defendant “traveled to Texas to meet with” the owner
of the plaintiffs, “and they discussed the issues on which the fraud claims [were] based.” And in
Barnhill v. Automated Shrimp Corp., 222 S.W.3d 756, 761, 763–64 (Tex. App.—Waco 2007, no
pet.), the court concluded that the chief executive officer of a company that acquired the assets of
another company “participated in founding a Texas corporation in which he owns stock” (as a
result of the acquisition)—which resulted in him “maintain[ing] personal property in Texas”—
“serves as ‘Chairman & CEO,’ performs services and reaps substantial benefits” including
“$25,000 per month in compensation[.]” In contrast to these cases, the present case does not
involve the purchase of property in Texas, the defendant’s travel to Texas, or the defendant taking
part in forming a Texas corporation and then owning shares of and receiving salary as an employee
of that Texas corporation.
MoneyGram contends that “discussions and exchanges of information” concerning the
Payment Plan Agreement “were not unilateral” and show that Theofanopoulos availed himself of
the privilege of doing business “by negotiating with MoneyGram representatives in Texas.” It
also contends that Theofanopoulos “knew he was affiliating himself with a corporation
–16–
headquartered in Texas” for he “received several drafts of agreements from MoneyGram” and
provided edits to the agreements and sent them to MoneyGram for review. It notes that, as in
Barnhill, agreements here indicated MoneyGram’s address and contact information in Texas.10
But similar to the facts and holding in M & F Worldwide Inc., 512 S.W.3d at 890, “[i]n negotiating,
executing, and carrying out the” Payment Plan Agreement, Theofanopoulos “did not seek to do
business in Texas, commit a tort in Texas, or allegedly cause injury to” MoneyGram “in Texas”
—and as a result it did not “purposeful[ly] avail[]” itself “of the privilege of conducting activities
within the forum state[.]”
As a further argument, MoneyGram contends that Theofanopoulos—through these
contacts—“sought a financial benefit and profit in availing himself of the State of Texas.”
MoneyGram argues that, Texas courts have recognized that when a nonresident defendant “stood
to reap financial benefits from a transaction with Texas residents through alleged fraud,” the
nonresident “consents to suit” in Texas. But the cases that MoneyGram cites are also
distinguishable. See Retamco, 278 S.W.3d at 339 (company “reached out and created a continuing
relationship in Texas” when it took “assignment of Texas real property”); Enright, 2016 WL
1048881, at *6 (defendant “traveled to Texas to meet with” the owner of the plaintiffs, “and they
discussed the issues on which the fraud claims [were] based”); Norstrud, 2015 WL 4878716, at
*3, 8–9 (corporate officer, among other actions, “purposely targeted” investors “in Texas” and
signed agreements that “contain[ed] clauses that either Texas law governs the agreement or that
the agreement is performable in Texas”); Tabacinic, 372 S.W.3d at 670–71 (“representations
underlying the tort claims concerned activity relating to Texas real property, sold to Texas
residents, to occur in Texas”); Touradji v. Beach Capital P’ship, L.P., 316 S.W.3d 15, 27 (Tex.
10
Given our disposition, it is not necessary for us to address MoneyGram’s argument that Theofanopoulos’s contention that he has no “point
of contact” in Texas “evades common sense.”
–17–
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, no pet.) (“representation to plaintiffs in Texas” concerning “the
ongoing operation of two Texas entities”).
MoneyGram contends that the financial benefit and profit that Theofanopoulos received—
through directing “misrepresentations and omissions to MoneyGram representatives in Texas”—
included inducing MoneyGram to enter into the Payment Plan Agreement, preventing
MoneyGram from acting against Theofanopoulos, including by terminating the business
relationship, “reap[ing] benefits” of €860,000 “owed to MoneyGram[,]” and continuing to make
misrepresentations “with the hope that MoneyGram would buy his business from him[.]”
MoneyGram argues that—“[f]ar from seeking to avoid Texas”—Theofanopoulos “sought out
Texas to engage in a fraudulent scheme to financially benefit his own self.” But the evidence that
MoneyGram cites does not reflect that Theofanopoulos “sought out Texas” for financial benefit
and profit. See Michiana, 168 S.W.3d at 788 (stating “‘financial benefits accruing to the defendant
from a collateral relation to the forum State will not support jurisdiction if they do not stem from
a constitutionally cognizable contact with that State’” (quoting World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v.
Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 299 (1980)).
Lastly, MoneyGram argues that Theofanopoulos “has not negated any of the Texas
contacts discussed above” but “simply declared that he is a nonresident of Texas.” Without citing
authority, MoneyGram argues that Theofanopoulos did not amend his special appearance to
address the additional jurisdictional facts in MoneyGram’s first amended petition. We conclude
that Theofanopoulos negated “all bases of personal jurisdiction alleged by” MoneyGram. See Old
Republic, 2018 WL 2449360, at *4 (“One way the defendant can meet this burden to negate
jurisdiction is by showing that ‘even if the plaintiff’s alleged facts are true, the evidence is legally
insufficient to establish jurisdiction’ or that ‘the defendant’s contacts with Texas fall short of
purposeful availment.’” (quoting Kelly, 301 S.W.3d at 659)).
–18–
Having concluded that the contacts that MoneyGram argues as a basis for personal
jurisdiction do not constitute purposeful availment, it is not necessary for us to analyze whether
these activities have a substantial connection to the operative facts of the litigation. See
WaterWorks Corral Creek, LLC v. AquaTech Saltwater Disposal LLC, No. 03-16-00309-CV, 2018
WL 988907, at *11 (Tex. App.—Austin Feb. 21, 2018, pet. dism’d) (mem. op.) (citing Moki Mac,
221 S.W.3d at 579); see also Retamco, 278 S.W.3d at 338 (stating the two components of specific
jurisdiction).
We conclude that MoneyGram has not established as a matter of law that MoneyGram’s
claims arise from or are connected with alleged purposeful acts committed by Theofanopoulos in
Texas and alleged misrepresentations and alleged omissions of material facts made by
Theofanopoulos directed to MoneyGram in Texas.11 As a result, we conclude that the trial court
did not err in granting Theofanopoulos’s special appearance. We resolve Moneygram’s sole issue
against it. We affirm the order of the trial court granting Theofanopoulos’s special appearance.
CONCLUSION
We conclude that the trial court did not err by granting Theofanopoulos’s special
appearance. We affirm the trial court’s order.
/Elizabeth Lang-Miers/
ELIZABETH LANG-MIERS
JUSTICE
170798F.P05
11
Because of our conclusion, it is not necessary for us to reach Moneygram’s argument that the trial court’s exercise of jurisdiction does not
offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. It is also not necessary for us to reach Theofanopoulos’s arguments that he was acting
as an officer of Moneylink and not individually, that MoneyGram solicited him “to acquire the money transfer business of Money[l]ink[,]” and that
MoneyGram “unilaterally imposed” agreements—including the Payment Plan Agreement—onto Moneylink. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.
–19–
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
JUDGMENT
MONEYGRAM INTERNATIONAL, On Appeal from the 116th Judicial District
INC., Appellant Court, Dallas County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. DC-16-13957.
No. 05-17-00798-CV V. Opinion delivered by Justice Lang-Miers,
Justices Evans and Schenck participating.
DEMETRI THEOFANOPOULOS,
Appellee
In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the order of the trial court is
AFFIRMED.
It is ORDERED that appellee Demetri Theofanopoulos recover his costs of this appeal
from appellant MoneyGram International, Inc.
Judgment entered this 6th day of July, 2018.
–20–