James Alan Jenkins v. State , 468 S.W.3d 656 ( 2015 )

Reversed and Remanded and Majority and Dissenting Opinions filed June 4,
2015.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
NO. 14-13-00662-CR
JAMES ALAN JENKINS, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 359th District Court
Montgomery County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 12-03-02579-CR
MAJORITY OPINION
A jury convicted appellant James Alan Jenkins of illegally voting in an
election in which he knew he was not eligible to vote. Jenkins was sentenced to
three years’ confinement in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice and ordered
to pay a $10,000 fine. Jenkins contends that the trial court erred by refusing to
instruct the jury on the defense of mistake of law. Jenkins also contends that
section 1.015 of the Election Code is unconstitutionally vague as applied to him.
Because we conclude that Jenkins was entitled to a jury instruction on the statutory
defense of mistake of law, we reverse and remand.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
This case arises out of an election held on May 8, 2010, for members of the
Board of Directors of the Woodlands Road Utility District No. 1 in Montgomery
County, Texas (the “RUD”). The RUD was created to provide for the construction
and maintenance of roadways in and around the Woodlands. The RUD’s
boundaries encompass primarily commercial properties that pay property taxes
used to fund the RUD’s projects.
1. Events leading up to the trial
Adrian Heath, a politically active resident of Montgomery County and a
long-time friend of Jenkins, learned of the RUD’s existence sometime in 2009
while researching issues of local government debt. Heath did not reside in the
RUD. He did, however, regularly use the roads and frequent the businesses located
in the RUD.
Heath learned that the RUD was formed in 1991 and was governed by a
board of five directors who were appointed and then confirmed by an initial
election in 1992. Heath became concerned when he discovered that regularly
contested elections for board members had not been held since 1992.1 Heath
believed that the RUD’s board acted primarily to benefit the Woodlands
Development Company, the developer of the Woodlands, rather than the interests
of the local residents.
Heath learned that three of the RUD directors’ terms would expire in 2010,
1
The record reflects that three of the RUD’s directors are elected in even-numbered
years, and two are elected in odd-numbered years; if no positions are contested, no election is
required to be held.
2
so he researched the residency requirements for voting and investigated whether
there were registered voters residing in the RUD. As part of his research, Heath
contacted state and local election officials and others, reviewed documents, and
consulted an attorney. Armed with what he had learned, Heath sought to raise
awareness about the RUD through various media outlets. He made presentations to
groups and actively encouraged people to run against the incumbent RUD
directors. Heath also shared what he had learned with Jenkins.
For nearly twenty years, Jenkins had lived with his family at 16 Pastoral
Pond Circle in the Woodlands, which is not within the RUD. But, he used the
roads and engaged in activities within the RUD. Jenkins was politically active but
had been unaware of the RUD’s existence. Jenkins’s political activities included
regularly attending political meetings and, at one point, running unsuccessfully for
a county political party chairmanship. Before moving to the Woodlands, Jenkins
served as a city councilmember of West University Place. Jenkins had also earned
a master’s degree in laser physics and was the owner of World Wide
Microsystems, Inc., a company that designs, manufactures, and sells control
equipment for industry.
In late February or early March, Heath asked Jenkins to invite a group of
people to attend a meeting concerning the RUD at a public library in the
Woodlands. Jenkins invited Richard McDuffee, Peter J. Goeddertz, Bill Berntsen,
and Jim Doyle, all of whom attended the meeting, along with Jenkins and a few
other people. At the meeting, Heath gave a presentation about the structure of the
RUD, the lack of contested elections for members of the RUD’s board of directors,
and his understanding of the requirements for establishing a residency for voting
purposes in Texas. He also provided copies of a map of the RUD and a formal
3
election law advisory opinion of the Texas Secretary of State.2 The January 22,
2004 opinion, titled Election Law Opinion GSC-1, addressed the application of
Texas residency requirements to college students attending Prairie View A&M
University (the “Secretary of State opinion”).
The Secretary of State opinion set out in full the Texas Election Code
statutes governing voter eligibility and qualifications, and included the Election
Code’s definition of “residence” as follows:
§ 1.015. Residence
(a) In this code, “residence” means domicile, that is, one’s
home and fixed place of habitation to which one intends to
return after any temporary absence.
(b) Residence shall be determined in accordance with the
common-law rules, as enunciated by the courts of this state,
except as otherwise provided by this code.
(c) A person does not lose the person’s residence by leaving the
person’s home to go to another place for temporary purposes
only.
(d) A person does not acquire a residence in a place to which
the person has come for temporary purposes only and without
the intention of making that place the person’s home.
(e) A person who is an inmate in a penal institution or who is an
involuntary inmate in a hospital or eleemosynary institution
does not, while an inmate, acquire residence at the place where
the institution is located.
TEX. ELEC. CODE ANN. § 1.015 (Vernon 2003).
The Secretary of State opinion also included a discussion of applicable federal and
state case law, including Mills v. Bartlett, 377 S.W.2d 636 (Tex. 1964), which was
cited for the following statements concerning a voter’s residence:
2
The Secretary of State is the chief election officer of Texas. See Tex. Elec. Code §
31.001(a).
4
The meaning that must be given to [the term ‘residence’]
depends upon the circumstances surrounding the person
involved and largely depends upon the present intention of the
individual. Volition, intention, and action are all elements to be
considered in determining where a person resides and such
elements are equally pertinent in denoting the permanent
residence or domicile.
...
Neither bodily presence alone nor intention alone will suffice to
create the residence, but when the two coincide at that moment
the residence is fixed and determined. There is no specific
length of time for the bodily presence to continue.
Mills, at 637 (emphasis added).
The Secretary of State opinion concluded by noting that “[t]hese principles apply
equally to college students as well as other voters, and no more can be required of
them in order for them to register and vote in the State of Texas.”
After the meeting, Jenkins further investigated the RUD’s operations.
Jenkins was concerned that although the RUD’s activities affected everyone in the
Woodlands, the residents had no input into its activities. Jenkins continued to meet
with McDuffee, Goeddertz, Berntsen, and others about placing challengers on the
ballot and encouraging people to change their residences to vote in the upcoming
election. Some of the meetings were held at Jenkins’s business office. Ultimately,
McDuffee, Goeddertz, and Berntsen agreed to run against the incumbent directors.
They each completed applications for places on the ballot, listing their home
addresses, which were not inside the RUD, as their permanent residences.3
Jenkins had been registered to vote from his residence at 16 Pastoral Pond
Circle, which was not within the RUD, for about eighteen years. On April 5, 2010,
3
Although candidates for election to the RUD’s board of directors were not required to
be residents of the RUD, individuals who wanted to vote in a RUD election were required to
reside in the district.
5
however, Jenkins signed a Texas Voter Registration application changing his
residence address to 9333 Six Pines Drive, which was the address of a Marriott
Residence Inn located within the RUD. On the form, Jenkins listed 16 Pastoral
Pond Circle as his mailing address.
Heath, Berntsen, McDuffee, and Goeddertz similarly changed their voter
registration addresses to the hotel address, as did five others: Sybil Doyle and her
daughter Roberta Cook, Thomas Curry, and brothers Benjamin and Robert Allison.
As of the dates each of these people signed their voter registration applications,
none of them had stayed at the Residence Inn at any time in 2010.
County deed records showed that Jenkins and the others owned homes
outside the RUD boundaries, except for Benjamin and Robert Allison. The Allison
brothers lived in their father’s home, which was also outside the boundaries of the
RUD. Additionally, Montgomery County Appraisal District records showed that in
1993, Jenkins had applied for, received, and had never withdrawn the homestead
exemption he received for his home at 16 Pastoral Pond Circle. Doyle, Goeddertz,
Cook, McDuffee, Curry, Heath, Berntsen, and the Allison brothers’ father likewise
maintained homestead exemptions for their homes.
RUD representatives became aware that several individuals had registered to
vote using the address of a hotel in the RUD, and they asked the Montgomery
County District Attorney’s Office to intervene. On April 21, 2010, First Assistant
District Attorney Phil Grant sent Jenkins and most of the others a letter informing
them that the district attorney’s office had received an official complaint alleging
fraudulent voter registrations within the RUD for the upcoming May 8, 2010
election (the “Grant letter”). The Grant letter reflected that it was being sent to all
voters registered in the RUD “for informational purposes only,” and encouraged
recipients with concerns about the legitimacy of their current voter registration to
6
seek the advice of counsel.
The Grant letter identified “[s]ome helpful resources for review,” including
the same Secretary of State opinion Heath had previously distributed, and Attorney
General Opinion Number GA-0141, dated February 4, 2004 (the “Attorney
General opinion”). Like the Secretary of State opinion, the Attorney General
opinion was a response to an official inquiry into voter eligibility and residency
requirements applicable to students attending Prairie View A&M University. It
also cited Mills and other authorities, explaining:
Under current law, the determination regarding “residence” thus
involves both physical residence and current intention of the
applicant; if a student, like any other applicant, satisfies the
requirements of section 1.015, that student is a “resident” of the
county in which the seeks to register. The intention of the voter
registration applicant is crucial to a proper determination of residence,
and every person is strongly presumed to have “the right and privilege
of fixing his residence according to his own desires.” McBeth [v.
Streib, 96 S.W.2d 992, 995 (Tex. Civ. App.—San Antonio 1936, no
writ)]. . . .
Recipients of the Grant letter were advised that they should “be aware that
the elections code provides criminal penalties for knowing voting violations.” As
an example, the Grant letter included the text of section 64.012 of the Texas
Election Code, specifying the elements of the offense of illegal voting. However,
the Grant letter did not include the statutory requirements for voter eligibility or
residency. Finally, the Grant letter encouraged each recipient to “exercise your
right to vote in a manner that is consistent with the law.”
After receiving the Grant letter, Jenkins sought advice from local attorney
and long-time acquaintance Eric Yollick. Together, Jenkins and Yollick reviewed
the Grant letter, the election code statutes, and the Secretary of State and Attorney
General opinions. Jenkins also reviewed case law, including Mills. Additionally,
7
Jenkins discussed the Grant letter with Heath and the others, some of whom also
consulted with Yollick before voting in the May 8, 2010 election.
On May 7, 2010, the day before the election, Jenkins checked into the
Residence Inn at 9333 Six Pines Drive for a two-night stay. The Residence Inn’s
records noted that in addition to Jenkins, there would be four other guests in the
room: McDuffee, Goeddertz, Heath, and Curry, although McDuffee spent only a
few minutes in the hotel to change clothes and did not stay overnight. The hotel’s
records also showed that Curry had separately registered for a single night’s stay
on May 7, departing on May 8. Benjamin and Robert Allison also stayed overnight
as guests before voting. Berntsen, Doyle, and Cook visited the group at the hotel,
but did not stay overnight. Yollick also stopped by to visit with Jenkins at the hotel
on the evening before the election.
The contested election took place on May 8. Early voting totals for the
election showed that two people cast votes. Each of the incumbents received two
votes, and no votes were cast for the challengers. On election day, however, ten
voters cast votes for each of the three challengers. The ten voters were Jenkins,
Heath, Berntsen, McDuffee, Goeddertz, Doyle, Cook, Curry, and the Allison
brothers. Consequently, the challengers, Berntsen, McDuffee, and Goeddertz,
received more votes than the incumbents.
A few days after the election, the incumbent RUD directors filed a lawsuit to
challenge the election results. After meeting with some of the group of voters to
discuss this development, Yollick agreed to represent Jenkins, Heath, McDuffee,
Goeddertz, Berntsen, Curry, and the Allison brothers as intervenors in the lawsuit.
After meeting with Yollick, some of the intervenors planned additional stays at the
Residence Inn. Hotel records showed that Jenkins and three others stayed at the
Residence Inn for one night on May 26, 2010; Jenkins also rented a room from
8
May 29 to June 14. While there, the intervenors took photographs of themselves
working, relaxing, dining, and socializing at the Residence Inn. In some of the
photographs, the intervenors held up documents or the front pages of newspapers.
Yollick met with Jenkins and the others at the hotel several times; three of the
meetings were specifically to discuss the lawsuit.4 Jenkins also changed his
driver’s license address to the Residence Inn.
On March 8, 2012, Jenkins was indicted for the third-degree felony of illegal
voting. The State alleged that Jenkins illegally voted in the May 8, 2010
Woodlands Road Utility District Board of Directors election “when he knew he did
not reside in the precinct in which he voted.” Jenkins pleaded “not guilty.”
2. The trial on guilt/innocence
The guilt/innocence phase of the trial began on June 25, 2013. The State’s
theory was that Jenkins conspired with others to have his associates elected to the
board of directors, take over the RUD, and shut it down. As part of the scheme,
Jenkins and the others changed their voter registration addresses to the Residence
Inn only to manipulate the outcome of the RUD election. The State argued that
because Jenkins knowingly violating the election code in an attempt to cheat the
system, he should be found guilty of illegal voting.
The defense countered that what Jenkins did was engage in the political
process “to right what he perceived to be a wrong” within the confines of the law.
The defense urged that it was fundamentally wrong to find an individual guilty of
illegal voting by choosing their residence for voting purposes.
As the trial progressed, the defense focused primarily on the theory that
4
The jury was not provided with any information concerning the details or the outcome
of the civil lawsuit or subsequent appeal; however, that lawsuit ultimately was resolved against
the intervenors. See McDuffee v. Miller, 327 S.W.3d 808 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2010, no pet.).
9
Jenkins changed his residence for voting purposes based on his understanding of
the law as expressed in the Secretary of State opinion, the Attorney General
opinion, and Mills: that residence is determined by an intent to establish a
residence combined with bodily presence, and there is no requirement that a person
reside at that residence for any specific length of time. Jenkins argued that he
reasonably relied on the two advisory opinions and the Mills case when he
registered to vote and voted in the RUD election because he had both a physical
presence and the intent to reside at the Residence Inn for voting purposes at the
time he voted. Therefore, the defense maintained, Jenkins lacked the requisite
intent to commit the offense of illegal voting.
The State’s first witness was James Stilwell, the attorney who represented
the incumbent RUD directors in the civil lawsuit. Stilwell provided factual
background concerning the RUD and the May 8, 2010 election, explained some of
the documents obtained from the trial in the civil suit, and discussed the testimony
he elicited from Jenkins at that trial.5
Stilwell testified that Jenkins had said that the majority of his personal
property was either at his house or at his business. On the night of May 7, when he
checked into the Residence Inn, Jenkins took with him one or two suitcases, some
toiletries, and some business papers. Jenkins also confirmed that four different
individuals representing four families also stayed with him in his room on May 7.
Jenkins admitted that he did not live in the hotel on the day he signed and swore on
the voter’s registration application that he did. Finally, Jenkins stated that one
reason he decided to make the hotel his residence was that he had been trying to
5
Stilwell also testified that as part of his investigation in the civil trial, he visited the
home of the voters and found that they appeared to have the kinds of items one would normally
find in an occupied home. He also took photographs of the properties, which were admitted into
evidence in this trial.
10
sell his home at 16 Pastoral Pond Circle, citing a desire to downsize and a concern
that his home was near a floodplain. Stilwell acknowledged that when he visited
Jenkins’s home during his investigation, he saw a “for sale” sign on the home, but
as of the date of the civil trial, Jenkins still owned the home and declared it as his
homestead. Stilwell conceded, however, that the election code does not require a
person to reside at a location for any specific length of time to establish a residence
for voting purposes.
The next witness was Phil Grant, the First Assistant District Attorney of
Montgomery County and the author of the Grant letter. He testified that the
purpose of the Grant letter was to caution the recipients to make the right decision
in regard to where they voted. He denied the letter was intended as a threat, instead
characterizing it as informational. Grant explained that his office does not provide
legal advice to private citizens, but after receiving several calls from
representatives of the RUD, his office felt it was “in the best interest” to remind the
voters of the voter registration laws so that there would be no criminal activity in
the future. He agreed that if a recipient of the letter reviewed the case law, sought
legal counsel, and became convinced they had a right to vote in the RUD election,
then they had done everything the letter encouraged them to do. Grant also
acknowledged stating to a reporter that it would be helpful if the Secretary of State
issued some clear guidelines regarding the definition of residency rather that
leaving it “vague.”
Richard McDuffee was the first of the voters to testify. McDuffee explained
that he learned of the RUD after Jenkins invited him to a “big meeting” at
Jenkins’s office in March 2010, about two months before the election. McDuffee
attended the meeting, along with Heath, Goeddertz, and Jim Doyle, the husband of
Sybil Doyle and father of Roberta Cook. At the meeting, Jenkins specifically
11
discussed with McDuffee his desire that McDuffee participate in the RUD election.
Jenkins encouraged McDuffee to change his residence to vote in the election, and
to run as a candidate for president of the RUD board of directors. Once elected,
Jenkins instructed McDuffee that he was to “pay off the bills,” “turn the lights
out,” and “shut [the RUD] down.”
Later, at Jenkins’s office, McDuffee filled out a voter registration
application and also applied as a candidate. After that, McDuffee received the
Grant letter, which concerned him and indicated to him that his actions were “not
something taken lightly.” However, McDuffee did not review the authorities
identified in the Grant letter, and he acknowledged that the group’s lawyer told
him that the legality of voting in the RUD election was too close to call.
McDuffee testified that he voted in the RUD because he believed it was
wrong that there had been no contested elections held in the RUD, and because he
trusted Jenkins. McDuffee also identified Jenkins as the leader of the group
because “[e]verything flowed out of [Jenkins’s] office.” For example, McDuffee
explained that the voter registration forms were to be filled out with the address of
the Residence Inn based on information on a sheet of paper posted on the wall in
Jenkins’s office. McDuffee was also asked to recruit others to change their
registrations and vote.
McDuffee also testified that after the election, the group went to the next
RUD board meeting and learned that the vote would not be canvassed. Shortly
after that, the group learned that they were going to be taken to court. McDuffee
confirmed that, although he was counseled by their attorney, Yollick, to make up a
reason for moving to the Residence Inn, the real reason he changed his residence
was to vote in the RUD election. Further, as far as he knew, none of the ten voters
actually moved to the RUD. In preparation for the upcoming civil trial, Yollick
12
also counseled the group to rent more rooms, bring personal items there, and
engage in activities at the Residence Inn. Additionally, the pictures the group took
of themselves at the Residence Inn were all to make appearances for the civil trial.
When McDuffee later learned there was a criminal investigation, he reached
out to the district attorney’s office and testified before the grand jury. McDuffee
stated that he was not promised leniency for cooperating and he was not indicted
by the grand jury. Although McDuffee had not been arrested, he believed the
possibility of an arrest remained. McDuffee also testified that even though he did
not know he was voting illegally on the day he voted, he was uncertain about the
legality of his action because—unlike the others—he had never physically stayed
at the Residence Inn, and he believed there had to be a simultaneous physical
presence and intent to establish residence.
Benjamin Allison testified next. He stated that he was twenty-six years old,
and his brother Robert was eighteen. Benjamin testified that he considered himself
to be politically active, and he decided to vote in the RUD election because Heath
brought it to his attention. He later met Jenkins at an unrelated political meeting.
Motivated by the principle of taxation without representation, both he and his
brother decided to change their residence on their voter registrations and stay at the
Residence Inn on the night before the election. Benjamin stated that his room was
paid for on Jenkins’s credit card, and the brothers reimbursed Jenkins for their
share of it. He acknowledged that others stayed in the room as well.
Benjamin later learned of the challenge to the election, and testified that
Yollick called him to ask if he would be willing to be an intervenor in the civil suit
for the purpose of trying to stop the RUD board from invalidating the election.
Benjamin and most of the other ten voters, including Jenkins, met with Yollick at
his law office to discuss the intervention. According to Benjamin, Yollick
13
encouraged them to rent additional rooms at the Residence Inn for the foreseeable
future and to take the photos of themselves there. Benjamin also changed his
driver’s license to the Residence Inn’s address, but changed it back after the civil
trial ended. Benjamin admitted that, other than the voter registration card he filled
out, there was no evidence connecting him to the Residence Inn as a residence
before he voted.
Benjamin testified that Jenkins did not convince him to vote; he decided to
vote based on his own research, including his review of the Secretary of State
opinion. He felt that he was engaging in the political process by changing his
residence on his voter registration and voting against the RUD board members.
Benjamin acknowledged, however, that he did not pay taxes to the RUD unless he
voluntarily entered the district and shopped there. Benjamin testified that he did
not knowingly commit a criminal offense when he voted, because he believed that
all that was required was a physical presence in the district before the election with
the intent to return. Benjamin also testified that when he changed his residence to
9333 Six Pines Drive, he intended that to be his permanent voting address.
Peter Goeddertz, who ran for a position on the RUD board and voted from
the Residence Inn address, testified that he had lived in Montgomery County for
forty years and had voted from his home address for most of those years.
Goeddertz had been charged with voter fraud and indicted on the same day as
Jenkins, but he testified that he had since reached an agreement with the State and
would not be charged with a felony. He also agreed to appear and testify truthfully.
Goeddertz explained that he had known Jenkins for fifteen years and
considered him a friend. He and Jenkins were politically active together and it was
Jenkins and Heath who brought the RUD issue to his attention. Goeddertz also
discussed the RUD with the Allison brothers, McDuffee, Berntsen, and Curry. The
14
group devised a plan to “run for positions and take over the RUD” and then
disband it. Goeddertz stated that it was “probably” Jenkins who first pitched the
idea, although he described it as a “consensus” plan. Goeddertz, McDuffee, and
Berntsen ultimately ran for the board because they were available to do it.
Goeddertz later filled out the voter registration form, changing his residence
address to 9333 Six Pines Drive. Goeddertz testified that it was Jenkins who
picked the hotel address, and Jenkins also kept track of the people who were
changing their registrations to that address. At the time, Goeddertz intended the
9333 Six Pines Drive address to be his permanent voting residence. He did not
believe he was committing an offense because it was his understanding that all that
was required to establish residency was that his intent and his physical presence
coincide. However, Goeddertz admitted that he did not change his voter
registration because he intended to make the Residence Inn his home; he did it to
vote for himself in the May 8, 2010 election.
After receiving the Grant letter, Jenkins, Goeddertz, and other voters met at
Jenkins’s office to review the letter. Goeddertz also consulted with Yollick before
deciding to go ahead and vote in the election. According to Goeddertz, Jenkins
oversaw the room rental at the Residence Inn, and the hotel bill was directed to
Jenkins at his office address. Goeddertz stayed in the room two nights with Jenkins
and the others. After Goeddertz was elected and the RUD challenged the election
results, Yollick agreed to represent the group. Goeddertz subsequently stayed one
night at the Residence Inn. On Yollick’s advice, Goeddertz took pictures to
substantiate that the group was there. Goeddertz also testified that he put his house
up for sale at a price that was admittedly “a little high,” but he had no interested
buyers and ultimately did not sell the property.
After Goeddertz’s testimony, the State rested. The defense began its case by
15
presenting Jim Doyle. Doyle had lived at his home in Montgomery County for
about forty years, and was a long-time election judge and precinct chair in his
home precinct. Doyle described his duties as precinct chair and the election law he
had studied in connection with these duties, including reading the Secretary of
State opinion and the Mills case. Doyle also explained that the Secretary of State’s
office controls the election process and is ultimately the source of the
informational documents and videos he reviews as a precinct chair.
Doyle first learned about the RUD at the library meeting where Heath had
given his presentation. After that, Doyle attended a couple of meetings concerning
the RUD. At the meetings, Doyle discussed residency requirements with Jenkins,
Heath, and Yollick. Doyle also talked to Sybil Doyle, his wife, and Roberta Cook,
his daughter, about changing their residences to vote in the RUD election. Sybil
and Roberta ultimately changed their residences and voted, but Doyle did not do so
because if he moved out of his district he could no longer be precinct chair.
The defense next presented Adrian Heath, who testified that he was a
politically active resident of Montgomery County who had an interest in issues of
local government debt. When he learned about the RUD’s level of debt and the
lack of contested elections for its board members, Heath investigated further.
Among other things, Heath obtained financial information, some check registers,
and a map from the RUD. Heath also obtained voter registration records of the
existing voters in the RUD from the office of the county election registrar, and
contacted the Secretary of State’s office to ask about what he thought were
“anomalies and unconstitutional issues surrounding the RUD” and how they could
be remedied. He also actively sought to inform others about the RUD as part of his
effort to “force an election.” While researching voter registration requirements,
Heath discussed the Secretary of State opinion at length with Joe Kulhavy, the
16
chief elections officer of the Secretary of State.
Heath could not run for one of the open seats on the RUD board himself
because he was running for county judge at the time, so he decided to find other
people to run so that an election would have to be held. Heath also decided to
change his address on his voter registration to establish his residence within the
RUD for voting purposes. After Heath changed his address to 9333 Six Pines
Drive, he received the Grant letter. He reviewed the letter, read the suggested
authorities, and consulted with an attorney as advised. Heath believed that, based
on the Secretary of State opinion and his reading of Mills, he needed only a
combination of intent and bodily presence in a location to establish a residence for
voting purposes, and there was no durational residency requirement. Heath
testified that he believed he had legally established his residence at the hotel when
he filled out the voter registration change of address form. Additionally, he
testified that he intended to vote in all future elections from that address.
Heath further stated that he had two residences—one at his home address
and one at 9333 Six Pines Drive, which was his “residence for voting purposes” as
that phrase is used in the Attorney General opinion. But Heath did not know if that
phrase appeared in any written law in Texas. When asked whether the hotel was
his “home and fixed place of habitation to which [he] intended to return after any
temporary absence,” Heath replied that it was, even though he estimated that he
had stayed overnight at the Residence Inn as few as ten nights over the last three
years. Heath described all of the other nights he did not stay overnight as
“temporary absences” from the Residence Inn.
The next witness to testify was attorney Eric Yollick, who testified that he
had known Jenkins since the mid-1990s and considered him to be one of the most
politically active people he had ever met. Jenkins brought the Grant letter to him
17
and asked for his counsel on the law of establishing a residence for voting
purposes.6 Testifying only as a fact witness, Yollick explained that he discussed
with Jenkins the resources identified in the Grant letter, in particular the Secretary
of State opinion and the Attorney General opinion. He also reviewed and discussed
with Jenkins the Mills case, the election code statutes on voter eligibility and
residence, and related information.
Yollick testified that he was hired to represent Jenkins and the other
intervenors in the RUD lawsuit, but he denied that his office invited the group of
voters to a meeting to ask them to become intervenors. He also denied telling the
intervenors to rent more rooms to show their intention to reside at the Residence
Inn, saying that it was not relevant and was none of his business. He also denied
chastising Jenkins “for being too cheap and not booking enough rooms.” However,
Yollick acknowledged that he met with some of the intervenors at the Residence
Inn, twice socially and three times for business meetings. He recalled that Jenkins,
Heath, Curry, McDuffee, Berntsen, and the Allison brothers were at all or most of
the meetings.
Lastly, Jenkins testified in his own defense. He described his personal and
professional background, and described himself as “extremely analytical and very
focused.” Jenkins explained that he had met many of the people involved in the
RUD election through his political activities. Several were also involved in helping
him lodge Texas Ethics Commission complaints against elected officials based on
6
At this point, the trial court held a discussion at the bench concerning whether Yollick
could testify as an expert witness. The jury was excused for the day, and Yollick was questioned
at length concerning the foundation for any opinions he might give. The trial court ultimately
ruled that Yollick would not be allowed to testify as an expert because whether Jenkins knew
that he did not reside in the precinct in which he voted was an element of the offense that was a
matter for the jury to determine. Therefore, Yollick was not permitted to testify as to the advice
he ultimately gave Jenkins.
18
their campaign finance reports. Jenkins explained that his purpose in making the
complaints was to hold elected officials accountable.
Jenkins testified that he was in the RUD practically every day, driving on the
roads, banking, shopping, going to the post office, walking the trails, and going to
the Pavilion, an outdoor music venue. When Jenkins learned about the RUD from
Heath, he was shocked that he had been unaware of the RUD’s activities and the
lack of contested elections. Jenkins also learned that the RUD held its board
meetings in the boardroom of the Woodlands Development Company, which
troubled him because he reasoned that even if people were interested in the RUD,
they would be unable to find out where the meetings were held so that they could
attend. Jenkins believed that although the RUD impacted everyone in the
Woodlands, the public had no input in its activities; consequently, he felt “totally
disenfranchised.”
After reading the Secretary of State opinion, Jenkins concluded that
“everybody has an equal right for voting and they get a chance to choose where
they want to reside and not somebody else . . . for voting purposes.” He understood
that the Secretary of State opinion concerned students at Prairie View University,
but he believed that it applied to him as well because the last sentence of the
opinion stated that the principles discussed apply equally to other voters and that
no more could be required of them to register and vote in Texas. Jenkins also
decided that the first step to validly vote in an election was to register to vote thirty
days before the election, but he also concluded that this was an administrative
requirement only and not a requirement that he actually reside at the chosen
location at the time of registration.
Jenkins further testified that, based on the Secretary of State opinion, he
believed that establishing a residence was more about a general location, rather
19
than a specific dwelling or abode, and about being a community member.
According to Jenkins, “your particular location is a location that you decide to call
for voting purposes your residence.” Jenkins pointed out that the Secretary of State
opinion also relied on Mills, which explains that bodily presence alone and
intention alone do not determine a residence, but when the two coincide, at that
moment the residence is fixed and determined. Additionally, Jenkins noted, the
Mills case reflects that there is no specific length of time for the bodily presence to
continue. Consequently, Jenkins determined that once a residence is established, it
is unnecessary to remain there.
Jenkins testified that, when he filled out the voter registration form changing
his residence address to 9333 Six Pines Drive, he had “easily” maintained a bodily
presence in the RUD for twenty years, since there was hardly a day that he was not
in the RUD at some point. Jenkins testified that he also intended to make the RUD
his residence for voting purposes for the indefinite future. Thus, when he
completed the voter registration form, Jenkins believed he was fully complying
with the law.
Jenkins explained that he chose the Residence Inn as his residence because it
was in the RUD, it was across the street from a favorite restaurant, and it was
convenient to his activities in the RUD. Jenkins had also considered staying at the
Residence Inn in anticipation of selling his home at 16 Pastoral Pond Circle. He
stated that he had been thinking of selling because he was retiring and wanted to
downsize, and he was also concerned that the house bordered a floodplain.
Ultimately, though, no buyers expressed interest, and as of the time of trial, he still
lived in the home.
When Jenkins received the Grant letter, he felt that it was an attempt to
suppress the vote, which also made him feel disenfranchised. He took the Grant
20
letter to his long-time friend, Yollick, and together they reviewed the letter, the
Secretary of State opinion, the election code—including the statutes on residency
requirements—and other information “in great detail.” Jenkins also reviewed the
Attorney General opinion, which he felt supported the Secretary of State opinion
because it also cited Mills and emphasized that “every citizen has the right to
determine his own residence.” Jenkins concluded that, based on his research and
his consultation with Yollick, he was fully within the law by registering to vote at
the hotel. Jenkins denied putting down an improper address for his residence, and
he denied influencing others to change their residence to the hotel.
On cross-examination, Jenkins also denied knowing he was ineligible to vote
on the day he voted. Jenkins acknowledged that the relevant portions of the
election code’s definition of residence were:
 “residence” means “domicile, that is, one’s home and fixed place of
habitation to which one intends to return after any temporary absence”;
 “residence shall be determined in accordance with the common-law rules
as enunciated by the courts of this state, except as otherwise provided by the
code”;
 “[a] person does not lose the person’s residence by leaving the person’s
home to go to another place for temporary purposes only”; and
 “[a] person does not acquire a residence in a place to which the person has
come for temporary purposes only and without the intention of making that
place the person’s home.”7
Jenkins also acknowledged that the election code was the governing law, and that
the statutory definition “probably” trumps anything inconsistent in the common
law. Jenkins agreed that, at least for some people, a hotel would be a good example
of a place that people go to for temporary purposes only. But Jenkins disagreed
that his home at 16 Pastoral Pond Circle was a good example of a home he left to
7
Tex. Elec. Code § 1.015(a)–(d).
21
go to a hotel for temporary purposes because “as the home got sold, [he] would
have no place to go back to.” Jenkins acknowledged, however, that his home was
not sold.
Jenkins also admitted that, except for the sixteen or seventeen days he stayed
at the Residence Inn over the last three years, he has regularly returned to either his
home at 16 Pastoral Pond Circle or his office. However, Jenkins denied that 16
Pastoral Pond Circle was his habitation; he stated that for the last twenty years his
habitation has been the RUD. Jenkins explained that his definition of a “habitation”
was “what your habits are, what includes your habits,” and for that reason the
Residence Inn, rather than his home, was his habitation. Jenkins expounded on the
definition of a “permanent habitation” as “where I go; where I am; what district
I’m in,” and concluded that it would not necessarily include where he lives or
sleeps. In fact, Jenkins testified that he believed that everybody has a right to go
stay in a hotel somewhere and overthrow a utility district if they meet the
definition of bodily presence combined with intent, because that is their
fundamental right.
Jenkins ultimately agreed that the concept of “residence for voting purposes”
and residence as defined in the election code is the same thing. Jenkins believed
that his understanding of the law comported with the statutory definition of
“residence” because, while the definition includes references to one’s “home,” it
refers to “place” five times, and “place” means a locality or an area. Consequently,
for Jenkins, the RUD was the place where he spent his time. Jenkins further
pointed out that the words “dwelling” or “house” are not mentioned in the
definition of “residence,” and he denied that “habitation” meant dwelling or abode.
Jenkins admitted that, as of the time of trial, his “residence for voting purposes”
was again his home at 16 Pastoral Pond Circle. Nevertheless, Jenkins denied that
22
he had been mistaken or that he had done anything wrong when he changed his
residence to the Residence Inn to vote in the May 8, 2010 election, and he
maintained that he voted lawfully in that election.
After Jenkins’s testimony, the defense rested. The State then recalled as
rebuttal witnesses Benjamin Allison, Goeddertz, and McDuffee to rebut portions of
Yollick’s testimony. Allison testified that, after the election, Yollick’s office called
and asked if his name could be used in the intervenors’ lawsuit. Allison also
testified that at a meeting concerning the lawsuit, Yollick insisted that some of
them needed to move back to the Residence Inn to strengthen their case. Goeddertz
similarly testified that Yollick told the group to spend more time at the Residence
Inn to “look good” to the court. McDuffee testified that, not only was Yollick
adamant that the group needed to return to the Residence Inn, he also instructed
them to plan for expenses to rent more rooms than just the two that were rented on
the night before the election, and to come up with a reason for moving to the
Residence Inn. McDuffee also testified that it was Yollick’s idea to have
photographic proof of their physical presence at the Residence Inn after the
election.
The parties then rested their cases. At the formal charge conference that
followed, the trial judge denied the defense’s request to include the statutory
defense of mistake of law in the charge for two stated reasons. First, the judge
determined that Jenkins was not entitled to the affirmative defense because he did
not admit that he committed the conduct charged, which was that he voted in an
election in which he knew he was ineligible to vote. Second, the judge explained
that, in his view, Jenkins’s argument that he reasonably relied on the proffered
authorities when he registered to vote and voted in the RUD election using the
address of the Residence Inn was really a challenge to an element of the offense
23
the State was required to prove, namely, that Jenkins knew he was ineligible to
vote in the RUD election. The judge noted that the defense’s first two exhibits
were the Secretary of State opinion and the Attorney General opinion, and that
both opinions discussed Mills. Accordingly, the judge reasoned that the defense’s
arguments and authorities were already before the jury for purposes of determining
whether the State proved that Jenkins knew he acted illegally in voting in the
election.
As charged, the jury found Jenkins guilty. Consistent with the jury’s
assessed punishment, the trial court sentenced Jenkins to three years’ imprisonment
and a $10,000 fine.
ANALYSIS OF JENKINS’S ISSUES
Jenkins’s primary argument on appeal is that the trial court reversibly erred
by refusing to include in its charge to the jury an instruction on the mistake of law
defense codified in section 8.03 of the Penal Code, which was both raised by the
evidence and specifically requested by defense counsel. Jenkins also argues that
section 1.015 of the Election Code is unconstitutionally vague as applied to him
because the definition of “residence” is fatally ambiguous and encourages arbitrary
enforcement of the penal law in violation of Jenkins’s right to due process under
the state and federal constitutions. Because we conclude that the trial judge
reversibly erred by denying Jenkins’s requested statutory defense of mistake of
law, we sustain his first issue and do not reach the second. 8
8
It is well settled that the constitutionality of a statute is not to be determined unless such
a determination is absolutely necessary to decide the case. See, e.g., Turner v. State, 754 S.W.2d
668, 675 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988); Coberly v. State, 644 S.W.2d 734, 735 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983)
(per curiam). Because we are reversing and remanding the case based on charge error, it is
unnecessary to address Jenkins’s constitutional issue. See Coberly, 644 S.W.2d at 735
(instructing that it was unnecessary for the appellate court to address the merits of appellant’s
constitutional issues after it had concluded that the case should be reversed and remanded due to
24
A. Standard of Review
Appellate review of alleged jury charge error involves a two-step
process. Abdnor v. State, 871 S.W.2d 726, 731–32 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). First,
we must determine whether error occurred. Id. at 731. If so, we must then analyze
whether sufficient harm resulted from the error to require reversal. Ngo v.
State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Under this second step, the
degree of harm necessary for reversal depends on whether the appellant properly
preserved the error by objection. Id. When, as here, error in the charge is preserved
for review, reversal is required if the error caused “some harm.” Almanza v.
State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (op. on reh’g).9
The trial court must provide the jury with “a written charge distinctly setting
forth the law applicable to the case.” Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 36.14; Walters v.
State, 247 S.W.3d 204, 208 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The trial court is required to
instruct the jury on statutory defenses, affirmative defenses, and justifications
whenever they are raised by the evidence. See Tex. Penal Code § 2.04;
Walters, 247 S.W.3d at 208–09. “[A]n erroneous or an incomplete jury charge
jeopardizes a defendant’s right to jury trial because it fails to properly guide the
jury in its fact-finding function.” Abdnor, 871 S.W.2d at 731.
charge error). Additionally, to the extent that Jenkins seeks dismissal of his indictment by his
second issue, we note that in his appellate briefing Jenkins requested only a remand for new trial
rather than dismissal. This court cannot grant more relief than an appellant has requested. Banks
v. State, 158 S.W.3d 649, 650 n.1 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. ref’d).
9
The State suggests that Jenkins failed to preserve his charge error complaint, arguing
that nothing in the record indicates any sort of argument in favor of a mistake of law instruction,
only “an indication that Jenkins gave the trial court a proposed instruction.” The State further
contends that, after the trial court denied the proposed instruction, Jenkins did not object and
made no argument mirroring that on appeal. However, the record reflects that Jenkins timely
presented his proposed instruction in writing to the trial court, the trial court denied it, and it was
filed with the court. We conclude that Jenkins has sufficiently preserved error. See Tex. Code
Crim. Proc. art. 36.15; Chase v. State, 448 S.W.3d 6, 12 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014).
25
A defendant “has the right to an instruction on any defensive issue raised by
the evidence, whether that evidence is weak or strong, unimpeached or
contradicted, and regardless of what the trial court may or may not think about the
credibility of the evidence.” Granger v. State, 3 S.W.3d 36, 38 (Tex. Crim. App.
1999); Dyson v. State, 672 S.W.2d 460, 463 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). This rule is
designed to insure that the jury, not the judge, will decide the relative credibility of
the evidence. Granger, 3 S.W.3d at 38. However, “if the defensive theory is not
explicitly listed in the penal code—if it merely negates an element in the State’s
case, rather than independently justifying or excusing the conduct—the trial judge
should not instruct the jury on it.” Walters, 247 S.W.3d at 209; see Giesberg v.
State, 984 S.W.2d 245, 250–51 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (“[B]ecause the authority
to establish what constitutes a defense rests solely with the Legislature, this Court
concludes [that] a defense which is not recognized by the Legislature as either a
defense or as an affirmative defense does not warrant a separate instruction.”). The
question in this case is what happens when the requested instruction is warranted
by the evidence and listed in the Penal Code, but also appears to negate an element
of the State’s case.
B. Jenkins’s Alleged Election Code Violation and the Mistake of Law
Defense
1. Did the trial court err by refusing the requested statutory
defense of mistake of law?
Chapter 64 of the Texas Election Code provides that a person commits the
offense of illegal voting “if the person votes . . . in an election in which the person
knows the person is not eligible to vote.” See Tex. Elec. Code § 64.012(a)(1).10 To
10
At the time of the May 8, 2010 RUD election, this offense was a third-degree felony.
See Act of May 9, 1985, 69th Leg., R.S., ch. 211, 1985 Tex. Gen. Laws 881 (amended 2011)
(current version at Tex. Elec. Code § 64.012(b)). As amended, the severity of the offense is
increased to a second-degree felony. See Tex. Elec. Code § 64.012(b). Because section
26
be eligible to vote in an election in this state, a person must, among other things, be
“a resident of the territory covered by the election for the office or measure on
which the person desires to vote.” Tex. Elec. Code § 11.001(a)(2).
The Election Code statute defining “residence” provides, in relevant part:
(a) In this code, “residence” means domicile, that is, one’s home and
fixed place of habitation to which one intends to return after any
temporary absence.
(b) Residence shall be determined in accordance with the common-
law rules, as enunciated by the courts of this state, except as otherwise
provided by this code.
(c) A person does not lose the person’s residence by leaving the
person's home to go to another place for temporary purposes only.
(d) A person does not acquire a residence in a place to which the
person has come for temporary purposes only and without the
intention of making that place the person's home.
Id. § 1.015(a)–(d).
Consistent with the statutory language, Jenkins’s indictment charged that he
“did then and there vote in an election in which the Defendant knew he was not
eligible to vote, to-wit: Defendant voted in the May 8, 2010 Woodlands Road
Utility District Board of Directors election, when he knew he did not reside in the
precinct in which he voted.” Therefore, the State was required to prove that Jenkins
(1) voted in an election (2) knowing he did not reside in a precinct in the territory
covered by the RUD election of May 8, 2010. See Medrano v. State, 421 S.W.3d
869, 884 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, pet. ref’d).
Although a defendant’s ignorance of the law is no defense to prosecution,
section 8.03(b)(2) of the Texas Penal Code provides that “[i]t is an affirmative
defense to prosecution that the actor reasonably believed the conduct charged did
64.012(a)(1) was not amended, however, we will refer to the current version of the statute.
27
not constitute a crime and that he acted in reasonable reliance upon:
(1) an official statement of the law contained in a written order or
grant of permission by an administrative agency charged by law with
responsibility for interpreting the law in question; or
(2) a written interpretation of the law contained in an opinion of a
court of record or made by a public official charged by law with
responsibility for interpreting the law in question.
Tex. Penal Code § 8.03(b) (emphasis added); see also id. § 8.03(a) (“It is no
defense to prosecution that the actor was ignorant of the provisions of any law after
the law has taken effect.”). Thus, to be entitled to the statutory defense of mistake
of law, a defendant must present some evidence that (1) he reasonably believed
that his conduct did not constitute a crime; and (2) he reasonably relied upon either
an official statement of the law or a written interpretation of the law of the type
specified in the statute. Id; see Green v. State, 829 S.W.2d 222, 223 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1992).
Reliance on advice of counsel does not constitute a permissible mistake of
law. Barrera v. State, 978 S.W.2d 665, 671 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1998, pet.
ref’d); Gallegos v. State, 828 S.W.2d 577, 579 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
1992, no pet.). Instead, section 8.03(b) “requires reliance on a narrow class of
official statements or interpretations of the law.” Hawkins v. State, 656 S.W.2d 70,
73 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983). Moreover, “[s]ection 8.03 was not created to allow a
criminal defendant to rely upon old interpretative opinions, opinions that conflict
with others, or on overruled opinions.” Green v. State, 829 S.W.2d 222, 223 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1992) (citing Linder v. State, 779 S.W.2d 520, 523 (Tex. App.—Waco
1989, pet. ref’d) (internal quotations omitted)).
In this case, the Secretary of State and Attorney General opinions were
admitted into evidence, and although the trial court did not admit a copy of the
28
Mills case, the court permitted the parties to refer to the case because it was
discussed in the two advisory opinions. It is undisputed that these documents
constitute written interpretations of the law for purposes of section 8.03(b)(2). For
convenience, we refer to the two opinions and the Mills case collectively as “the
election law authorities.”
a. The confession and avoidance doctrine
Jenkins contends that the trial court erred when it concluded that he was not
entitled to a mistake of law instruction because he did not “confess” or admit he
committed the allegedly wrongful conduct. In so doing, Jenkins maintains, the trial
court erroneously relied on the confession and avoidance doctrine, which does not
apply to defensive issues—like mistake of law—that negate the culpable mental
state required for the commission of the offense. See Juarez v. State, 308 S.W.3d
398, 401–02 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (explaining that the confession and avoidance
doctrine is inapplicable when “the defensive issue, by its terms, negates the
culpable mental state”).
A “confession and avoidance” or “justification” defense does not negate any
element of the offense, including culpable intent; it only excuses what would
otherwise constitute criminal conduct. See Shaw v. State, 243 S.W.3d 647, 659
(Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Accordingly, with respect to such defenses, “a defensive
instruction is only appropriate when the defendant’s defensive evidence essentially
admits to every element of the offense including the culpable mental state, but
interposes the justification to excuse the otherwise criminal conduct.” Id. at 659
(emphasis in original). Examples of confession and avoidance or justification
defenses include the Good Samaritan defense, necessity, and self-defense. Juarez,
308 S.W.3d at 401–02.
The State argues that the trial court correctly refused to instruct the jury on
29
the mistake of law defense because, as the trial court implicitly concluded, the
statutory defense of mistake of law is an affirmative defense, and as such, is
subject to the confession and avoidance doctrine. See Tex. Penal Code § 8.03(b)
(“It is an affirmative defense to prosecution . . . .); Meraz v. State, 785 S.W.2d 146,
153 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (stating that every affirmative defense requires that the
defendant acknowledge he committed the otherwise illegal conduct, and noting
that Penal Code section 8.03 is an affirmative defense). The Court of Criminal
Appeals has since observed, however, that “the doctrine does not apply when the
defensive issue, by its terms, negates the culpable mental state,” citing as an
example “[t]he affirmative defense of mistake of fact.” Juarez, 308 S.W.3d at 402;
see Cornet v. State, 359 S.W.3d 217, 225 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (“We clarified,
in Juarez, that the defensive issues the [confession and avoidance] doctrine does
not apply to are those that ‘by [their] terms, negate[] the culpable mental state’
required for commission of the offense.”); see also Tex. Penal Code § 8.02(a)
(defense of mistake of fact).
Recognizing that Juarez illustrates that not every affirmative defense is
subject to the confession and avoidance doctrine, the State next contends that the
doctrine nevertheless applies to the mistake of law defense because it does not
negate any element of the offense, but only excuses what would otherwise amount
to criminal conduct. See Cornet, 359 S.W.3d at 224–25 (holding that statutory
“medical-care defense” was subject to the confession and avoidance doctrine
because it “does not negate any element of the offense, including culpable intent; it
only excuses what would otherwise constitute criminal conduct”) (quoting Shaw,
243 S.W.2d at 659). Neither party directs us to any case law holding that the
statutory defense of mistake of law is a confession and avoidance or justification
defense, and we have found none. Therefore, we turn to the language of Penal
30
Code section 8.03 for guidance.
We construe a statute in accordance with the plain meaning of its text,
unless the language of the statute is ambiguous or the plain meaning would lead to
absurd results that the legislature could not have possibly intended. Chase v. State,
448 S.W.3d 6, 11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). If the legislature’s intent cannot be
determined from the statutory text alone, we may turn to extra-textual sources such
as legislative history to construe the statute. Logan v. State, 89 S.W.3d 619, 627
(Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
For purposes of our analysis, we focus on that portion of section 8.03(b)
providing that “[i]t is an affirmative defense to prosecution that the actor
reasonably believed that the conduct charged did not constitute a crime and that he
acted in reasonable reliance upon” specific types of official statements or
interpretations of the law. See Tex. Penal Code § 8.03(b) (emphasis added). The
Penal Code defines “conduct” as “an act or omission and its accompanying mental
state.” See id. § 1.07(a)(10). Therefore, “the conduct charged” would include both
an act and any accompanying mental state. Id. § 8.03(b). The operative language of
section 8.03(b) is that the actor “reasonably believes” the charged conduct is not a
crime and acts in “reasonable reliance” on official statements or interpretations of
the law—mental states that necessarily negate a culpable mental state that is in
some way based on knowledge of the law or legal concepts. See id. Consequently,
we conclude that the plain language of Penal Code section 8.03 demonstrates that
the legislature intended the mistake of law defense to apply when a charged
offense includes, as an element of the crime, a culpable mental state that
incorporates knowledge of the law or legal concepts and the accused has presented
some evidence that he reasonably believed his conduct did not constitute a crime
because he acted in reasonable reliance on official statements or interpretations of
31
the law as specified in the statute.11 See Giesberg, 984 S.W.2d at 248 (recognizing
that the Penal Code includes not only justification defenses, but also “defensive
theories which do not involve admission of complicity in the commission of the
alleged crime, but which nonetheless attempt to explain why a defendant is not
criminally culpable”).
Applying the mistake of law defense in this case demonstrates the flaw in
the State’s position, because a jury could not conclude that Jenkins “knew he did
not reside in the precinct in which he voted” and also conclude, based on mistake
of law, that Jenkins “reasonably believed” that he did not commit a crime by
voting in the election based on his “reasonable reliance” on the election law
authorities. Because a jury could not find both to be true, the mistake of law
defense as applied on these facts does not operate as a “confession and avoidance”
or “justification” type defense, because it does not merely provide a legal excuse
for otherwise criminal conduct.
Nor is it dispositive, as the State argues, that the wording of the mistake of
law defense does not track that of the mistake of fact defense, which is recognized
as an affirmative defense not subject to the confession and avoidance doctrine. See
Juarez, 308 S.W.3d at 401–02. The mistake of fact defense provides that “[i]t is a
defense to prosecution that the actor through mistake formed a reasonable belief
about a matter of fact if his mistaken belief negated the kind of culpability required
for commission of the offense.” See Tex. Penal Code § 8.02(a) (emphasis added).
The State suggests that because the mistake of law defense does not “expressly”
negate the culpable mental state—as does the defense of mistake of fact—the
11
Both parties seek support for their conflicting interpretations of the statute based on the
difference between the language of the Model Penal Code and Penal Code sections 8.02 and
8.03. However, because we conclude the legislature’s intent is unambiguous, it is unnecessary to
resort to any extra-textual authorities. See Logan, 89 S.W.3d at 627.
32
omission signals that the legislature intentionally drafted the mistake of law
defense to make it inapplicable in a situation in which a party was attempting to
negate the mental element, as Jenkins is attempting to do here.
We recognize that the two defenses employ different wording to effectuate
their intended application. But we disagree with the State that the differences
compel the conclusion that mistake of law is a defense subject to the confession
and avoidance doctrine. The legislature drafted the definition of mistake of law to
reflect the defense’s narrowly tailored function to provide a limited defense to a
person who reasonably believes their conduct is not criminal based on that
person’s reasonable reliance on limited categories of specific legal authorities. See
Tex. Penal Code § 8.03(b); Hawkins, 656 S.W.2d at 73; see also 43 George E. Dix
& John M. Schmolensky, Texas Practice: Criminal Practice and Procedure § 43:42,
at 943–44 (3d ed. 2011) (noting that section 8.03 “carves out a very narrow
exception” to the rule that ignorance of the law is no defense). In contrast, the
mistake of fact defense provides a defense based on “a reasonable belief about a
matter of fact” that also negates the culpable mental state of the charged offense.
See Tex. Penal Code § 8.02(a). Thus, we conclude that the legislature employed
different wording, not to signal a difference in the application of the defenses, but
in recognition of the distinctive functions of each defense.
We hold that Penal Code section 8.03 by its terms may be applied to negate
the culpable mental state of an alleged offense when an accused contends that he
reasonably believed his conduct was not criminal based on his reasonable reliance
on official statements or interpretations of the law. See id. § 8.03(b); see also
Ostrosky v. Alaska, 913 F.2d 590, 595 (9th Cir. 1990) (recognizing that “[t]he
purpose of a mistake-of-law defense is to negate the mental state that the defendant
must have to be guilty of the charged crime”). Professors Dix and Schmolesky
33
have similarly observed that, “[a]lthough the caption of the statutory defense is
‘mistake of law,’ a more accurate statement would indicate that a limited exception
[to the rule that ignorance of the law is no excuse] is recognized for reasonable
reliance upon an official written statement of the law.” Dix & Schmolesky, supra,
at 944. As such, the affirmative defense of mistake of law is not subject to the
confession and avoidance doctrine. Cf. Juarez, 308 S.W.3d at 401–02. We
therefore hold that Jenkins was not required to admit to the commission of a
criminal offense or concede that he erroneously relied on the law to be entitled to a
jury instruction on mistake of law.
b. Applicability of the mistake of law defense to illegal voting
offense
We next address the State’s suggestion that the legislature drafted the illegal
voting statute, Election Code section 64.012, “in such a way as to immunize it
from a mistake-related defense.” See Tex. Elec. Code § 64.102. According to the
State, knowledge of the law is not relevant to a prosecution for illegal voting,
because all the State is required to prove is that the Residence Inn was not Jenkin’s
“domicile, [or] fixed place of habitation, to which he intended to return after a
temporary absence.” See id. § 1.015(a); Medrano, 421 S.W.3d at 885 (holding that
the State was not required to prove voter subjectively knew she was not eligible to
vote, only that she voted in an election when she knew she was not a resident of
the precinct for which she was voting). Because the illegal voting statute does not
require the State to prove that Jenkins knew he was violating election law and the
offense does not provide for a good-faith exception, the State asserts, Jenkins is not
entitled to a mistake-related defense. See Celis v. State, 416 S.W.3d 419, 432 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2013); Tovar v. State, 949 S.W.2d 370, 373–74 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio 1997), aff’d, 978 S.W.2d 584 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).
34
The culpable mental state of the illegal voting statute requires that the person
votes or attempts to vote in an election in which the person “knows the person is
not eligible to vote.” See Tex. Elec. Code § 64.012(a)(1) (emphasis added). To be
eligible to vote, a person must, among other things, “be a resident of the territory
covered by the election for the office or measure on which the person desires to
vote.” Id. § 11.001(a)(2) (emphasis added). And, to be a resident, the person must
satisfy the election code’s definition of “residence.” See id. § 1.015. In this case,
the jury was instructed to find Jenkins guilty of the charged offense if it found
beyond a reasonable doubt that Jenkins voted in the May 8, 2010 RUD election
“when [Jenkins] knew he was not eligible to vote because he knew he did not
reside in the precinct in which he voted” (emphasis added). The charge also
tracked the relevant election code definitions of both eligibility and residence.
Jenkins did not deny registering to vote and voting in the RUD election, but
he disputed that at the time he cast his vote he acted “knowingly,” i.e., that he
“knew he was not eligible to vote because he knew he did not reside” in the RUD.
Jenkins’s entire defense was that he reasonably believed that he did, in fact, reside
in the RUD when he registered to vote and voted, based on his reasonable reliance
on the election law authorities’ interpretation of the very election law the jury was
instructed to apply when determining Jenkins’s guilt. Consequently, as applied in
this case, Jenkins’s guilt or innocence turned on his understanding of where he
resided based on the election code’s definition of residency and distinguishes this
case from Medrano, on which the State relies.
In Medrano, the defendant, Carlos Medrano, was charged with soliciting a
niece, Veronica Medrano, to illegally vote in an election in which Medrano was a
candidate for office. See 421 S.W.3d at 873, 881. Veronica filled out a voter
registration card and voted in the election when she knew she was using an address
35
where she did not reside, she knew she was not a resident of the precinct in which
she voted, and she knew that to vote in the election she had to lie on her voter
registration card. See id. at 875. Thus, there was no dispute that Veronica knew
where she resided. On appeal, the court rejected Veronica’s contention that the
evidence was insufficient to prove that she knew she was not eligible to vote. Id. at
885. The court reasoned that the State only needed to prove that Veronica voted in
the election “when she knew she was not a resident of the precinct for which she
was voting,” based on the general rule that “ignorance of the law is no excuse.” Id.
In this case, however, Jenkins’s challenge to the knowledge requirement was
based on the mistake of law exception to the general rule found in section 8.03 of
the Penal Code. See Tex. Penal Code § 8.03(a), (b). Because Jenkins’s knowledge
of where he resided turned on his understanding of the legal requirements for
residence under the election code, the mistake of law defense was applicable in the
rather unique circumstances presented in this case.
c. Reasonable conduct and reasonable reliance
Jenkins contends that he was entitled to the mistake of law jury instruction
because a fact issue was raised as to whether he satisfied the requisites of Penal
Code section 8.03(b)(2). At trial, Jenkins steadfastly maintained that based on his
review of the election law authorities, he reasonably believed he was a resident, for
voting purposes, of the precinct in which he voted. Jenkins argues that the
authorities he consulted and relied on, even before he received the Grant letter,
included many of the same ones that First Assistant District Attorney Phil Grant
suggested that he should review. Jenkins also argues that even Grant
acknowledged that the Secretary of State’s opinions left the definition of residence
vague.
The State responds that there is no evidence Jenkins reasonably believed his
36
conduct was lawful or that he reasonably relied on the election law authorities. See
Tex. Penal Code § 1.07(42) (defining “reasonable belief” as “a belief that would be
held by an ordinary and prudent man in the same circumstances as the actor”);
Wilson v. State, 777 S.W.2d 823, 824 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989) (stating that
“ordinary standards of reasonableness” means the standards that an ordinary and
prudent person would apply to the circumstances that the actor faced).
Among other things, the State argues that an ordinary and prudent person
would see that a plan to overthrow a utility district, which involved conspiring with
nine other people to establish “residency for voting purposes only” 12 at a hotel
within the utility district, was obviously criminal. The State also argues that
Jenkins’s reliance on the election law authorities was unreasonable because the
statutory definition of residence is the controlling law; neither the statutory
definition nor the election law authorities support Jenkins’s theory of “residence
for voting purposes only”; and Jenkins’s reliance on opinions specifically
addressing college students, and his conclusion that that the election law
authorities applied to him, was insufficient to warrant a mistake of law instruction.
In essence, the State contends that Jenkins’s conduct and reliance on the election
law authorities rather than the statutory definition of “residence” in the election
code was unreasonable as a matter of law. See Green, 829 S.W.2d at 223.
To support its contention that Jenkins was not entitled to the instruction
based on his subjective belief that the election law authorities applied to him, the
State relies on Green and Hefner v. State, 735 S.W.2d 608 (Tex. App.—Dallas
1987, pet. ref’d), abrogated on other grounds by Campbell v. State, 5 S.W.3d 693
12
Jenkins takes issue with the State’s assertion that Jenkins wanted to establish
“residency for voting purposes only” as misleading and not fairly supported by the record. As
Jenkins points out, his testimony reflected that he was of the opinion that the term “residence” or
“residency” has different meanings depending on the context in which it is used, such as
residency for purposes of voting, obtaining a driver’s license, or becoming a candidate for office.
37
(Tex. Crim. App. 1999). In Green, the Court of Criminal Appeals held that the trial
court did not err by refusing an instruction based on mistake of law, concluding
that a defendant’s reliance on dicta from Taylor v. Taintor, 83 U.S. 366 (1873),
was unreasonable as a matter of law. 829 S.W.2d at 222–23. The defendant, who
had been convicted of murder, argued that the case formed the basis for his belief
that a surety possessed the same authority and powers of arrest as a peace officer.
Id. The court rejected this argument, noting that the common law as stated
in Taylor was “not the law in Texas nor has it been since the Legislature abrogated
the common law by enacting guidelines which defined the law as it applies to
sureties seeking to apprehend their principals.” Id. at 223. Additionally, the court
noted that the mistake of law defense “was not created to allow a criminal
defendant to rely upon old interpretive opinions, opinions that conflict with others,
or on overruled opinions.” Id. (internal quotations and citations omitted).
In Hefner, attorney Hefner was charged with theft of client funds. See 735
S.W.2d at 610–611. The court first held that Hefner failed to preserve error
because his requested special instruction on mistake of law failed to apply the law
to the facts of the case, and the record failed to disclose any court opinion or
statement by a public official which would have justified a reasonable belief that
Hefner’s conduct was not criminal. Id. at 625. The court went on to note that even
if the record contained evidence of an opinion or official statement on which
Hefner relied, the evidence would not support the instruction because Hefner’s
purported reliance on court opinions to believe that certain trial court orders were
void was irrelevant to his prosecution for theft. Id.
We conclude that the present case is distinguishable from Green and Hefner.
In this case, the election law authorities were admitted into evidence and were the
foundation of Jenkins’s defense. The State does not contend that these authorities
38
are out of date, overruled, or contain incorrect statements of the law of residency
applicable to voting. Indeed, the State agrees with these authorities that the
Election Code’s definition of residence in section 1.015 “applies equally to
everyone, student or non-student alike, that one’s subjective intent to reside is
relevant, that there are no durational requirements, and that stays in hotels for long
or short periods of time may be evidence of residency.” Moreover, the statutory
definition of residence included in the Secretary of State opinion expressly
provides that residence “shall be determined in accordance with the common-law
rules, as enunciated by the courts of this state” except as otherwise provided by the
code. See Tex. Elec. Code § 1.015(b). In the Mills case, on which the election law
authorities rely, our supreme court acknowledged that “residence” in the context of
voting is an “elastic” term that “is extremely difficult to define.” Mills, 377 S.W.2d
at 637. And, as the Grant letter reflects, even the Montgomery County District
Attorney’s office believed the election law authorities were appropriate resources
for determining one’s residence.13
Jenkins was indicted for voting in the May 8, 2010 RUD election when he
knew he did not reside in the precinct in which he voted. As recounted above,
Jenkins maintained at trial that, based on his review of the election law authorities,
he believed he was a resident of the precinct in which he voted. See Dyson, 672
S.W.2d at 463 (“The defendant’s testimony alone may be sufficient to raise a
defensive theory requiring a charge.”). Considerable additional evidence also was
adduced raising a fact issue concerning whether Jenkins’s belief was reasonable
and whether the surrounding circumstances were consistent with that belief. In an
analogous circumstance, the Court of Criminal Appeals has instructed that whether
13
Notably, and perhaps unfortunately, the suggested resources recommended in the Grant
letter did not include the statutory definition of residence contained in Election Code section
1.015.
39
a defendant’s belief is reasonable is a fact issue for the jury to decide. See Granger,
3 S.W.3d at 39.
In Granger, the court rejected the State’s argument that the reasonableness
of a defendant’s mistaken belief “may be evaluated by the trial judge in
determining whether the statutory defense is raised.” See id. As the court
explained:
[A] holding in accordance with the State’s position would tend to
undermine the general rule that the jury should be responsible for
gauging the credibility and veracity of the defensive evidence. See
Dyson, 672 S.W.2d at 463 (“The issue before this Court is not the
truth of appellant’s testimony, for that is for the
jury”); Montgomery, 588 S.W.2d at 952 (“The issue on appeal is not
whether appellant’s story is true or even believable. That issue is
exclusively for the jury as trier of fact”). Trial court judges charged
with evaluating the “reasonableness” of an accused’s beliefs, no
matter how well intentioned, would inevitably be placed in a position
in which they were required to make their own decisions about the
weight and believability of the defensive evidence.
Id. at 40.
Viewing the testimony in the light most favorable to Jenkins, as we must, we
conclude that the evidence raised a fact issue concerning whether Jenkins’s beliefs
were reasonable and, accordingly, the issue was one for the jury to decide. See id.
at 39–41 (holding that defendant who raised an issue of mistaken belief as to the
culpable mental element of murder was entitled to a jury instruction on the
affirmative defense of mistake of fact); Jackson v. State, 646 S.W.2d 225, 227
(Tex. Crim. App. 1983) (holding that defendant’s reasonable belief would have
negated the culpability necessary for the State’s case and therefore the jury should
have been charged on mistake of fact issue); cf. Roberts v. State, 319 S.W.3d 37,
51 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2010, pet. ref’d) (holding that jury charged on
40
defense of mistake of law was entitled to reject testimony of defendant and expert
offered in support of defensive argument).
We conclude that the trial court erred by denying Jenkins’s requested jury
instruction on the statutory defense of mistake of law contained in Penal Code
section 8.03, because Jenkins presented some evidence that he reasonably relied on
the election law authorities when he voted in the May 8, 2010 RUD election and
the reasonableness of Jenkins’s beliefs and conduct was an issue for the jury to
decide. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 36.14; Tex. Penal Code §§ 2.04 & 8.03(b);
Walters, 247 S.W.3d at 208–09; Granger, 3 S.W.3d at 38; see also Willis v. State,
790 S.W.2d 307, 314–15 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (stating that when statutory
defense would negate the culpable mental state element and the defendant has
raised evidence supporting the defense, the defendant is entitled to a jury
instruction on the defense).
2. Was the error harmless?
Having determined that the trial court erred by denying Jenkins’s requested
instruction on mistake of law, we must now determine whether Jenkins suffered
“some harm” as a result. See Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171. The record must show
that Jenkins has suffered some actual, rather than merely theoretical, harm from
jury instruction error. Arline v. State, 721 S.W.2d 348, 351 (Tex. Crim. App.
1986). “Some” harm means the presence of any harm, regardless of degree, and
cases involving preserved charge error will be affirmed only if no harm has
occurred. Id. When determining whether some harm has occurred, we consider (1)
the charge as a whole; (2) the arguments of counsel; (3) the entirety of the
evidence; and (4) other relevant factors present in the record. Reeves v. State, 420
S.W.3d 812, 816 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). Neither party has a burden to prove
harm. Id.
41
Jenkins contends that the trial court’s failure to include the requested
instruction cannot be deemed harmless in this circumstance when the entirety of
the defensive presentation was predicated on the statutory mistake of law defense.
In response, the State contends that the trial court correctly concluded that
Jenkins’s defense was really challenging an element of the offense the State was
required to prove, and therefore Jenkins actually received the charge he requested.
In particular, the State points out that the jury was given the definitions of
“knowing” and “residence” (including its reference to the common law), and was
told that it must acquit Jenkins if the State failed to prove “every element of the
offense charged beyond a reasonable doubt.” Moreover, the State asserts, the
parties’ arguments were made as if Jenkins had received a section 8.03 instruction,
focusing on Jenkins’s reliance on the election law authorities, whether his reliance
was reasonable, and whether he believed that he had established residency. Finally,
the State points to defense counsel’s closing argument that “the State has failed to
prove the most important element in this case and that’s knowledge that the person
knew that they weren’t eligible to vote and they didn’t reside in the district in
which they weren’t supposed to vote.” Therefore, the State argues, the jury could
not find Jenkins guilty without first determining that his reliance on the election
law authorities was unreasonable.
Having considered the entirety of the record, we disagree with the State that
Jenkins suffered no harm. As the court cogently explained in Arroyo v. State, mere
jury argument cannot substitute for a charge that properly instructs the jury on the
application of the law to the facts:
An improper jury charge undercuts counsel’s ability to argue
effectively about the law of the case. Of course, [a
defendant] can argue what is not expressly in the charge. See State v.
Renteria, 977 S.W.2d 606, 608 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). But, the
42
argument is without the authority of the court having pronounced
what is the law. Lawyers can argue many things; they are advocates.
They may, or may not, be accurate in what they say and they may or
may not be believed. The trial court in this case instructed the jury that
“the law of the case you will receive from the Court, which is given
you herein, and [for you to] be governed thereby.” The jury was not
obligated to accept any of [the defendant’s] statements or argument
that could otherwise be construed to “make up” for, or “cure,” the
improperly omitted jury instruction. They were, however, obligated to
accept the court’s instructions. That’s a big difference.
9 S.W.3d 330, 336 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1999), vacated, 32 S.W.3d 868 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2000) (per curiam). The jury in this case was similarly instructed that
“the law you must be governed by[,] you shall receive in these written instructions,
and you must be governed thereby.” The trial court’s refusal of the requested
instruction prevented the jury from considering the statutory defense of mistake of
law as part of the law of the case; therefore, we cannot say that Jenkins suffered no
harm as a result.
By enacting Penal Code section 8.03, the legislature specifically recognized
the affirmative defense of mistake of law as a narrow exception to the general rule
that ignorance of the law is no excuse in situations in which an accused acts in
reasonable reliance (even if mistaken) on certain official statements or written
interpretations of the law. See Tex. Penal Code § 8.03. Jenkins’s entire defense was
based on his argument that he reasonably believed he was eligible to vote in the
May 8, 2010 RUD election based on his reasonable reliance on the election law
authorities, and he presented evidence supporting his defensive theory. Jenkins
also timely requested an instruction on the statutory defense of mistake of law. It
was for the jury to decide whether Jenkins unreasonably manipulated those
authorities to provide cover for illegally voting in the election—which would be a
crime; or whether Jenkins changed his residence and voted in the May 8, 2010
43
election based on a reasonable, but mistaken, reliance on the election law
authorities—which would not be a crime. Jenkins’s defense was not merely that he
denied voting illegally, or that he acted in good faith, or that he was ignorant of the
law. This is a situation in which the defensive theory has no context in the absence
of the imprimatur of the court, contained in its charge, that a mistaken
interpretation of law—when interpretation of law is an element of the offense and
is disputed—might support a finding of not guilty.
We hold that the trial court erred by refusing to instruct the jury on Jenkins’s
requested statutory defense of mistake of law, and that this error caused Jenkins
some harm. See Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171; see also Hill v. State, 765 S.W.2d
794, 797–98 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989) (holding that trial court’s refusal to give
appellant’s requested charge on statutory defense raised by the evidence caused
appellant some harm and was thus reversible error); Jackson, 646 S.W.2d at 227
(reversing and remanding case based on trial court’s refusal to submit requested
defensive issue of mistake of fact when evidence supported submission of the
statutory defense). We therefore sustain Jenkins’s first issue and reverse and
remand the case for a new trial.
CONCLUSION
We sustain Jenkins’s first issue and do not reach the second. We reverse and
remand the case for a new trial.
/s/ Ken Wise
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Boyce, Busby, and Wise (Busby, J., dissenting).
Publish — TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
44