Ricky Zane Johnson v. State ( 2018 )

COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH
NO. 02-17-00270-CR
RICKY ZANE JOHNSON APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS STATE
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FROM THE 235TH DISTRICT COURT OF COOKE COUNTY
TRIAL COURT NO. CR16-00490
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MEMORANDUM OPINION1
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Upon his guilty plea, a jury convicted appellant Ricky Zane Johnson of
burglary of a habitation, a second-degree felony.2 After hearing punishment
evidence, the jury assessed fifteen years’ confinement. In two points, he
contends that the evidence is factually insufficient to support his sentence and
1
See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
2
See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 30.02(a), (c)(2) (West Supp. 2017).
that the trial court erred by refusing to instruct the jury that his intoxication while
committing the burglary could mitigate his punishment. We affirm.
Background
A grand jury indicted Johnson with burglary. In front of a jury, he pleaded
guilty.3 The jury heard evidence that he committed burglary of a home that was
across the street from where he lived by breaking into a garage, opening the
door of a truck, finding a wallet, and taking credit cards and cash. Johnson
testified and conceded that he had prior convictions. He explained he had a drug
problem and that when he committed the burglary, he was on Xanax. Although
he claimed that he would not have committed the burglary without having taken
Xanax, he admitted that he knew that committing burglary was wrong at the time
he did so.
Before closing arguments on the issue of Johnson’s punishment, his
counsel asked the court to submit a punishment-mitigation instruction in the jury
charge on “temporary insanity due to intoxication.” The proposed instruction
read,
You are instructed that under our law neither intoxication nor
temporary insanity of mind caused by intoxication shall constitute
any defense to the commission of a crime. Evidence of temporary
insanity caused by intoxication should be considered in mitigation of
the penalty, if any, attached to the offense.
3
A plea of guilty in front of a jury substitutes for a verdict of guilt, and the
case proceeds to a unitary punishment hearing. Fuller v. State, 253 S.W.3d 220,
227 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008), cert. denied, 555 U.S. 1105 (2009).
2
By the term “intoxication” as used herein is meant disturbance
of mental or physical capacity resulting from the introduction of any
substance into the body.
By the term “insanity” as used herein is meant that as a result
of intoxication the defendant did not know that his conduct was
wrong.
Now, if you find from the evidence that the defendant . . . was
laboring under temporary insanity as defined in this charge,
produced by voluntary intoxication, then you may take such
temporary insanity into consideration in mitigation of the penalty
which you attach to the crime, if you find him guilty.
The trial court denied Johnson’s request for the inclusion of the instruction.
After receiving the parties’ closing arguments, the jury assessed Johnson’s
punishment at fifteen years’ confinement. The trial court sentenced him
accordingly. He brought this appeal.
Johnson’s Sentencing Complaint
In his first point, Johnson argues that the evidence was “factually
insufficient to sentence him to 15 years[’] confinement in the penitentiary.” He
recognizes that the sentencing range for his offense was two to twenty years’
confinement,4 but he argues that his actions were “not those that would merit 15
years[’] confinement,” a sentence that he describes as “onerous.”
The jury’s decision of what punishment to impose within a statutory range
is a normative process that is not intrinsically factbound; thus, we do not review a
punishment decision for evidentiary sufficiency. See Hayden v. State, 296
4
See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 12.33(a) (West 2011).
3
S.W.3d 549, 552 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); Garcia v. State, 316 S.W.2d 734, 735
(Tex. Crim. App. 1958); Prado v. State, No. 07-16-00273-CR, 2016 WL 7187462,
at *3 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Dec. 8, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
publication). To the extent that Johnson asks for an evidentiary sufficiency
review, we decline to undertake one.
Broadly construing his brief, to the extent that Johnson intends to argue
that his sentence was disproportionate and violated his Eighth Amendment right
to be free from cruel and unusual punishment,5 he did not present that argument
in the trial court, and we therefore hold that he forfeited any such complaint. See
Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A); Alkek v. State, No. 02-17-00304-CR, 2018 WL
1528275, at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Mar. 29, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op., not
designated for publication) (“We have held on numerous occasions that
disproportionate-sentence claims must be preserved at the trial court level.”);
Cisneros v. State, No. 02-06-00103-CR, 2007 WL 80002, at *1 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth Jan. 11, 2007, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication)
(collecting cases).
For these reasons, we overrule Johnson’s first point.
5
See U.S. Const. amend VIII; Emanuel v. State, No. 02-16-00376-CR,
2018 WL 2142769, at *5 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth May 10, 2018, pet. filed) (mem.
op., not designated for publication) (“Proportionality of punishment is embodied in
the Eighth Amendment’s ban on cruel and unusual punishment and requires that
the punishment fit the offense. Generally, punishment that is within the statutory
range is not excessive, cruel, or unusual under the Eighth Amendment and will
not be disturbed on appeal.” (citation omitted)).
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Alleged Jury Charge Error
In his second point, Johnson contends that the trial court erred by refusing
his requested jury instruction on temporary insanity caused by intoxication. In
our review of a jury charge, we first determine whether error occurred; if error did
not occur, our analysis ends. Kirsch v. State, 357 S.W.3d 645, 649 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2012).
Section 8.04 of the penal code states that voluntary intoxication does not
constitute a defense to a crime but that evidence of “temporary insanity caused
by intoxication may be introduced by the actor in mitigation of the penalty
attached to the offense.” Tex. Penal Code § 8.04(a)–(b) (West 2011). “Insanity”
means that at the time of the conduct charged, the actor did not know that his
conduct was wrong. Id. § 8.01(a) (West 2011).
Considering these provisions together, the court of criminal appeals has
held that to be entitled to a mitigation instruction based on voluntary intoxication
causing temporary insanity, the defendant must show that he was “unable to
understand the wrongfulness of his conduct.” Ex parte Martinez, 195 S.W.3d
713, 722 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (“All of [the] evidence establishes that [the
defendant] was indeed aware of the wrongfulness of his conduct; thus, a
mitigation instruction would not have been supported by the evidence.”); Lopez v.
State, 544 S.W.3d 499, 504 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2018, no pet.)
(stating that a voluntary intoxication instruction “is not warranted unless a
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defendant shows that his intoxication prevented him from understanding that his
conduct was wrong”).
Here, regarding his commission of burglary, Johnson testified, “I can’t say
that I didn’t understand it was wrong, because that would be a lie. I did
understand it was wrong. But before I knew it, I was just, I mean, I was kind of
over there doing it.” Under the authority cited above, we hold that because
Johnson conceded that he knew while he was committing the burglary that doing
so was wrong, the trial court did not err by denying his request for an instruction
on involuntary intoxication causing temporary insanity. See Martinez, 195
S.W.3d at 722; Lopez, 544 S.W.3d at 504. We overrule his second point.
Conclusion
Having overruled both of Johnson’s points, we affirm the trial court’s
judgment.
/s/ Wade Birdwell
WADE BIRDWELL
JUSTICE
PANEL: WALKER, GABRIEL, and BIRDWELL, JJ.
DO NOT PUBLISH
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)
DELIVERED: July 26, 2018
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