Cindy Yen Chow v. Jacob C. Cobun ( 2019 )

Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
May 29, 2019
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
In re the Parenting and Support of: No. 50986-5-II
Children: UNPUBLISHED OPINION
P.C.
Petitioner:
CINDY CHOW
And Respondent:
JACOB COBUN
GLASGOW, J. — Cindy Yen Chow and Jacob Christopher Cobun lived together for about
four years and they had one child together. After they broke up, the superior court awarded child
support and granted Cobun a $100 per month downward deviation, meaning that he would pay
$100 less per month than the standard child support calculation would have required. Chow
appeals.
Chow argues the superior court abused its discretion when it allowed Cobun the
downward deviation because (1) neither the facts nor findings support a conclusion that ordering
Cobun to pay the full standard calculation amount would be inequitable, (2) the court relied on
an unapproved worksheet, and (3) the court’s findings of fact do not support a downward
deviation. Cobun argues the superior court did not err and requests attorney fees on appeal.
We affirm the superior court’s child support order, but we deny Cobun’s request for
attorney fees.
No. 50986-5-II
FACTS
Chow and Cobun lived together for about four years and had a son together. When the
couple separated, both parties petitioned the superior court for a parenting plan, residential
schedule, and child support. The matter proceeded to trial to resolve disputes about the
appropriate residential schedule and child support.
At the time of trial, Chow owned her own dental practice, specializing in endodontics,
and she earned about $8,000 per month. Chow had also recently secured a $1.2 million dollar
loan to fund her new private practice. Chow worked Monday through Thursday.
Cobun worked as a full time firefighter and made $7,414.96 per month. Cobun had a
nontraditional work schedule, which consisted of a 9 day cycle where each fire crew worked one
24 hour shift, followed by 24 hours off duty, worked another 24 hour shift, followed by 24 hours
off duty, and then worked a final 24 hour shift (totaling 5 days), followed by 4 consecutive days
off duty. This schedule rotated consistently throughout the year. Because of his schedule,
Cobun sought visitation primarily on his consecutive days off duty, which varied from week to
week.
Cobun also asked for deviation from the standard child support schedule based on his
proposed parenting plan and residential schedule. He testified that based on the number of days
his son would live with him, the expenses he would undertake for their son’s care would
increase. For example, Cobun would be transporting his son more and would have increased
expenses for food. He also believed that Chow’s expenses would reflect a corresponding
reduction. Based on his awareness of Chow’s historical income, and based on her projected
income at her new dental practice, Cobun also believed a deviation would not leave Chow with
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insufficient funds. He sought a deviation from the standard child support calculation in the
amount of $244.69.
Chow asked the court not to deviate from the standard calculation. She testified that she
did not believe that Cobun had undertaken any expenses in caring for their son that would reduce
her basic expenses.
The superior court considered the Child Support Schedule Worksheet. It also considered
a “Residential Schedule Credit Using Formula,” generated by the court’s SupportCalc 2017
software. Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 209; see also Verbatim Report of Proceedings (VRP) (Nov. 17,
2017) at 5-9 (discussing the court’s use of SupportCalc). The computer program calculated a
recommended deviation from the standard child support calculation in the amount of $214.24.
The superior court issued a memorandum opinion that established a parenting plan,
residential schedule, and child support. It designated Chow as the primary custodian. It granted
Cobun residential time during periods when he had four off-duty days in a row. The court found
that Chow’s gross income was $8,000 per month and Cobun’s was $7,577 per month. It found
Chow’s portion of the basic child support obligation to be 58 percent and Cobun’s 42 percent.
And it noted that the standard child support calculation resulted in a transfer payment from
Cobun to Chow in the amount of $500 per month. Regarding Cobun’s request for a downward
deviation, the court found:
Based on RCW 26.09.035, the Court will allow a slight deviation of Father’s
child support obligation, based on the following:
- Parents’ relatively equal income;
- The number of days the child spends with the Father (≈ 1/3 of each month)
which the Court determines to be significant;
- The circumstances of each hous[e]hold: 1 parent/1 child (when child is
with that parent); and
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No. 50986-5-II
- The fact that neither parent has insufficient income to support [themselves]
while contributing to support of the child.
The Court is allowing a residential credit to the Father of $141.96. The net
monthly transfer payment, by Father to Mother, is $500.00, which shall be
retroactive to September 1, 2017, and is due on the first day of each month
thereafter. Worksheets are enclosed for attachment to the Final Child Support
Order.
CP at 202. The amount of downward deviation was less than the deviation amount that
SupportCalc had recommended.
The superior court entered orders consistent with its memorandum opinion, which recited
the same findings and reasons for deviation.
Cobun moved for reconsideration and asked the court for clarification of his support
obligation specifically related to daycare expenses. At the hearing on reconsideration, the court
determined that it had made a mistake in calculating Cobun’s initial child support in light of
daycare expenses. The court discussed the fact that in making its original ruling, it used the
SupportCalc software to calculate a recommended deviation from the standard calculation. Then
the court determined, in its discretion, whether or not to grant a deviation, and, if so, how much,
based on the facts of the case.
The superior court granted Cobun’s motion to correct its error in accounting for daycare
expenses, explaining that Cobun had to pay his proportionate share of daycare expenses. It then
recalculated Cobun’s child support obligation and recalculated the recommended deviation using
SupportCalc. The court exercised its discretion, providing Cobun a $100 downward deviation,
which was again less than the deviation SupportCalc recommended. And it entered an amended
final child support order, reciting the same reasons for the downward deviation provided in the
memorandum opinion and prior child support order.
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No. 50986-5-II
Chow appeals the superior court’s amended child support order granting Cobun a $100
per month deviation from the standard child support calculation.
ANALYSIS
DEVIATION FROM THE STANDARD CHILD SUPPORT SCHEDULE
Chow argues the superior court abused its discretion in granting a $100 deviation from
the standard child support calculation. We disagree.
A. Standard of Review
The legislature adopted the uniform child support schedule as a means to equitably
apportion the child support obligation between parents, insure child support is adequate to meet a
child’s basic needs, and provide additional child support commensurate with the parents’
income, resources, and standard of living. RCW 26.19.001. A child support order must be
supported by written findings of fact and must be accompanied by a completed child support
worksheet. RCW 26.19.035(2), (4).
Washington courts give considerable deference to a superior court’s decision setting child
support, reversing only where the court has manifestly abused its discretion. In re Marriage of
Booth, 114 Wash. 2d 772, 776, 791 P.2d 519 (1990); see also Choate v. Choate, 143 Wash. App. 235,
241, 177 P.3d 175 (2008). A superior court abuses its discretion if its decision is manifestly
unreasonable or based on untenable grounds or untenable reasons. In re Marriage of Horner,
151 Wash. 2d 884, 893, 93 P.3d 124 (2004). A decision is manifestly unreasonable if it is outside
the range of acceptable choices, given the facts and the applicable legal standard; it is based on
untenable grounds if the factual findings are unsupported by the record; it is based on untenable
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No. 50986-5-II
reasons if the court applied the incorrect legal standard or the facts do not meet the requirements
of the correct standard. Id. at 893-94.
B. Basis for a Downward Deviation from the Standard Child Support Calculation
Chow does not dispute how the superior court arrived at the standard calculation for child
support. She contests only the court’s decision to deviate from the standard calculation. Chow
first argues that the court abused its discretion because neither the facts nor the findings support a
conclusion that it would be inequitable to apply the standard calculation without deviation. We
disagree that this is the appropriate legal standard.
Under RCW 26.19.075(1)(d), the superior court has discretion to deviate from the
standard calculation based on a variety of factors, including the children’s residential schedule
and the effect the child support obligation has on the parents’ income and expenses. In re
Marriage of Schnurman, 178 Wash. App. 634, 638, 316 P.3d 514 (2013). Under the plain
language of the statute, if the child spends a significant amount of time with the parent who is
obligated to make a support payment, the superior court may deviate from the standard
calculation. RCW 26.19.075(1)(d). However, the superior court may not deviate if doing so will
result in insufficient funds to meet the basic needs of the child in the household receiving the
support. Id.
The superior court must also “consider evidence concerning the increased [and
decreased] expenses” of the parties resulting from “the significant amount of time the child
spends with the parent making the support transfer payment.” Id. The superior court must enter
written findings of fact supporting the reasons for any deviation or denial of a party’s request for
deviation. RCW 26.19.075(3); Schnurman, 178 Wash. App. at 640. Nothing in the plain language
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No. 50986-5-II
of the statute requires a specific finding that it would be inequitable to impose child support
based only on the standard calculation, nor does the statute suggest that such a finding is a
prerequisite to ordering a deviation.
Chow relies on statements in In re Marriage of Pollard and In re Marriage of Oakes for
the proposition that child support deviations should be granted only if it would be inequitable not
to deviate. In re Marriage of Pollard, 99 Wash. App. 48, 55, 991 P.2d 1201 (2000) (“Deviation
from the standard support obligation is appropriate when it would be inequitable not to do so.”);
In re Marriage of Oakes, 71 Wash. App. 646, 652 n.4, 861 P.2d 1065 (1993) (“[Deviations] remain
the exception to the rule and should be used only when it would be inequitable to do
otherwise.”). But in Pollard, the court was emphasizing the superior court’s discretion to deviate
when the court believed it would be inequitable not to do so based on the totality of
circumstances of both households. 99 Wash. App. at 54-55. In context, the cited language in
Pollard is not a limitation on the superior court’s broad discretion. Id.
Similarly, the Oakes court explained that it was proper for the superior court to consider a
deviation based not on a recited statutory factor, but instead on a conclusion that the legislature
had not contemplated the factual circumstances that arose in that case. 71 Wash. App. at 650-52.
Thus, Oakes recognized the superior court’s broad discretion to deviate from the standard child
support calculation when the facts support it, even if doing so required consideration of
circumstances outside of the statutory factors.
Contrary to Chow’s argument, neither of these cases dictates that the court must conclude
it would be inequitable to decline to impose a deviation. The superior court did not err when it
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followed the statutory analysis without an added finding that applying the standard calculation
without deviation would be inequitable.
C. Use of Computer Software to Calculate Recommended Deviation
Chow argues the superior court abused its discretion because it relied on what she
characterizes as an unapproved worksheet to determine whether to grant a downward deviation.
We disagree.
RCW 26.19.035(3) provides:
Worksheets in the form developed by the administrative office of the courts shall
be completed under penalty of perjury and filed in every proceeding in which child
support is determined. The court shall not accept incomplete worksheets or
worksheets that vary from the worksheets developed by the administrative office of
the courts.
(Emphasis added.)
Nevertheless, our Supreme Court has recognized, in a case specifically addressing
residential deviation, that
“[b]ecause the [current] statute explicitly gives the trial court discretion to deviate
from the basic child support obligation based on the facts of a particular case, a
specific formula is neither necessary nor statutorily required to ensure the parents’
child support obligation is properly allocated.”
Schnurman, 178 Wn. App at 642 (quoting State ex. rel. M.M.G. v. Graham, 159 Wash. 2d 623, 636,
152 P.3d 1005 (2007)).1
1
We note that the administrative office of the courts has an appendix worksheet for a “residential
split adjustment” to be used as part of the standard calculation only where at least one of the
children from this relationship is living with one parent most of the time. See
http://www.courts.wa.gov/forms/documents/WSCSS-Attachment%20for%20RSA.pdf. But this
worksheet does not indicate that it was intended to address deviations from the standard
calculations to account for residential time. See id.
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No. 50986-5-II
Chow relies on Choate, 143 Wash. App. at 241-44, to argue that the court erred in relying
on SupportCalc’s residential credit. In Choate, the child support order stated only that the reason
for deviation was “Whole Family Formula applied,” and the superior court attached a document
entitled “Whole Family Formula Deviation,” without entering other findings of fact applying the
statutory considerations to support its deviation. Id. at 242-43. The Choate court noted that the
appendix to chapter 26.19 RCW does not list a worksheet entitled “Whole Family Formula
Deviation.” Id. at 242. It held that the superior court’s reliance on that document—without
written findings of fact outlining the court’s specific reasons for deviation—constituted error. Id.
The court emphasized the lack of adequate independent findings and did not hold that
consideration of a worksheet, computer-generated calculation, or formula, by itself, would have
been error.
We do not read RCW 26.19.035(3) to require reversal where the superior court has
considered a worksheet, formula, or SupportCalc-generated calculation when determining
whether it should deviate from the standard calculation. Indeed, such a holding could have
sweeping impact because superior courts and family law practitioners commonly use
SupportCalc. Instead, we read the two sentences in RCW 26.19.035(3) together to mean that the
administrative office of the courts has established certain required child support worksheets that
must be submitted in every case, and those required worksheets must not deviate from the
versions that the administrative office has approved.
But that does not mean that a superior court cannot use other formulas or calculations to
inform a deviation decision, so long as the court considers the factors that the deviation statute
requires and enters findings adequately supporting its ultimate determination. This reasoning is
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No. 50986-5-II
consistent with Choate, which reversed for a failure to enter adequate findings, and with the
significant deference that we give to superior courts in making child support determinations,
especially deviation determinations. See Goodell v. Goodell, 130 Wash. App. 381, 391, 122 P.3d
929 (2005).
In this case, the superior court accepted the Child Support Schedule Worksheet
developed by the administrative office of the courts when it determined the parties’ basic child
support obligation. When addressing the request for deviation, the court advised the parties that
it did not do calculations by hand, but instead, used SupportCalc to do the math. The attachment
of the SupportCalc document merely provided a record of one item the court considered when it
applied the statutory factors. Notably, the court did not blindly adopt the SupportCalc’s
deviation calculation, but instead, adopted a different deviation based on its own application of
all of the relevant factors.
We hold that the use of computer software as a tool to inform a superior court’s decision
on deviation does not, by itself, constitute an abuse of discretion, so long as the court enters
adequate written findings supporting its deviation decision. Therefore, the superior court did not
abuse its discretion when it used SupportCalc because here, as discussed below, substantial
evidence supports its findings.
D. Substantial Evidence Supports the Superior Court’s Findings, Which in Turn, Support a
Deviation
Chow argues the superior court abused its discretion because substantial evidence does
not support its findings of fact, and the findings of fact do not support a downward deviation.
We disagree.
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RCW 26.19.035(2) provides, “An order for child support shall be supported by written
findings of fact upon which the support determination is based and shall include reasons for any
deviation from the standard calculation.” The superior court must enter written findings of fact
in all cases. Id.; see also RCW 26.19.075(3) (“The court shall enter findings that specify reasons
for any deviation or any denial of a party’s request for any deviation from the standard
calculation made by the court.”).
We review findings of fact for substantial evidence. Wilson v. Wilson, 165 Wash. App.
333, 340, 267 P.3d 485 (2011). Substantial evidence exists when there is sufficient evidence to
persuade a fair-minded, rational person of the finding’s truth. Id. We do not substitute our
judgment for the superior court’s judgment, weigh the evidence, or evaluate witness credibility.
Id. When the superior court has weighed the evidence, we determine only whether substantial
evidence supports the findings of fact, and if so, whether the findings support the superior court’s
conclusions of law. Id. We review the superior court’s conclusions of law de novo. In re
Marriage of Wehr, 165 Wash. App. 610, 613, 267 P.3d 1045 (2011).
The record shows that the superior court supported its child support order with written
findings of fact and included the reasons for its deviation from the standard calculation. It found
that under the parenting plan, the child would spend a significant amount of time with Cobun.
The record shows the court considered testimony concerning the increased and decreased
expenses of both parties resulting from the residential schedule. It also heard testimony
regarding the specific expenses that Cobun expected to increase, specifically those related to
transportation and food. Finally, the record reflects that the deviation would not leave Chow
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No. 50986-5-II
with insufficient funds. This is all that RCW 26.19.035(2) and RCW 26.19.075(1)(d), (3)
required.
Chow testified that she did not believe that Cobun had any child care expenses that
would, in effect, reduce her basic child support obligation. But the mere existence of conflicting
testimony does not undermine the superior court’s decision. We do not substitute our judgment
for the superior court’s judgment, reweigh conflicting evidence, or evaluate witness credibility.
Wilson, 165 Wash. App. at 340.
Chow argues that the court here “did not list any facts [that] indicate how much the father
spends on the child when she is in his care [that] would justify the reduction in support.” Reply
Br. of Appellant at 7. However, RCW 26.19.035(2) and RCW 26.19.075(3) require the superior
court to “include” and “specify [its] reasons” for any deviation from the standard calculation in
its written findings. RCW 26.19.075(1)(d) requires the superior court to “consider evidence
concerning the increased [and decreased] expenses” of the parties that may result from granting a
deviation. (Emphasis added.) The superior court specified its reasons for granting a deviation in
the child support order, and it considered testimony from both parties concerning increased and
decreased expenses.
Chow also relies on State on Behalf of Sigler v. Sigler, 85 Wash. App. 329, 338, 932 P.2d
710 (1997), to contend that the superior court’s findings were insufficient to support deviation.
In Sigler, it appears the superior court relied only on the fact that the child resided with the father
a significant amount of time. See id. Here, the superior court also relied on the parents’ similar
incomes and the circumstances of each household, which included testimony about the specific
expenses Cobun anticipated would increase.
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The record reflects how the superior court calculated the amount of deviation in this case.
The court considered testimony of the parties, including specific evidence that established the
number of days per year the child would reside with Cobun and testimony that Cobun’s expenses
for food and transportation would increase as a result. The court then used the SupportCalc
program to calculate a recommended deviation based on various inputs, it determined
SupportCalc’s recommendation was too high based on the evidence, and the court ultimately
granted Cobun a lesser deviation.
Again, we do not substitute our judgment for the superior court’s, weigh the evidence, or
evaluate witness credibility. Wilson, 165 Wash. App. at 340. The record substantially supports the
superior court’s grant of a $100 per month deviation. The superior court did not abuse its
discretion.
E. Attorney Fees on Appeal
Cobun requests attorney fees on appeal. However, after review of his affidavit of need,
we deny Cobun’s request for attorney fees.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the superior court’s child support order. We deny Cobun’s request for
attorney fees.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
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Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
2.06.040, it is so ordered.
Glasgow, J.
We concur:
Worswick, J.
Maxa, C.J.
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