David Sawyer v. State ( 2008 )


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  •       TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
    NO. 03-07-00696-CR
    Andrew Allen McDonald, Appellant
    v.
    The State of Texas, Appellee
    FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 3 OF TRAVIS COUNTY
    NO. C1CR-07-100009, HONORABLE DAVID CRAIN, JUDGE PRESIDING
    MEMORANDUM OPINION
    Appellant Andrew McDonald, after being convicted of speeding in justice court,
    appealed his conviction to Travis County Court at Law No. 3. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann.
    art. 44.17 (West 2006) (providing for de novo appeals from justice court to county court).
    McDonald filed a motion to dismiss in county court, alleging a deprivation of his constitutional right
    to a speedy trial. The county court denied his motion and a jury found him guilty of speeding,
    assessing punishment at a $200 fine. See Tex. Transp. Code Ann. §§ 542.301, 545.351 (West 1999).
    McDonald appeals, asserting that the county court erred in denying his motion to dismiss. Because
    we have determined that McDonald’s constitutional right to a speedy trial was not violated, we
    affirm the judgment of the county court.
    BACKGROUND
    On January 28, 2003, Roy Bristow, a Texas highway patrolman, issued McDonald
    a citation for speeding in Travis County. Bristow testified that his radar showed McDonald traveling
    at a speed of 67 miles per hour, exceeding the 60 mile-per-hour speed limit. The next day,
    McDonald appeared in justice court in Travis County and requested a trial by jury.
    McDonald’s trial did not take place until approximately four years later when, on
    February 27, 2007, a jury found McDonald guilty, assessing punishment at a $100 fine. McDonald
    filed an appeal bond the same day, asserting his right to appeal a justice-court conviction to county
    court. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 44.17.
    On October 30, 2007, the county court heard McDonald’s appeal by conducting a trial
    de novo. See 
    id. (appeals from
    justice courts to county courts are tried de novo, “the same as if the
    prosecution had been originally commenced in that court”). The day of trial, McDonald filed a
    motion to dismiss, alleging a deprivation of his right to a speedy trial. The county court overruled
    the motion, and the jury found McDonald guilty, assessing punishment at a $200 fine. McDonald
    appeals to this court, asserting that the county court erred in denying his motion to dismiss.
    STANDARD OF REVIEW
    Appellate courts apply a bifurcated standard of review to speedy-trial claims.
    Zamorano v. State, 
    84 S.W.3d 643
    , 648 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). Specifically, we review the trial
    court’s decision under “an abuse of discretion standard for the factual components, and a de novo
    standard for the legal components.” 
    Id. Where, as
    in this case, the facts are largely undisputed,
    the primary issue for review is the legal significance of these facts to the appellant’s claim.
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    Stock v. State, 
    214 S.W.3d 761
    , 764 (Tex. App.—Austin 2007, no pet.). We will uphold the trial
    court’s ruling if it is supported by the record and correct under the applicable law. Shaw v. State,
    
    117 S.W.3d 883
    , 889 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
    DISCUSSION
    As a preliminary matter, we must address the State’s argument that county courts are
    precluded from considering speedy-trial claims based on events that occurred in justice court. The
    State contends that because an appeal from justice court to county court is heard de novo, “the same
    as if the prosecution had been originally commenced in that court,” Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann.
    art. 44.17, all procedural defects originating in justice court are cured by the trial de novo in county
    court, and therefore any violation of McDonald’s right to a speedy trial in justice court could not be
    properly considered by the county court. We disagree.
    In Grimm v. Garner, 
    589 S.W.2d 955
    (Tex. 1979), the Texas Supreme Court held that
    mandamus relief was improper to address a justice court’s denial of a speedy-trial complaint, because
    the defendant’s “right to appeal to the county court or county court at law is an adequate 
    remedy.” 589 S.W.2d at 957
    . While the defendant argued, as the State does here, that a speedy-trial claim
    arising from justice court was not reviewable by the county court because an appeal to county court
    is by trial de novo, the court rejected this argument, stating that “[s]ince the appeal to the county
    court would be by trial de novo, Garner would have the right to urge his same motion” in the county
    court, and the “original court papers of the justice court case filed in the county court . . . can form
    the basis of such a motion.” 
    Id. In light
    of the Texas Supreme Court’s holding in Grimm, we hold
    that the county court was not precluded from considering a motion to dismiss based on potential
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    violations of McDonald’s right to a speedy trial in justice court. See also Leininger v. State,
    
    674 S.W.2d 868
    , 873 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1984, pet. ref’d) (addressing speedy-trial claim
    based on alleged delay in justice court).
    We also observe that a criminal defendant’s right to a speedy trial is protected by the
    United States and Texas constitutions, see U.S. Const. amend. VI; Tex. Const. art. I, § 10, and that
    the failure to demand a speedy trial in justice court does not act as a waiver of a constitutional
    speedy-trial claim, see 
    Leininger, 674 S.W.2d at 873
    . Therefore, we will address McDonald’s
    allegations that his constitutional right to a speedy trial was violated in the justice court.
    In determining whether a defendant’s right to a speedy trial has been violated, we
    apply a balancing test in which the following four factors are considered: (1) the length of the delay;
    (2) the reason for the delay; (3) the defendant’s assertion of his right; and (4) the prejudice to the
    defendant. See Barker v. Wingo, 
    407 U.S. 514
    , 530 (1972) (creating balancing test for reviewing
    speedy-trial claims under federal constitution); 
    Zamorano, 84 S.W.3d at 648
    (adopting balancing test
    set forth in Barker to address speedy-trial claims under Texas Constitution).
    Length of the Delay
    The length of the delay from the time the defendant is arrested or formally accused
    to the time of trial is a triggering mechanism, so that a speedy trial claim will not be heard until the
    delay is prima facie unreasonable under the circumstances. 
    Shaw, 117 S.W.3d at 889
    . Generally,
    courts have found a delay approaching one year to be sufficient to trigger a speedy trial inquiry. Id.;
    see also Doggett v. United States, 
    505 U.S. 647
    , 652 n.1 (1992) (noting that delay approaching one
    year is generally considered “presumptively prejudicial”). McDonald’s trial in the justice court took
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    place over four years after he was charged with speeding. Because the delay in McDonald’s trial far
    exceeds the “bare minimum needed to trigger judicial examination of the claim,” this factor weighs
    in favor of finding a speedy-trial violation. 
    Zamorano, 84 S.W.3d at 649
    .
    Reason for the Delay
    The State has the burden of justifying an unreasonable delay. Turner v. State,
    
    545 S.W.2d 133
    , 137 (Tex. Crim. App. 1976). Without any justification by the State, this factor
    weighs in favor of finding a violation of the right to a speedy trial. 
    Shaw, 117 S.W.3d at 889
    . In the
    present case, there is no indication in the record that the State provided any explanation or
    justification for the four-year delay. Because the State has not met its burden of justifying a
    presumptively prejudicial delay, this factor also weighs in favor of a speedy-trial violation. See 
    id. Assertion of
    Right
    While a defendant has no duty to bring himself to trial, persistent assertion of the right
    to a speedy trial carries a great deal of weight in determining whether that right has been violated.
    See 
    Zamorano, 84 S.W.3d at 651
    . “Repeated requests for a speedy trial weigh heavily in favor of
    the defendant, while the failure to make such requests supports an inference that the defendant does
    not really want a trial, he wants only a dismissal.” Cantu v. State, 
    253 S.W.3d 273
    , 283 (Tex. Crim.
    App. 2008). Furthermore, “[f]iling for a dismissal instead of a speedy trial will generally weaken
    a speedy-trial claim because it shows a desire to have no trial instead of a speedy one.” 
    Id. The record
    reflects that McDonald did not raise the issue of his right to a speedy trial
    until he filed his motion to dismiss in county court, after a delay of over four years. Because
    McDonald’s long period of inaction before finally asserting the right in a motion to
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    dismiss “indicates strongly that he did not really want a speedy trial,” Harris v. State, 
    827 S.W.2d 949
    , 957 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992), this factor weighs against finding a speedy-trial violation. See
    Dragoo v. State, 
    96 S.W.3d 308
    , 315-16 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (“In view of the lengthy delay here,
    in which appellant quietly acquiesced, this factor weighs very heavily against finding a violation of
    the speedy trial right.”).
    Prejudice to the Accused
    The most important factor in determining whether an appellant was denied his right
    to a speedy trial is the amount of prejudice that the appellant has suffered as a result of the delay.
    Guajardo v. State, 
    999 S.W.2d 566
    , 570 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.). Any
    prejudice suffered is assessed in view of the interests that the right to a speedy trial was intended to
    protect. 
    Zamorano, 84 S.W.3d at 652
    . The U.S. Supreme Court has identified three such interests:
    “(i) to prevent oppressive pretrial incarceration; (ii) to minimize anxiety and concern of the accused;
    and (iii) to limit the possibility that the defense will be impaired.” 
    Barker, 407 U.S. at 532
    . Of these
    interests, “the most serious is the last, because the inability of a defendant adequately to prepare his
    case skews the fairness of the entire system.” 
    Id. The interest
    in preventing oppressive pretrial incarceration is inapplicable to the
    present case, as McDonald was not imprisoned. Furthermore, it is unlikely that McDonald suffered
    a significant amount of anxiety or concern over his impending misdemeanor trial for speeding, an
    offense for which the maximum sentence was a $200 fine. McDonald does claim, however, that his
    defense was impaired by the delay because the sole witness, Officer Bristow, was unable to recall
    the exact speed at which he was traveling at the time his radar gun registered McDonald’s speed.
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    At trial, McDonald presented a defensive theory that Bristow’s radar gun may have given an
    inaccurate reading, and that Bristow would have needed to verify that his own speed was accurately
    reflected by the equipment in order to confirm that its reading of McDonald’s speed was correct.
    McDonald argues that Bristow’s inability to recall the speed he was traveling prevented McDonald
    from pursuing his defensive theory at trial.
    A defendant does not suffer prejudice where “minor lapses in memory” do not affect
    the outcome of a trial. 
    Barker, 407 U.S. at 534
    . In this case, even though Bristow was unable to
    recall how fast he was traveling at the time he recorded McDonald’s speed, Bristow testified that
    before making the traffic stop, he verified that the radar gun accurately reflected his own speed.1
    Bristow further testified that he is trained to confirm the accuracy of a reading in this way before
    stopping any vehicle for speeding, stating, “If I get a false reading on there, I’m not going to stop the
    car because I, you know, that’s not what we do.” The jury was entitled to believe Bristow’s
    testimony. Jones v. State, 
    984 S.W.2d 254
    , 257 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (the jury, as finder of fact,
    is entitled to believe all or part of testimony proffered and introduced by either side). Furthermore,
    we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, which, in this case,
    was a denial of McDonald’s motion. See 
    Zamorano, 84 S.W.3d at 648
    (“Because appellant lost in
    the trial court on his speedy trial claim, we must presume the trial court resolved any disputed fact
    issues in the State’s favor, and we must also defer to the implied findings of fact that the record
    supports.”). Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, we hold that
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    Bristow testified, “I wouldn’t have stopped you if I was getting an inaccurate reading on
    my speed,” and later testified, “I can’t give you a specific speed because I can’t remember exactly
    how fast I was going four years ago. I do know that my patrol speed was accurate for the reading
    that was given.”
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    McDonald’s defense was not impaired by the delay. As a result, McDonald has not established that
    he suffered prejudice and, therefore, this factor does not support a finding of a
    constitutional violation.
    While the first two factors weigh in favor of finding a violation of McDonald’s
    constitutional right to a speedy trial, the remaining factors, particularly the lack of prejudice, carry
    more weight. See Russell v. State, 
    90 S.W.3d 865
    , 874-75 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2002,
    pet. denied) (holding that lack of prejudice outweighs the remaining Barker factors); see also
    
    Guajardo, 999 S.W.2d at 571
    (holding that, where first three Barker factors clearly weigh in favor
    of the appellant, lack of prejudice outweighs remaining factors). Therefore, in light of the Barker
    balancing test as applied to the facts of this case, we hold that McDonald’s right to a speedy trial
    was not violated.
    CONCLUSION
    Because we have determined that the trial court did not err in denying McDonald’s
    motion to dismiss for lack of a speedy trial, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
    ____________________________________
    Diane M. Henson, Justice
    Before Justices Patterson, Puryear and Henson
    Affirmed
    Filed: August 20, 2008
    Do Not Publish
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