Jim Waller v. Sabine River Authority of Texas ( 2018 )

In The
Court of Appeals
Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
_________________
NO. 09-18-00040-CV
_________________
JIM WALLER, ET AL., Appellants
V.
SABINE RIVER AUTHORITY OF TEXAS, Appellee
________________________________________________________________________
On Appeal from the 163rd District Court
Orange County, Texas
Trial Cause No. B160341-C
________________________________________________________________________
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Following a historic flooding event in March of 2016, Jim Waller, along with
approximately one hundred other landowners downstream from the Toledo Bend
Reservoir and Dam (“Appellants”), sued the Sabine River Authority of Texas (SRA-
T) for inverse condemnation, private nuisance, and trespass to real property. SRA-T
filed a plea to the jurisdiction asserting governmental immunity. SRA-T argued that
governmental immunity had not been waived as Appellants could not establish
1
causation, could not establish the requisite mens rea for a takings claim, and
Appellants’ claims were preempted by federal law. Following two separate hearings,
the trial court granted SRA-T’s plea and dismissed all claims. In three issues on
appeal, Waller argues the judgment must be reversed and the cause remanded for
trial because: (1) the Supreme Court of the United States has held in Arkansas Game
and Fish Commission v. United States1 that a temporary flooding event can rise to
the level of a governmental taking; (2) the trial court improperly applied a field
preemption analysis when conflict preemption analysis was the correct standard; and
(3) the evidence established causation, thus waiving government immunity. After
careful consideration, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
I. Background
The SRA-T and Sabine River Authority of Louisiana (SRA-L) jointly operate
the Toledo Bend Project (Project), a hydroelectric power plant governed by the
Federal Power Act (FPA). The 81-megawatt Project is located on the Sabine River
at the Texas-Louisiana border. The Project includes a dam, reservoir, spillway,
powerhouse, tailrace channel, station transformer, and a transmission line. The
Project is operated pursuant to a Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)
license. The original fifty-year license for the Project was issued in 1963. In
1
568 U.S. 23 (2012).
2
September 2011, before SRA-T’s original license expired, SRA-T and SRA-L
sought to renew their license to operate the Project. The federal government issued
the new license, which covered a period of fifty years, in August 2014.
In connection with the licensing renewal process, FERC released a Draft and
Final Environmental Impact Statement for Hydropower License (EIS). FERC
released its draft EIS in June 2013. Afterwards, in July 2013, FERC held public
meetings in Orange, Texas, and in Many, Louisiana, to address questions about its
regulations that control SRA-T’s and SRA-L’s operation of the Project, which
included questions about flood control. In the EIS, FERC explained:
Flooding has occurred downstream of the Toledo Bend Project
along the Sabine River, and several downstream residents recommend
changes to current reservoir operations such as pre-releasing flows
prior to storm events or drawing down the project reservoir.
The size of the reservoir and current project operations provide
some incidental flood control, but substantially lower reservoir levels
associated with dedicated flood control operations, as recommended by
downstream residents, would have adverse effects on water supply,
power production, and recreational use and could conceivably
exacerbate downstream flooding if rainfall from a predicted storm falls
predominantly downstream of the dam.
In December 2013, FERC released its final version of the EIS. In it, FERC
noted that “the [P]roject was built for the primary purposes of water supply
and secondary purposes of hydroelectric power generation and recreation.”
3
During the process to renew the Project’s license, residents who live
downstream of the Toledo Bend Dam presented their suggestions about changing
the regulations governing the operation of the Project. They suggested changing the
regulations so that SRA-T could lower Toledo Bend Reservoir from its usual
minimum level of 168-172 feet mean sea level (msl) to 165–167 msl, and that SRA-
T be authorized to release water in anticipation of events that might cause land
downstream of the reservoir to flood. But in its final EIS, FERC stated “that there
has (sic) been some flood storage benefits associated with operation of the project,”
and “found that the ability to efficiently practice pre-releases from the reservoir to
lower the reservoir level before a flood[] is limited by key factors[,]” including the
accuracy of rainfall predictions, the limited amount of water that could be pre-
released without causing flooding, the time required to lower the reservoir, the long
lag/travel time of flows, the effects of tributary inflow below the dam, and the
common occurrence of high inflows and high reservoir levels before most events
that had resulted in floods. The EIS also notes that SRA-T and SRA-L had taken
measures to improve their ability to notify the public about the potential that areas
downstream from the Project could flood.
During the 2003, FERC declined another request made by the residents who
live downstream of the Toledo Bend Reservoir to amend the regulations governing
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SRA-T’s operation of the Project to allow the Project’s mission to include lowering
the reservoir level and pre-releasing water for the purpose of mitigating the damages
that result during floods. In a letter dated November 24, 2003, FERC stated:
The Toledo Bend Dam was not designed as a flood control dam.
Review of historical flood-flow data indicates that the construction and
operation of the Toledo Bend Dam has not increased the incidence of
downstream flooding. In some flood events, the dam has been
beneficial by delaying the flood flows by temporarily storing a portion
of the flood inflow in the reservoir. The ability of the project to pre-
release flow to obtain significant reservoir storage in anticipation of
high inflows is severely limited by the downstream development,
particularly [in] Deweyville, Texas. Therefore, to obtain flood control
benefits, operation of the project would need to be changed to
permanently lower the project reservoir level to provide flood control
storage. Significantly lowering the reservoir to the extent necessary to
provide appreciable flood control benefits would adversely impact the
established reservoir recreation activities and power development.
While citizens made a similar request during the process involved in the renewal of
SRA-T’s license, FERC declined to amend the regulations to change the Project’s
goals to include using the dam on the Project to mitigate the effects inflicted on
downstream residents by floods.
On March 9 and March 10, 2016, a historic rainfall event occurred in East
Texas, which included areas upstream and downstream of the Toledo Bend Dam.
Some of the communities near the Project received twenty to twenty-five inches of
rain in a thirty-one-hour period. For example, the southern portion of the Project and
the area immediately downstream received record or near-record rain. The large
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amount of rain experienced in East Texas in March 2016 resulted in floods on the
lower Sabine River and its downstream tributaries.
The Project notified the public that water would be released from the Toledo
Bend Dam at 7:00 a.m. on Wednesday, March 9, 2016, when the reservoir rose to
172.27 feet msl. During the height of the March 2016 storm, the peak inflows
measured for the Toledo Bend Reservoir exceeded 600,000 cubic feet per second
(cfs), and the peak discharge was 207,644 cfs. The tributaries of the Sabine River,
downstream from the Toledo Bend Dam, were recorded as having been at near-
record or record levels during the storm.
Appellants allege their properties flooded after SRA-T released water from
the Toledo Bend Dam, but they acknowledge SRA-T released the water in a manner
that was consistent with its license. They sued SRA-T for nuisance, inverse
condemnation, and trespass. In response, SRA-T filed a plea to the jurisdiction,
arguing that it was immune from suit because the Appellants could not establish
causation, could not establish that it had the requisite mens rea for a takings claim,
and that the Appellants’ claims were preempted by federal law. Following two
hearings, the trial court granted SRA-T’s plea. In its October 27, 2017 Order
Granting Plea to the Jurisdiction, the trial court found: (1) Appellants’ claims were
preempted by federal law, and Appellants were collaterally estopped from asserting
6
those claims; (2) Appellants had not met their burden of proving intent; and (3)
Appellants had not met their burden of establishing causation.
II. Standard and Scope of Review
Sovereign immunity from suit defeats the trial court’s subject matter
jurisdiction and is properly raised in a plea to the jurisdiction. Tex. Dept. of Parks &
Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 225–26 (Tex. 2004). A court may not decide
a case unless it has subject matter jurisdiction over the dispute. Id. at 226. A plea to
the jurisdiction challenges the trial court’s power to exercise subject matter
jurisdiction over a claim. Id.; see also City of Waco v. Kirwan, 298 S.W.3d 618, 621
(Tex. 2009).
We review a trial court’s ruling on a plea to the jurisdiction using a de novo
standard of review. See State v. Holland, 221 S.W.3d 639, 642 (Tex. 2007);
Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226. A plea to the jurisdiction is a dilatory plea, which is
typically used to defeat a plaintiff’s cause of action without regard to whether the
claims have merit. Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 554 (Tex. 2000).
In our review, we look first to the plaintiffs’ petition and liberally construe the
pleadings to determine the pleaders’ intent. See Holland, 221 S.W.3d at 642–43. We
may also consider evidence in the record when it is pertinent to any relevant
jurisdictional facts. See id. at 643; Bland, 34 S.W.3d at 555. “A plea should not be
7
granted if a fact issue is presented as to the court’s jurisdiction, but if the relevant
undisputed evidence negates jurisdiction, then the plea to the jurisdiction must be
granted.” Holland, 221 S.W.3d at 643 (citing Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227–28).
When “evidence is presented with a plea to the jurisdiction, the court reviews the
relevant evidence and may rule on the plea as a matter of law if the evidence does
not raise a fact issue on the jurisdictional question, a standard that generally mirrors
the summary-judgment standard.” Harris Cty. Flood Control Dist. v. Kerr, 499
S.W.3d 793, 798 (Tex. 2016) (citing Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227–28).
III. Analysis
A. Unconstitutional Taking
In their second amended petition, Appellants assert that their cause of action
arose from SRA-T’s unconstitutional taking of their property. In their first and third
issues, Appellants contend the holding of Arkansas Game and Fish Commission v.
United States is controlling authority, as the Court, under the facts of the case, held
that a temporary flood could state a takings claim. 568 U.S. 23 (2012). Further,
Appellants contend the evidence they submitted in response to SRA-T’s plea raised
issues of material fact on the question of causation.
A valid takings claim under article I, section 17 of the Texas constitution
waives a governmental entity’s right to sovereign immunity. Kerr, 499 S.W.3d at
8
799; Gen. Servs. Comm’n v. Little-Tex Insulation Co., 39 S.W.3d 591, 598 (Tex.
2001); see also Tex. Const. art. I, § 17(a). Plaintiffs have the burden to establish that
a governmental entity’s immunity has been waived. Dallas Area Rapid Transit v.
Whitley, 104 S.W.3d 540, 542 (Tex. 2003); see also Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. City of
Sunset Valley, 146 S.W.3d 637, 648 (Tex. 2004) (“Because [plaintiff] failed to
demonstrate that the nuisance he alleged amounted to an unconstitutional taking,
sovereign immunity protects [the governmental unit] from [his] private-nuisance
claim.”).
The Texas Constitution provides “[n]o person’s property shall be taken,
damaged, or destroyed for or applied to public use without adequate compensation
being made[.]” Tex. Const. art. I, § 17(a). To establish a constitutional takings claim,
a plaintiff must prove: (1) the State intentionally performed certain acts in the
exercise of its lawful authority; (2) the acts resulted in a “taking” or damaging of
property; and (3) the taking was for public use. Little-Tex Insulation, 39 S.W.3d at
598; State v. Hale, 146 S.W.2d 731, 736 (Tex. 1941); Sabine River Auth. of Tex. v.
Hughes, 92 S.W.3d 640, 641–42 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2002, pet. denied) (citing
City of Houston v. Crabb, 905 S.W.2d 669, 673 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
1995, no writ)); Wickham v. San Jacinto River Auth., 979 S.W.2d 876, 880 (Tex.
App.—Beaumont 1998, pet. denied). “Whether a ‘taking’ has occurred under inverse
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condemnation is a question of law.” Bennett v. Tarrant Cty. Water Control &
Improvement Dist. No. 1, 894 S.W.2d 441, 448 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1995, writ
denied). Similarly, under article I, section 17, a claim for nuisance is an alternative
ground of recovery and an exception to sovereign immunity if the nuisance rises to
the level of a constitutional taking. City of Dallas v. Jennings, 142 S.W.3d 310, 316
(Tex. 2004).
Although the arguments the Appellants’ raise rely heavily on the Supreme
Court’s opinion in Arkansas Game and Fish, the case is distinguishable because the
facts before the Court are much different from the facts that gave rise to the claims
the Appellants are making here. 568 U.S. 23. In Arkansas Game and Fish, the
Supreme Court expressly stated that its decision was not intended to create a blanket
temporary-flooding exception to the requirements needed to prove takings claims.
Instead, the Court stressed that takings claims turn on the specific facts that led to
the flood. Id. at 34, 37.
We find the facts underpinning the Court’s opinion in Arkansas Game and
Fish to be factually distinguishable for at least three reasons. First, we note the
opinion in Arkansas Game and Fish does not indicate that the flooding which
occurred involved a hydroelectric power plant that was subject to regulations
promulgated by FERC. See id. Second, the dam involved in Arkansas Game and
10
Fish was created for the specific purpose of controlling floods. See id. Third, the
Court’s opinion in Arkansas Game and Fish mentions that the Corps of Engineers,
the governmental entity that operated the dam, had intentionally deviated on several
occasions from the procedures that were spelled out in the dam’s operations manual,
which resulted in flooding downstream that differed in significant ways from the
historical flood patterns experienced by landowners downstream from the dam. Id.
at 27–28. Under those facts, the Court held that “government-induced flooding
temporary in duration gains no automatic exemption from Takings Clause
inspection.” Id. at 38.
In contrast, the facts in this case involve areas around and downstream of the
Project which experienced flooding due to a historic weather event. Addressing the
storm, the FERC’s post storm review of the Project’s operation states FERC
“determined that the project works were operated in a manner consistent with the
license throughout the March 2016 storm event[.]”
Additionally, the Supreme Court in Arkansas Game and Fish never addressed
issues about causation. See id. at 40 (noting that its decision did not require the Court
to reach issues relating to question of causation, foreseeability, substantiality, or
damages). In this case, however, the trial court’s findings include findings that the
SRA-T did not deliberately damage the Appellants’ property. Moreover, to defeat
11
SRA-T’s plea, the Appellants were required to establish that SRA-T’s act of opening
the gates was a proximate cause of the damage to their property. See Hughes, 92
S.W.3d at 642 (citing Crabb, 905 S.W.2d at 673); Wickham, 979 S.W.2d at 880; see
also Hale, 146 S.W.2d at 736.
The evidence SRA-T produced supports the trial court’s finding that the
Appellants failed to meet their burden of proof on causation. Two affidavits from
Travis Williams, an engineer, addressed causation. Williams’s affidavits show that
at its peak, the inflow into Toledo Bend Reservoir exceeded 600,000 cfs, while the
peak discharge from the reservoir was approximately 207,000 cfs or 208,000 cfs.
Thus, the underlying facts that gave rise to the flood event in this case are closely
aligned with the facts that we discussed in two of our prior cases that involved
flooding allegedly due to the operations of dams. 2 See Hughes, 92 S.W.3d at 642;
Wickham, 979 S.W.2d at 883. Like those cases, SRA-T produced conclusive
evidence establishing that it “never released more water than was entering the
2
These prior cases were decided in the context of motions for summary
judgment rather than pleas to the jurisdiction. See Sabine River Auth. of Tex. v.
Hughes, 92 S.W.3d 640, 641 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2002, pet. denied); Wickham
v. San Jacinto River Auth., 979 S.W.2d 876, 878 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1998, pet.
denied).
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reservoir via rainfall.” 3,4 Hughes, 92 S.W.3d at 642 (citing Wickham, 979 S.W.2d at
883). Moreover, correspondence describing FERC’s post-incident review, along
with Williams’s affidavits, reveal significant flows of water were experienced “into
the Sabine River from tributaries downstream of Toledo Bend Dam[.]” The evidence
SRA-T presented also shows that several bayous located downstream from the
Toledo Bend Dam were at record levels. Thus, the evidence before the trial court
established that the water released by SRA-T from the Toledo Bend Dam did not
flow directly onto Appellants’ properties; rather, it flowed into the Sabine River, and
mixed with water from other tributaries and rainwater below the dam before
3
In their response to SRA-T’s plea to the jurisdiction, Appellants included the
affidavit of Keith Lindsey, a property owner, which simply alleges: “Prior to the
construction of the Toledo Bend Reservoir, when the Sabine River would rise to a
level that would breach its banks, the flow of water down the River would be very
slow. The floods that have occurred after the construction of the Dam have been
significantly greater and more destructive than prior to the Dam’s construction.
Specifically, the speed and velocity of the water flowing down the River and over
my property has increased dramatically and caused more erosion to the land than
ever before.” These statements are concerned only with water flow before and after
construction of the dam. They lend no support for the proposition that the discharges
from Toledo Bend Dam on this occasion resulted in damage to Lindsey’s property.
Accordingly, Lindsey’s statements are insufficient to create a fact issue on the
requisite “taking” element.
4
In their supplemental response to SRA-T’s plea to the jurisdiction, the
Appellants included the affidavit of an engineer, R.M. Airey Jr. The affidavit
contained numerous allegations regarding the timing of the rising water levels, but
the allegations contained in the affidavit are consistent with other evidence that the
peak discharge from the dam was released at a rate of 207,644 cfs. Likewise, it does
not create a fact issue on the requisite “taking” element.
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overflowing the banks of the Sabine. This evidence allowed the trial court to
conclude that SRA-T’s actions did not constitute a “taking.” See Hughes, 92 S.W.3d
at 642; Wickham, 979 S.W.2d at 883.
We conclude the Appellants failed to establish that they have cognizable
takings claims. Therefore, we hold the trial court did not err by finding that it did not
have subject matter jurisdiction over those claims. We overrule the Appellants’ first
and third issues.
B. Preemption
In their second issue, Appellants argue the trial court should have applied a
field preemption analysis rather than a conflict preemption analysis in resolving
whether it could hear their claims. “‘Federal preemption is an affirmative defense
that a defendant must plead and prove.’” Simmons v. Sabine River Auth. La., 732
F.3d 469, 473 (5th Cir. 2013) (quoting Fisher v. Halliburton, 667 F.3d 602, 609 (5th
14
Cir. 2012)).5 There are three types of preemption: (1) express; 6 (2) field; and (3)
conflict. Kurns v. R.R. Friction Prods. Corp., 565 U.S. 625, 630 (2012); Simmons,
732 F.3d at 473. Federal law may impliedly preempt state law (1) if the statutory
scope indicates Congress intended federal law or regulations to occupy the field
exclusively, or (2) if state law conflicts with federal law. Graber v. Fuqua, 279
S.W.3d 608, 610 (Tex. 2009); Great Dane Trailers, Inc. v. Estate of Wells, 52
S.W.3d 737, 743 (Tex. 2001). “Conflict preemption occurs ‘where compliance with
both federal and state regulations is a physical impossibility, and those instances
where the challenged state law stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and
execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress.’” Simmons, 732 F.3d at
473–74 (quoting Arizona v. United States, 567 U.S. 387, 399 (2012) (internal
citations omitted)); see also Great Dane Trailers, 52 S.W.3d at 743. Field
preemption occurs when
5
While a plea to the jurisdiction may not be the appropriate vehicle to address
preemption issues, Appellants did not complain at the trial level or on appeal the
plea was an inappropriate procedural vehicle, so any such argument is waived. See
Tex. R. App. 33.1(a), 38.1(i); Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. City of Hous.,
171 S.W.3d 240, 244 n.4 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.); Whitten
v. Vehicle Removal Corp., 56 S.W.3d 293, 298 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2001, pet.
denied). Therefore, we do not address whether SRA-T properly utilized a plea to the
jurisdiction in this case. See Whitten, 56 S.W.3d at 298.
6
The facts before us do not present a question of express preemption under
the FPA.
15
“[t]he intent to displace state law altogether can be inferred from a
framework of regulation so pervasive . . . that Congress left no room
for the States to supplement it or where there is a federal interest . . . so
dominant that the federal system will be assumed to preclude
enforcement of state laws on the same subject.”
Simmons, 732 F.3d at 473 (quoting Arizona, 567 U.S. at 399 (internal citations
omitted)).
With respect to the Federal Power Act, “Congress clearly intended a broad
federal role in the development and licensing of hydroelectric power.” California v.
FERC, 495 U.S. 490, 496 (1990). While the trial court never expressly identified the
type of preemption analysis it applied in this case, we will assume, without deciding,
that a conflict preemption applies. 7
In Simmons, which also involved the same Project, the plaintiffs sued SRA-L
for negligence, nuisance, trespass, unconstitutional taking, damage of property
without just compensation, and due process violations under the Louisiana and
United States Constitutions, seeking a remedy for a flood that occurred to their
properties when the gates were opened to the dam. 732 F.3d at 472. Based on the
facts involved in that flood, the Fifth Circuit concluded “the FPA preempts property
damage claims based in state tort law where the alleged damage is the result of
7
At least one federal district court has held claims similar to Appellants’ were
both field preempted and conflict preempted under the FPA. See Carrington v. City
of Tacoma, 276 F. Supp. 3d 1035, 1045 (W.D. Wash. 2017).
16
‘negligently’ operating in compliance with a FERC-issued license.” Id. at 474.
“Because the state law property damage claims at issue here infringe on FERC’s
operational control,” the Court held the plaintiffs’ state law claims were preempted
by federal law after applying a conflicts preemption analysis to their claims. Id. at
476.
Like the plaintiffs in Simmons, Appellants alleged in their second amended
petition SRA-T “caused a deliberate release from the Toledo Bend Reservoir . . . in
accordance with its permit to operate” and that it “fail[ed] to release water from the
reservoir at a moderate rate prior to a rain event[.]” (emphasis added) Under the facts
that were before the trial court in this case, it was shown that FERC, on multiple
occasions, has refused to modify its regulations that govern how SRA-T is required
to conduct its operations as related to measures that might in some situations mitigate
the damage potential created by weather events that ultimately result in a flood.
Essentially, Appellants fault SRA-T for acting within its license and operational
plan, thereby seeking to impose an overarching duty on SRA-T to pre-release water
in face of FERC’s decisions declining to authorize such operations. See Simmons,
732 F.3d at 476 (“Plaintiffs allege that Defendants were negligent because they
failed to act in a manner FERC had expressly declined to require.”). The Fifth
Circuit, however, has clearly stated that “FERC, not state tort law, must set the
17
appropriate duty of care for dam operators.” See id. at 476; see also 16 U.S.C.A. §
803(c) (Westlaw through Pub. L. No. 115-231). In Simmons, the Fifth Circuit
explained “[p]ermitting such state property damage claims in an attempt to force
changes to a FERC-issued license would ‘constitute a veto of the project that was
approved and licensed by FERC.’” See Simmons, 732 F.3d at 477 (quoting
California, 495 U.S. at 507).
In this case, the evidence in the trial court shows that FERC’s operation
manual provides for controlled releases of water from the Project when the level in
the reservoir rises above 172.0 ft. msl. The evidence further shows that on March 8,
2016, the day before the rain event began, the Toledo Bend Reservoir was at 171.51
feet msl. Given that level, requiring SRA-T to pre-release water in anticipation of
the storm that struck East Texas in March 2016 would have required SRA-T to
operate the dam’s gates in a manner that FERC had neither approved, nor licensed.
Moreover, FERC had rejected more than one request made by citizens who asked
that FERC authorize SRA-T to lower water levels in the reservoir in an effort to
mitigate the adverse effects that might result during periods of heavy rain. Having
failed in that effort, the case simply does not support the Appellants’ argument that
a duty should be imposed on SRA-T to require it to operate in a manner inconsistent
with both the requirements of the law and the regulations that govern its operations.
18
In Simmons, the Fifth Circuit explained that “applying state tort law to set the duty
of care for the operation of FERC-licensed projects would ‘stand[] as an obstacle to
the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives’ of the FPA.”
See id. at 477 (quoting Arizona, 567 U.S. at 399).
Appellants have argued that FERC did not have the authority to regulate SRA-
T’s operation of the Toledo Bend Dam. To impose a duty that FERC expressly
rejected is an impermissible collateral attack on the decision FERC made during the
relicensing process. We hold the Appellant’s claims are conflict preempted. For that
reason, we overrule their second issue.
IV. Conclusion
We conclude Appellants’ claims are conflict preempted, and they have not
established a valid constitutional takings claim resulting in a waiver of sovereign
immunity. We overrule the Appellants’ issues and affirm the trial court’s judgment.
AFFIRMED.
________________________________
CHARLES KREGER
Justice
Submitted on September 20, 2018
Opinion Delivered December 6, 2018
Before McKeithen, C.J., Kreger and Horton, JJ.
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