Jay Alexander Parker v. State ( 2018 )

Opinion filed June 28, 2018
In The
Eleventh Court of Appeals
__________
No. 11-16-00175-CR
__________
JAY ALEXANDER PARKER, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 90th District Court
Stephens County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. F34522
MEMORANDUM OPINION
The jury convicted Jay Alexander Parker of the felony offense of aggravated
sexual assault of a child. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.021 (West Supp. 2017).
The jury assessed Appellant’s punishment at confinement for a term of ninety-nine
years in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice.
Appellant presents four issues on appeal. In his first and second issues, Appellant
contends that the trial court abused its discretion by denying his motion for new trial.
In his third and fourth issues, Appellant contends that the trial court erred when it
denied his motion for mistrial and used insufficient language to instruct the jury to
disregard an objectionable evidentiary matter. We affirm.
Background Facts
The amended indictment alleged that, on or about February 15, 2010,
Appellant intentionally and knowingly penetrated the mouth of the victim with his
sexual organ. The witnesses for the State included the victim (who by then was
eleven years old), several of the victim’s family members, a forensic interviewer,
and two law enforcement officers. Appellant does not challenge the sufficiency of
the evidence supporting his conviction. Accordingly, a detailed recitation of the
evidence offered at trial is not necessary to our consideration of Appellant’s issues.
Analysis
The first two issues relate to Appellant’s motion for new trial. Appellant
asserts in his first issue that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to hold a
hearing on his timely filed motion for new trial. In his second issue, he asserts that
he was entitled to a new trial because two jurors committed misconduct during voir
dire by failing to disclose a Facebook friendship with the victim’s mother. Appellant
argues these issues together, asserting that the trial court should have held a hearing
on his allegation of jury misconduct.
Appellant contends in his first issue that the trial court erred when it denied
his motion for new trial without conducting a hearing. In response, the State asserts
that Appellant did not adequately request a hearing. We agree with the State. “When
examining a trial court’s denial of a hearing on a motion for new trial, we review for
an abuse of discretion.” Smith v. State, 286 S.W.3d 333, 339 (Tex. Crim. App.
2009). A defendant’s right to a hearing on a motion for new trial is not absolute.
Rozell v. State, 176 S.W.3d 228, 230 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Generally, a trial
court should hold a hearing if the motion and attached affidavit raise matters that are
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not determinable from the record and that could entitle the accused to relief. Id.
However, a defendant must present the trial court with “actual notice of the desire
to have a hearing.” Id.
Appellant timely filed a motion for new trial. The motion contained a
“Certificate of Presentment,” signed by Appellant’s attorney. In the certificate,
Appellant’s attorney certified that he hand-delivered the motion to the trial court the
same day. The motion for new trial also included an “Order for a Setting.” This fiat
provided as follows: “On [date], the Defendant filed a Motion for New Trial and
Motion in Arrest of Judgment. The Court finds that the party is entitled to a hearing
on this matter, and it is THEREFORE ORDERED that a hearing on this motion is
set for [date]” (emphasis added).
A fiat for a hearing that accompanies a motion for new trial does not suffice
as a request to hold a hearing on the motion. Gardner v. State, 306 S.W.3d 274,
305–06 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (citing Rozell, 176 S.W.3d at 231). Additionally,
the “Order for a Setting” that accompanied Appellant’s motion for new trial left the
decision—as to whether a hearing should be held on the motion—to the trial court’s
discretion because it was premised on the trial court finding that a hearing was
necessary. The Court of Criminal Appeals held in Rozell that a request of this nature
does not adequately advise the trial court of the defendant’s desire to have a hearing.
176 S.W.3d at 231. We overrule Appellant’s first issue.
In his second issue, Appellant contends that the trial court should have granted
his motion for new trial based upon his allegation of juror misconduct. We review
a trial court’s denial of a motion for new trial under an abuse of discretion standard.
Okonkwo v. State, 398 S.W.3d 689, 694 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); McQuarrie v. State,
380 S.W.3d 145, 150 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). A trial court abuses its discretion in
denying a motion for new trial only when no reasonable view of the record could
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support the trial court’s ruling. McQuarrie, 380 S.W.3d at 150. A defendant will
be granted a new trial “when the jury has engaged in such misconduct that the
defendant did not receive a fair and impartial trial.” TEX. R. APP. P. 21.3(g). “To
warrant a new trial based on jury misconduct, the movant must establish not only
that jury misconduct occurred, but also that it was material and probably caused
injury.” Ryser v. State, 453 S.W.3d 17, 39 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014,
pet. ref’d).
Appellant premises his claim of juror misconduct on the contention that jurors
B.I. and C.B. withheld material information during voir dire by failing to disclose
that they were Facebook friends1 with the victim’s mother, Teisha Foster McIntosh.2
Appellant supported this contention in his motion for new trial with defense
counsel’s affidavit detailing the results of a post-trial investigation of Facebook.
“The voir dire process is designed to insure, to the fullest extent possible, that
an intelligent, alert, disinterested, impartial, and truthful jury will perform the duty
assigned to it.” Armstrong v. State, 897 S.W.2d 361, 363 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995)
(per curiam); see Barnett v. State, 420 S.W.3d 188, 191–92 (Tex. App.—Amarillo
2013, no pet.). When a juror withholds material information in the voir dire process,
the parties are denied the opportunity to intelligently exercise their challenges and
obtain a disinterested and impartial jury. Armstrong, 897 S.W.2d at 363. To be
material, the information withheld must be of a type suggesting potential for bias or
prejudice. Barnett, 420 S.W.3d at 192. It is incumbent upon defense counsel to ask
questions calculated to bring out information that might indicate a juror’s inability
1
We note at the outset that the Dallas Court of Appeals has held that designating someone as a
“friend” on Facebook “provides no insight into the nature of the relationship.” Youkers v. State, 400 S.W.3d
200, 206 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, pet. ref’d) (addressing judicial recusal).
The victim’s mother’s name is Teisha Foster, but the venire panel was asked about both her maiden
2
name and her married name. We refer to her as “Foster” throughout this opinion.
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to be impartial and truthful. Armstrong, 897 S.W.2d at 363–64. Unless defense
counsel asks such questions, the material information that the juror fails to disclose
is not “withheld.” Id. at 364.
Both the State and Appellant’s trial counsel questioned the veniremembers
regarding their level of knowledge of the State’s witnesses. However, these
questions were qualified on the potential jurors’ subjective perception of being able
to fairly evaluate each witness’s testimony. The prosecutor prefaced her voir dire
examination on the following statement:
Now, I want to go through potential witnesses. And I’m going
to ask you guys if you know any of these people. And it’s not
necessarily whether - - I’d just like to know whether you know them, if
you’re familiar with them, but then the real question is based on the
familiarity, knowing this person, do you think you would have a
problem being fair in evaluating their testimony; that you couldn’t
judge them just as you would any other person that came into the
courtroom.
The prosecutor then asked about witnesses that would be testifying for the State,
including Foster. Neither complained-of juror indicated in response to the
prosecutor’s questions that he or she knew Foster to a degree that would affect his or
her ability to evaluate her testimony.
Defense counsel asked a similar question during his voir dire examination:
But what I want to ask you is: Are any of these people people that you
would give extra credibility to starting out; meaning, before they come
in here and testify that because you know them, or you have some
background information about them, or you have some sort of, you
know, casual relationship or friendship, or whatever the case, that if you
think if you line that person up against a total stranger I’m more likely
to believe this person because I know them and I know they probably
wouldn’t lie, things like that.
Neither B.I. nor C.B. indicated that he or she knew Foster in response to the above
question.
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Appellant asserted in the motion for new trial that juror B.I. failed to indicate
that he knew Foster and that B.I. violated the trial court’s instruction not to be in
contact with anyone involved in the case. In support of this assertion, Appellant
attached numerous Facebook posts, comments, and “likes” that revealed that Foster
and B.I. were “friends” and that Foster “liked” a picture that B.I. posted on April 14,
2016, not long before punishment deliberations.3 Additionally, Appellant asserted
that C.B. failed to indicate that she knew Foster as well. The attached evidence
showed that Foster was friends with C.B., but there were no “likes” or “comments”
to suggest any interaction with C.B. during the trial. Appellant did not attach any
other evidence from either of the jurors or Foster regarding the nature of the
relationship.
“It is counsel’s responsibility to ask questions specific enough to elicit the
answers they require.” Webb v. State, 232 S.W.3d 109, 113 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
Neither the prosecutor nor defense counsel asked questions designed to uncover
whether any member of the venire panel was part of Foster’s social-media network.4
Rather, the questions were qualified and sought to determine whether any member
of the venire panel was so familiar with any of the witnesses that he could not be fair
and impartial.
The record does not indicate that either juror withheld information. To the
contrary, each juror’s lack of a response to the qualified questions indicated that he
or she did not believe that any alleged relationship he or she had with Foster would
3
The attachment also included other “likes” or “comments,” but all occurred after the
guilt/innocence and punishment phases of trial were concluded.
4
Courts in other jurisdictions have held that a failure to ask about a social-networking relationship
precludes a finding that a veniremember intentionally withheld information. See W.G.M. v. State, 140 So. 3d
491, 495 (Ala. Crim. App. 2013) (holding that the juror did not willfully provide false information during
voir dire when no question was asked regarding Facebook); McGaha v. Kentucky, 414 S.W.3d 1, 4–7 (Ky.
2013) (holding that it was defense counsel’s responsibility to prove that a potential juror’s Facebook
acquaintance required disqualification).
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affect his or her ability to be fair and impartial. Thus, Appellant cannot establish that
jury misconduct occurred. See Armstrong, 897 S.W.2d at 364. We overrule
Appellant’s second issue.
Appellant’s third and fourth issues relate to a comment that Foster made at
trial. In Appellant’s third issue, he contends that the trial court erred in not granting
a mistrial when Foster introduced “highly prejudicial, misleading, and irrelevant
testimony before the jury.” In Appellant’s fourth issue, he contends that the trial
court’s instruction to disregard “did not use sufficiently strong words.” We disagree.
We review a trial court’s denial of a motion for mistrial under an abuse of
discretion standard. Archie v. State, 340 S.W.3d 734, 738–39 (Tex. Crim. App.
2011); Hawkins v. State, 135 S.W.3d 72, 76–77 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004); see
Carrion v. State, 488 S.W.3d 925, 928 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2016, pet. ref’d). Only
highly prejudicial and incurable errors will necessitate a mistrial. Simpson v. State,
119 S.W.3d 262, 272 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). Prejudice is incurable only when “the
reference was clearly calculated to inflame the minds of the jury or was of such
damning character as to suggest it would be impossible to remove the harmful
impression from the jurors’ minds.” Rojas v. State, 986 S.W.2d 241, 250 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1998).
At the beginning of Foster’s direct examination, the prosecutor questioned her
about the early days of her relationship with Appellant. Foster testified that, in the
beginning, she and Appellant lived in Abilene with her three children but that, during
that time, CPS removed the children from the home. When asked, “And what was
the reason for you losing your children at that time?” she responded, “Because
[Appellant] had a prior child abuse case charge.” Appellant’s trial counsel promptly
objected, and the trial court held a hearing outside the presence of the jury.
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Subsequently, Appellant’s trial counsel requested an instruction to disregard and, if
granted, a mistrial because of extreme prejudice arising from Foster’s statement.
When questioned on voir dire outside the presence of the jury, Foster testified
that CPS’s concern regarding the children’s supervision was the real reason CPS
removed the children from the home. Specifically, the removal was based on
concerns about the children’s hygiene, nutrition, and general lack of adult
supervision. The prosecutor told the judge that the State was “trying to get to the
point to explain the moving around and [that] [Foster] was as culpable as anyone
that these children were taken away.” Appellant’s trial counsel conceded that the
prosecutor’s question was not intended to elicit the response that the mother gave.
Following argument, the trial court announced that it would instruct the jury to
disregard Foster’s response, and it denied the motion for mistrial.
After the jury was reseated, the trial court used the following language to
instruct them to disregard Foster’s statement:
Ladies and gentlemen, you’re told to disregard any testimony
concerning the defendant having had a previous child abuse case
charge. You’re not to speculate or make any reference to this in any
deliberations or any time that you talk. You’re not to speak of this or
ask any further questions concerning this matter unless further ordered
to by the Court.
Appellant’s trial counsel did not object to the language used by the trial court for the
instruction. Following the instruction, Foster testified that the CPS involvement
stemmed from her alleged failure to supervise her children.
A witness’s reference to an extraneous offense is generally cured by a prompt
instruction to disregard. See Young v. State, 283 S.W.3d 854, 878 (Tex. Crim. App.
2009) (per curiam). A mistrial should be granted only in cases where the “reference
was clearly calculated to inflame the minds of the jury or was of such damning
character as to suggest it would be impossible to remove the harmful impression
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from the jurors’ minds.” Id. (quoting Rojas, 986 S.W.2d at 250). In cases
comparable to the present case, courts have held a curative instruction sufficient to
render objectionable testimony harmless. See, e.g., Kemp v. State, 846 S.W.2d 289,
308 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (holding State’s witness’s reference to defendant’s prior
incarceration rendered harmless by curative instruction); Gardner v. State, 730
S.W.2d 675, 696–97 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987) (holding witness’s testimony during
State’s cross-examination that, when defendant was in the penitentiary, he had
stomach problems attributable to drug withdrawal was not so inflammatory as to
require a mistrial).
The trial court took multiple curative measures to reduce any potential
prejudice by Foster’s testimony. Prior to continuing Foster’s direct examination, the
trial court promptly gave an instruction to the jury to disregard her response. “The
law generally presumes that instructions to disregard and other cautionary
instructions will be duly obeyed by the jury.” Archie, 340 S.W.3d at 741 (citing
Gardner, 730 S.W.2d at 696). The record does not indicate that the instruction was
not effective in curing any potential prejudice. Following this instruction, the State
promptly complied with the trial court’s directive to immediately “clear it up [in] the
first question.” We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
determining that the testimony was not so prejudicial as to require a mistrial. We
overrule Appellant’s third issue.
In his fourth issue, Appellant complains of the language that the trial court
used to instruct the jury to disregard Foster’s comment. Appellant contends that the
instruction quoted above failed to track the language of the jury charge on
guilt/innocence5 and that it constituted a comment on the weight of the evidence by
5
The jury charge stated as follows: “Further, the court instructed you to disregard certain evidence
during the course of this trial. You are not to discuss or mention anything concerning such evidence and
are not to consider this for any purpose.”
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repeating the testimony that the jury was not to consider. Specifically, Appellant
contends on appeal that the instruction should have used the words “you are
instructed to disregard” rather than “you’re told to disregard.”
“Ordinarily, a complaint regarding an improper judicial comment must be
preserved at trial.” Unkart v. State, 400 S.W.3d 94, 99 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); see
TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1; see also Wilson v. State, 473 S.W.3d 889, 903–04 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2015, pet. ref’d) (noting the exception to the general rule is for
comments by the trial court that constitute fundamental error). Additionally, a claim
that the trial court erred by commenting on the weight of the evidence must be
preserved at trial. Woods v. State, 569 S.W.2d 901, 904 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978).
Appellant has not preserved his complaints for appellate review since he did not
object to the instruction that the trial court gave or make a request for a different
instruction to disregard.
Moreover, even if error was properly preserved, Appellant cites no authority
to support his contention that the use of the word “told” as opposed to “instructed”
is insufficient, and we have found none. To the contrary, concise instructions, even
ones that do not use the word “instructed,” have been deemed sufficient. See, e.g.,
Marshall v. State, 210 S.W.3d 618, 628–29 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (holding that
“[t]he jury will disregard the last response of the witness” was a sufficient instruction
to cure error (emphasis added)); Hawkins, 135 S.W.3d at 84 (holding that an
instruction that “the jury is so instructed,” when counsel asked for a particular
instruction, was sufficient to cure error). Accordingly, we conclude that the
language was sufficient. We overrule Appellant’s fourth issue.
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This Court’s Ruling
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
JOHN M. BAILEY
JUSTICE
June 28, 2018
Do not publish. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Panel consists of: Willson, J.,
Bailey, J., and Wright, S.C.J.6
6
Jim R. Wright, Senior Chief Justice (Retired), Court of Appeals, 11th District of Texas at Eastland,
sitting by assignment.
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