Christopher Darrell Jefferson v. State ( 2016 )

AFFIRMED; Opinion Filed July 7, 2016.
In The
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
No. 05-15-00477-CR
CHRISTOPHER DARRELL JEFFERSON, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 363rd Judicial District Court
Dallas County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. F13-30608-W
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Francis, Lang-Miers, and Myers
Opinion by Justice Myers
Appellant Christopher Darrell Jefferson was convicted by a jury of capital murder and
punishment was assessed at life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. See TEX. PENAL
CODE ANN. § 12.31(a)(2). In one issue, appellant contends the trial court erred by allowing the
State to amend the indictment after the close of evidence. We affirm.
DISCUSSION
The indictment against appellant alleged in part that on or about January 29, 2013, he did:
unlawfully then and there intentionally cause the death of LATOYA
MCGOWAN, an individual, hereinafter called deceased, by SHOOTING THE
DECEASED WITH A FIREARM, A DEADLY WEAPON, and the defendant
was then and there in the course of committing and attempting to commit the
offense of BURGLARY of said deceased.
After both the State and defense rested and closed, the State made an oral motion to strike the
words “of said deceased” from the indictment. Appellant objected to the motion, arguing that
the State was required to allege that the burglary was committed without the effective consent of
a named owner. Counsel stated, “It’s set out in every burglary indictment that comes out of the
Grand Jury.” Counsel argued that “burglary of said deceased” did not set forth the felony
offense required for capital murder, and that it was fundamentally unfair to allow the State to
“manipulate” a defective indictment after the evidence was closed. Counsel concluded, “You
can’t just guess and suppose that this was done without the consent of some person. That has to
be set out in the indictment, and they have to do that.” The trial court overruled appellant’s
objection, stating, “I’m granting the State’s motion to strike the surplus language.” The
application paragraph of the jury charge repeated the indictment’s allegations but omitted the
words “of said deceased.”
An amendment to the charging instrument is governed by article 28.10 of the Texas Code
of Criminal Procedure, which provides:
(a) After notice to the defendant, a matter of form or substance in an indictment or
information may be amended at any time before the date the trial on the merits
commences. On the request of the defendant, the court shall allow the defendant
not less than 10 days, or a shorter period if requested by the defendant, to respond
to the amended indictment or information.
(b) A matter of form or substance in an indictment or information may also be
amended after the trial on the merits commences if the defendant does not object.
(c) An indictment or information may not be amended over the defendant’s
objection as to form or substance if the amended indictment or information
charges the defendant with an additional or different offense or if the substantial
rights of the defendant are prejudiced.
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 28.10. Article 28.11 states that “[a]ll amendments of an
indictment or information shall be made with the leave of the court and under its direction.” Id.
art. 28.11. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has held that, under the language of article
28.10(b), the defendant has “an absolute veto power over proposed amendments after trial on the
merits has commenced.” Hillin v. State, 808 S.W.2d 486, 489 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (plurality
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op.). This power is triggered when, after trial on the merits has commenced, the defendant
makes a timely objection to the form or substance of the State’s proposed amendment. Id. at
488.
There is, however, a difference between amendment of an indictment and abandonment
of language in the indictment. “An amendment is an alteration to the face of the charging
instrument which affects the substance of the charging instrument.” Eastep v. State, 941 S.W.2d
130, 132 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997), overruled on other grounds by Gollihar v. State, 46 S.W.3d
243 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) and by Riney v. State, 28 S.W.3d 561 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); see
also Moore v. State, 54 S.W.3d 529, 546 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001, pet. ref’d); Duenas v.
State, No. 05–14–00192–CR, 2015 WL 1243345, at *4 (Tex. App.––Dallas Mar. 16, 2015, no
pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication). An abandonment, on the other hand, does not
affect the substance of the charging instrument. Eastep, 941 S.W.2d at 133; Moore, 54 S.W.3d
at 546; Duenas, 2015 WL 1243345, at *4. A change of language in an indictment is appropriate
to (1) abandon one or more alternative means of committing the offense, (2) abandon an
allegation if the effect is to reduce the charged offense to a lesser included offense, or (3)
eliminate surplusage. Eastep, 941 S.W.2d at 135; Chen v. State, 410 S.W.3d 394, 396 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d); Mayfield v. State, 117 S.W.3d 475, 476 (Tex.
App.—Texarkana 2003, pet. ref’d); see also Duenas, 2015 WL 1243345, at *4 n.5 (citing Barron
v. State, No. 03–11–00519–CR, 2013 WL 3929121, at *7 n.3 (Tex. App.—Austin July 26, 2013,
no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (concluding that analysis in Eastep regarding
surplusage in indictment “remains good law”)). “Surplusage is unnecessary language not legally
essential to constitute the offense alleged in the charging instrument.” Eastep, 941 S.W.2d at
132. An abandonment of such language in the indictment does not invoke the requirements of
articles 28.10 and 28.11 of the code of criminal procedure. Id. at 135; Chen, 410 S.W.3d at 396;
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Duenas, 2015 WL 1243345, at *4.
Appellant argues that the abandonment of the words “of said deceased” from the
indictment constituted an amendment of the indictment in violation of article 28.10(b) of the
code of criminal procedure. His argument is that the allegation “of said deceased” described the
phrase “without the effective consent of the owner,” an essential element of the underlying
burglary offense, and that this brought the present case within a recognized exception to the
general rule regarding the deletion of surplusage. Appellant cites Burrell v. State, 526 S.W.2d
799, 802 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975), overruled by Gollihar, 46 S.W.3d at 256–57, for the
contention that unnecessary language is not surplusage if it is descriptive of a necessary element
of the charged offense. The Burrell exception applied to language that (1) places an offense in a
specific setting, (2) defines the method by which the offense was committed, or (3) describes the
offense more narrowly. See Curry v. State, 30 S.W.3d 394, 399 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (citing
Burrell, 526 S.W.2d at 80). But appellant’s reliance on Burrell is misguided because the court of
criminal appeals explicitly overruled the Burell exception in Gollihar. Gollihar, 46 S.W.3d at
256–57; Hoisager v. State, No. 03–13–00328–CR, 2015 WL 4537581, at *3 (Tex. App.––Austin
July 17, 2015, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication).
The question before us is whether the words “of said deceased” were legally essential to
constitute the offense alleged. See Eastep, 941 S.W.2d at 132–34. Courts have consistently held
that an indictment alleging capital murder need not allege the particular elements of the
underlying offense. See Alba v. State, 905 S.W.2d 581, 585 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (indictment
need not allege constituent elements of underlying offense which elevates murder to capital
murder); Kitchens v. State, 279 S.W.3d 733, 735–36 (Tex. App.––Amarillo 2007, pet. ref’d)
(court correctly denied defendant’s motion to quash capital murder indictment for failure to
allege constituent elements of underlying offense of burglary). Moreover, the phrase “without
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the effective consent of the owner,” which is an element of burglary, is not alleged in this
indictment nor do the words “of said deceased” describe that element of the offense.
Accordingly, the language “of said deceased” was not legally essential to the offense of capital
murder as alleged in the indictment, thereby rendering it surplusage. Removal of this surplusage
was not an amendment for the purposes of article 28.10. See Eastep, 941 S.W.2d at 136. Thus,
the trial court did not err by allowing the State to remove this language from the indictment. We
overrule appellant’s issue.
One additional issue we must address concerns appellant’s request for leave to file a post-
submission supplemental brief. On June 6, 2016, more than two months after this case was
submitted on March 30, 2016, appellant filed a motion asking us to reset the submission date and
grant leave to file a supplemental brief raising the issue of the sufficiency of the evidence. The
motion noted that we had already denied, in an order signed on February 24, 2016, a pro se
motion filed by appellant to amend his brief and raise sufficiency of the evidence because
appellant, who is represented by counsel, is not entitled to hybrid representation. See Scheanette
v. State, 144 S.W.3d 503, 505 n.2 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). In the supplemental brief, appellant
now urges us to review whether the evidence was sufficient to support a capital murder
conviction and, specifically, whether there was sufficient evidence to prove the underlying
offense of burglary, which is necessary to support the capital murder conviction.
To prove capital murder as alleged in the indictment, the State had to prove appellant
intentionally caused the death of Latoya McGowan by shooting her with a firearm while in the
course of committing and attempting to commit the offense of burglary. See TEX. PENAL CODE
ANN. § 19.03(a)(2). A person commits the offense of burglary if, without the effective consent
of the owner, he enters a habitation and commits or attempts to commit a felony, theft, or an
assault. Id. § 30.02(a)(3). In a prosecution for capital murder based on burglary, the requirement
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that a felony be intended is satisfied by the murder of the victim. Gardner v. State, 306 S.W.3d
274, 287 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). In other words, the court of criminal appeals has held that a
murder occurring after a break-in can serve as both the basis for the murder charge and the
underlying felony required for burglary. See id.; Homan v. State, 19 S.W.3d 847, 848 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2000) (reversing court of appeals which held the murder of complainant could not be
used to turn entry into home a burglary); Matamoros v. State, 901 S.W.2d 470, 474 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1995) (evidence was sufficient to prove burglary component of capital murder where
defendant entered complainant’s home without his consent and killed complainant). This Court,
relying on Homan, has likewise stated that in a capital murder case with burglary as the
aggravating element, the complainant’s murder could be the felony in the burglary. See Brown v.
State, 92 S.W.3d 655, 659 (Tex. App.––Dallas 2002), aff’d, 122 S.W.3d 794 (Tex. Crim. App.
2003); Jones v. State, No. 05–08–00925–CR, 2009 WL 3366559, at *3 (Tex. App.––Dallas Oct.
21, 2009, no pet.) (not designated for publication). Thus, the question would be whether there is
sufficient evidence to prove appellant did not have the consent of McGowan’s mother, Terrance
Brown, to enter her home on the day in question. See Gardner, 306 S.W.3d at 287.
There is ample direct and circumstantial evidence that appellant lacked such consent.
The evidence showed the victim had been in a relationship with appellant––the father of her two
daughters––until December 29, 2012. McGowan told her mother that she ended the relationship
because appellant had beaten her, and both the victim and her mother were afraid of appellant
and what he might do. Appellant would call Brown’s rented home when the victim lived with
her and come over during the early morning hours and knock on the windows and doors. Brown
told appellant numerous times he was not welcome and should stay away. Brown also went to
the district attorney’s office with McGowan to apply for a protective order against appellant. On
January 28, 2013, the day before the shooting, Brown called the police because appellant was
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outside her home peeping through a window. On the night of January 29, 2013, Brown thought
she heard someone at the door. She told her daughter to call the police. Brown went to the
kitchen and grabbed a knife. She then heard a loud crash and saw her china hutch fall to the
floor as appellant leaped through the dining room window. Pictures showing the broken window
and blinds were admitted into evidence. Appellant shot Brown four times. McGowan died after
suffering gunshot wounds to her chest, back, left arm, left thigh, and right arm. Appellant’s
DNA profile was identified in blood stains on the window blind that hung on the broken window
near the china hutch. Appellant’s DNA profile was also identified in a blood stain on the kitchen
knife that Brown used to defend herself. Given the evidence in this case, a rational jury could
certainly have found beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant committed the offense as charged
in the indictment.
Appellant nonetheless urges us to consider the reasoning set forth in Judge Johnson’s
dissenting opinion in Homan, where she argued it would be illogical to allow the State to use the
murder of the complainant to “bootstrap” a murder offense into a capital murder offense.
Homan, 19 S.W.3d at 849–51 (Johnson, J., dissenting). Under stare decisis, however, we are
bound follow precedent established by the court of criminal appeals. See State of Texas ex rel.
Vance v. Clawson, 465 S.W.2d 164, 168 (Tex. Crim. App. 1971); Lewis v. State, 448 S.W.3d
138, 146 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, pet. ref’d). Accordingly, appellant’s June 6,
2016 motion for leave to file a supplemental brief and to reset the submission date, or for
alternative relief, is denied.
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
/Lana Myers/
LANA MYERS
JUSTICE
Do Not Publish
TEX. R. APP. P. 47
150477F.U05
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Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
JUDGMENT
CHRISTOPHER DARRELL JEFFERSON, On Appeal from the 363rd Judicial District
Appellant Court, Dallas County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. F13-30608-W.
No. 05-15-00477-CR V. Opinion delivered by Justice Myers. Justices
Francis and Lang-Miers participating.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.
Judgment entered this 7th day of July, 2016.
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