Jason Lee Killian v. State ( 2016 )

COURT OF APPEALS
EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
EL PASO, TEXAS
§
JASON LEE KILLIAN, No. 08-15-00062-CR
§
Appellant, Appeal from
§
v. 355th District Court
§
THE STATE OF TEXAS, of Hood County, Texas
§
Appellee. (TC # CR12318)
§
OPINION
This is an appeal from an adjudication of guilt, after the trial court revoked Appellant’s
community supervision. By all accounts, the Appellant has mental health issues, compounded
by substance abuse. At the revocation hearing, the trial judge was essentially asked whether a
drug treatment program somehow failed Appellant, or whether Appellant failed the program by
suddenly refusing to participate in it. The options before the trial court were limited, and the
choices difficult. Because we find the trial court did not err in revoking Appellant’s community
supervision, nor in sentencing Appellant to prison as it did, we affirm the conviction below as
modified.
FACTUAL SUMMARY1
On March 26, 2013, Appellant pled guilty to an assault on a public servant. As a third
1
This case was transferred from our sister court in Fort Worth pursuant to the Texas Supreme Court’s docket
equalization efforts. See TEX.GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (West 2013). We follow the precedents of the Fort
Worth court to the extent they might conflict with our own. See TEX.R.APP.P. 41.3.
degree felony, the charge carried a possible prison term of not more than ten, nor less than two
years, and a fine not to exceed $10,000.00. The trial court deferred an adjudication of guilt, and
placed Appellant on community supervision for five years. He was also assessed a $1,000 fine
along with court costs. A special condition of that supervision required Appellant to complete an
assessment with the local mental health authority and to comply with any treatment or
recommendation it deemed necessary.
On July 18, 2013, the trial court modified the conditions of community supervision to add
three additional requirements. First, Appellant was required to undergo weekly urinalysis.
Second, Appellant was sentenced to serve four days in the county jail. Finally, Appellant was
required to complete a designated substance abuse program. These modifications came
following an alleged probation violation for using methamphetamines.
Less than a month later, the State moved to proceed with an adjudication of guilt in part
because Appellant tested positive for methamphetamine on several other occasions. On
September 17, 2013, the trial court entered an order continuing the probation, but added an
additional condition relevant to the issues before us. Appellant was required to remain in a
substance abuse program run by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, administered at a
Substance Abuse Felony Punishment Facility (“SAFP facility”), and to comply with all the rules
of the program until discharged by the trial court. After his release from the SAFP facility, he
was required to participate in a “drug or alcohol abuse continuum of care treatment plan”
developed by the Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse, and to abide by the rules of
that plan until discharged by the staff. That plan included a ninety day stay in a half-way house,
followed by a year-long “after care” program. The entire SAFP facility program, including the
aftercare, is the most intensive substance abuse program available to the State.
2
Appellant was in the SAFP facility from November 19, 2013 to August 13, 2014, which
is described in the record as residential incarceration. He successfully completed that portion of
the program. On August 13, 2014, Appellant was released from the SAFP facility to Abode
Treatment, Inc. which was to provide the first of two parts of the continuum of care treatment
plan. Adobe is a halfway house designed to transition persons back into the community.
Appellant was to stay at Abode for ninety days, at which time he would be released to the year-
long aftercare program.
Appellant did well in Abode for the first 30 to 45 days. At that point, however, he
refused to take his medications and refused to get out of bed. As his probation officer related:
When asked what was wrong with him, he said he was sick. They asked him to
get up so that they could take him to the hospital, at which time he told them that
he didn’t have a ride. They told him that they would provide him with a ride.
Then he said he didn’t have the money for the hospital. And again they told him
there were programs for him, he wouldn’t, you know, have to necessarily pay, and
he continued to lay in bed, I believe, for a total of 15 days.
This behavior led to a scheduled team meeting between Appellant and the Abode staff on
September 26, 2014. Appellant was argumentative, and claimed to be too sick to attend the
meeting. He finally agreed to a “behavior contract” which specifically set out what he needed to
do to get back on track to successfully complete the program. A few hours later, however, he
refused to sign the contract, and Abode then asked that he be removed from the program.
Based on his discharge from Abode, the State moved to proceed with an adjudication of
guilt. Appellant pled true to all the allegations in the State’s motion (which would have included
the claim that he was discharged from Abode for non-compliance with the program). At the
hearing, the State called Laura Coker, who supervised Appellant’s probation, and who testified
to the circumstances of his removal from the program. She explained that there was nothing left
for her to try in order to make Appellant’s probation work. Other testimony and evidence from
3
the hearing provides additional insights into Appellant’s problems.
By age four, Appellant had difficulty concentrating, and was later placed in special needs
classes at school. He has been diagnosed with paranoia and schizophrenia. He would stare off
into space, pace, refuse to eat, refuse to speak, or change his clothes. This behavior led his
family to admit him five or six times to mental hospitals. Medications would only help for a
short time. The medications also caused him to sleep all the time.
Appellant has a history of seizures. He hears voices and thinks the FBI is after him. The
State had previously waived any community service requirement because Appellant could not
sufficiently function to complete it. His mother and the probation officer agreed that Appellant
is unemployable. He has never been in a position to live on his own, and if released, the only
place he could go is with his mother. Medical records admitted at the hearing show that
Appellant is on a number of medications which at times he was compliant in taking, and other
times not. He also has a history of substance abuse, both with marijuana and amphetamines. He
has been subject to an emergency commitment under Chapter 573 of the Mental Health Code
based on findings that he posed a substantial risk of serious harm to himself or others. The
finding was based on reports that he “has made threats to family members that he was going to
physically hurt them as well as himself.”2
At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court adjudicated Appellant as guilty of the
original offense, and orally pronounced a sentence of eight years’ confinement. The trial judge
did not include any fine in the oral pronouncement, but the written judgment which later
2
His story fits hand in glove with the conclusion of a panel from the Council of State Governments Justice Center
and the American Psychiatric Association Foundation that “[a]n estimated two million people with serious mental
illnesses are booked into jail each year, making prevalence rates for people with serious mental illnesses in jails
three to six times higher than for the general population. Almost three-quarters of these adults have co-occurring
substance use disorders.” “On the Over-Valuation of Risk for People with Mental Illnesses,” Fall 2015 reprinted at
https://csgjusticecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/JC_MH-Consensus-Statements.pdf (last visited April 19,
2016).
4
followed included a $1,000 fine.
ISSUES ON APPEAL
Appellant raises three points for our consideration. In his first point of error, he contends
that the sentence of eight years is grossly disproportionate to the offense committed, and as such
is cruel and unusual both under the state and federal constitutions. The State responds to this
claim on the merits, and additionally contends that the argument is forfeited as it was not raised
below. In the second point of error, Appellant argues that the evidence was insufficient to show
that he violated any condition of his community supervision. The State responds that the
evidence is sufficient, but by pleading true to the motion to adjudicate, an evidentiary review is
foreclosed. Finally, Appellant complains that the $1,000 fine as contained in the judgment must
be deleted as it was not included in the oral pronouncement of sentence. The State concedes this
point and urges that we reform the judgment accordingly.
GROSS DISPROPORTIONALITY
Appellant’s first point complains that the eight year sentence is grossly disproportionate
to the offense. In somewhat differing verbiage, both the United States and Texas Constitutions
prohibit cruel and/or unusual punishment. The federal constitution prohibits “cruel and unusual
punishment” while the Texas constitution prohibits “cruel or unusual punishment.” Cf. U.S.
Const. amend. VIII with Tex. Const. art I, § 13. There is no significant difference, however, in
the protections afforded by either constitutional protection. See Cantu v. State, 939 S.W.2d 627,
645 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997); Duran v. State, 363 S.W.3d 719, 723 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.]
2011, pet. ref’d). Accordingly, we consider Appellant’s state and federal constitutional claims
side by side.
“The concept of proportionality is central to the Eighth Amendment.” Graham v.
5
Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 59, 130 S. Ct. 2011, 2021, 176 L. Ed. 2d 825 (2010). Embodied in the
Constitution’s ban on cruel and unusual punishments is the “precept of justice that punishment
for crime should be graduated and proportioned to [the] offense.” Weems v. United States, 217
U.S. 349, 367, 30 S. Ct. 544, 549, 54 L. Ed. 793 (1910)(sentence of 15 years to hard and “painful”
labor for submitting false invoice held cruel and unusual). But when a punishment falls within a
legislatively prescribed range, the judge or jury’s selection of a particular sentence is generally
unassailable, subject only to “exceedingly rare” circumstances when the sentence is grossly
disproportional. Barrow v. State, 207 S.W.3d 377, 381 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006). And there is no
doubt here that the eight year sentence fell within punishment range for this crime. TEX.PENAL
CODE ANN. § 22.01(b)(1)(West Supp. 2016)(assault on public official is third degree felony);
TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.34(a)(West 2011)(“An individual adjudged guilty of a felony of the
third degree shall be punished by imprisonment in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice for
any term of not more than 10 years or less than 2 years.”).
At the outset, Appellant did not object below that the sentence was constitutionally
disproportional. A party must preserve error, even many constitutional errors, with a proper
objection. Clark v. State, 365 S.W.3d 333, 339 (Tex.Crim.App. 2012); Fuller v. State, 253
S.W.3d 220, 232 (Tex.Crim.App 2008)(“[A]lmost all error--even constitutional error--may be
forfeited if the appellant failed to object”); TEX.R.APP.P. 33.1(a)(1)(A). A defendant’s rights fall
into one of three categories: absolute rights (which cannot be forfeited by inaction); non-
forfeitable rights (which can be waived but only by plainly, freely, and intelligently made
action); and forfeitable rights (which must be requested and otherwise preserved). Garza v.
State, 435 S.W.3d 258, 262-63 (Tex.Crim.App. 2014), citing Marin v. State, 851 S.W.2d 275
(Tex.Crim.App. 1993), overruled on other grounds by Cain v. State, 947 S.W.2d 262
6
(Tex.Crim.App. 1997).
In Garza, for instance, a juvenile defendant was sentenced to life without the possibility
of parole for a murder that he committed. 435 S.W.3d at 259. The United States Supreme
Court, however, had held that such sentences for juveniles violate the Eighth Amendment.
Miller v. Alabama, ___U.S.___, 132 S. Ct. 2455, 2464, 183 L. Ed. 2d 407 (2012). Garza did not
raise the Miller argument at trial, and the court of appeals held he waived it. 435 S.W.3d at 260.
The Court of Criminal Appeals determined held that “substantive status-based or individualized-
sentencing claims under the Eighth Amendment and embraced by Miller are not forfeited by
inaction.” Id. at 262-63.
Appellant is not arguing that a categorical rule such as that articulated in Miller directly
controls the outcome of this case. Instead, he argues that the trial court erred in assessing too
great a sentence within the parameters of what the Legislature allows for this crime.
Disproportionality is a matter that must be raised to the trial court, else it is forfeited on appeal.
See Harrington v. State, 08-13-00224-CR, 2014 WL 3783960, at *2 (Tex.App.--El Paso July 31,
2014, no pet.)(not designated for publication); Crawford v. State, No. 02-04-00299-CR, 2005
WL 1477958, at *4 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth June 23, 2005, pet. ref’d)(mem. op.)(not designated
for publication); Jackson v. State, 989 S.W.2d 842, 844 (Tex.App.--Texarkana 1999, no pet.);
Keith v. State, 975 S.W.2d 433, 433-34 (Tex.App.--Beaumont 1998, no pet.); Solis v. State, 945
S.W.2d 300, 301 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, pet. ref’d); Rodriguez v. State, 917
S.W.2d 90, 92 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 1996, pet. ref’d); Cruz v. State, 838 S.W.2d 682, 687
(Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1992, pet. ref’d); Quintana v. State, 777 S.W.2d 474, 479
(Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 1989, pet. ref’d).
But even if we reached the merits, we would overrule the issue based on the record here.
7
The test for disproportionality is gleaned from two United States Supreme Court cases. The first
is Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 103 S. Ct. 3001, 77 L. Ed. 2d 637 (1983), a case involving a life
sentence assessed against a defendant convicted of passing a worthless $100 check. The
defendant had several other prior convictions for non-violent offenses. Id. at 296-297, 303, 103
S. Ct. at 3013, 3016. The court found the sentence too harsh, relying on a three-factor test
looking to: (1) the gravity of the offense relative to the harshness of the penalty, (2) the
sentences imposed for other crimes in the jurisdiction, and (3) the sentences imposed for the
same crime in other jurisdictions. Id. at 292, 103 S.Ct. at 3010.
Several years later in Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957, 111 S. Ct. 2680, 115 L. Ed. 2d
836 (1991), the court upheld a life without parole sentence for possession of a large quantity
of cocaine. The Court was sharply divided with Justice Kennedy’s concurring opinion
controlling the outcome. That concurrence utilizes Solem’s three factors, but establishes that the
first factor--comparing the gravity of the offense and the severity of the sentence--is a gateway
through which the defendant must first pass before moving to the later factors. 501 U.S. at 1005,
111 S. Ct. 2680 (Kennedy, J., concurring). “[I]n the rare case in which [this] threshold
comparison . . . leads to an inference of gross disproportionality” the court should then compare
the defendant’s sentence with the sentences received by other offenders in the same jurisdiction
and with the sentences imposed for the same crime in other jurisdictions. Id.
Following Harmelin, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals subsequently adopted Justice
Kennedy’s modified Solem test. See McGruder v. Puckett, 954 F.2d 313, 316 (5th Cir.), cert.
denied, 506 U.S. 849, 113 S. Ct. 146, 121 L. Ed. 2d 98 (1992). This modified Solem test has been
applied by several of our sister courts of appeals. See Oglesby v. State, 07-15-00002-CR, 2015
WL 5302466, at *2-4 (Tex.App.--Amarillo Sept. 10, 2015, no pet.)(not designated for
8
publication); Valdez v. State, 10-12-00410-CR, 2014 WL 505306, at *4 (Tex.App.--Waco Feb. 6,
2014, pet. ref’d)(mem. op.)(not designated for publication); Winchester v. State, 246 S.W.3d
386, 389 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 2008, pet. ref’d)(citing additional cases); Moore v. State, 54
S.W.3d 529, 541-42 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 2001, pet. ref’d).
Here, Killian pled guilty to assault on a public servant. There is almost no information in
the record about the crime itself, other than the indictment which alleges that Killian kicked a
jailer in the genitals while the jailer was discharging an official duty.3 We cannot conclude that
the prison term assessed here, which is within the legislatively set limits, is somehow
disproportionate to the gravity of that offense. See Hanford v. State, No. 02-12-00384-CR, 2013
WL 3771342, at *1 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth, Jul. 18, 2013, pet. ref’d)(mem. op.)(not designated
for publication)(seven-year sentence is not grossly disproportionate to the offense of assault on a
public servant); Houston v. State, No. 04-12-00242-CR, 2013 WL 441790, at *2 (Tex.App.--San
Antonio Feb. 6, 2013, pet. dism’d, untimely filed)(mem. op.)(not designated for publication)
(same); McMillian v. State, No. 06-05-00201-CR, 2005 WL 2978444, at *1 (Tex.App.--
Texarkana, Nov. 7, 2005, no pet.)(mem. op.)(not designated for publication)(same). Because the
sentence is not grossly disproportionate for the charged offense, we need not address the
remaining factors under the Solem test.
Appellant spends the majority of his briefing urging that his mental illness changes the
calculus. However sympathetic we may be to his situation, Appellant must first demonstrate that
the sentence is grossly disproportional to the crime of an assault on a public officer. He also
assumes that the offense being punished is the probation condition that he violated. We think the
proper inquiry is whether the sentence is grossly disproportional to the original crime for which
3
Appellant himself at the hearing suggested to the trial court that he may have only kicked the officer while he was
suffering a seizure. We decline to revisit the merits of his guilt or innocence. Appellant pled guilty to the charge,
which would necessarily include the mens rea for the offense.
9
he was convicted. The probation violation is merely the circumstance which requires the trial
judge to revisit the originally deferred adjudication of guilt.
Because Appellant has not shown this case fall into those “exceedingly rare” and
“extreme” cases for gross disproportionality, Harmelin, 501 U.S. 1001, 111 S. Ct. 2680
(Kennedy, J., concurring), we overrule the first issue.
SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
Appellant next argues that the evidence was insufficient to show that he violated a
condition of his probation, and as such, the conviction violates his fundamental rights. The
specific violation at issue was whether Appellant was discharged from Abode on September 26,
2014, for non-compliance with the program. Appellant pled true to that violation. Moreover, his
parole officer testified that he was discharged due to his refusal to sign a behavioral contract,
occasioned by his lying in bed for fifteen days and refusing to take his medications.
“The question at a revocation hearing is whether the appellant broke the contract he made
with the court after the determination of his guilt.” Kelly v. State, 483 S.W.2d 467, 469
(Tex.Crim.App. 1972). While defendants are not entitled to probation as a matter of right, once
a defendant is placed on probation in lieu of other punishment, this conditional liberty “should
not be arbitrarily withdrawn by the court . . . .” DeGay v. State, 741 S.W.2d 445, 449
(Tex.Crim.App. 1987). Accordingly, we review orders revoking community supervision under
the abuse of discretion standard. Leonard v. State, 385 S.W.3d 570, 576 (Tex.Crim.App. 2012).
A trial court has discretion to revoke a criminal defendant’s community supervision when a
preponderance of the evidence supports the State’s allegation that the defendant violated a
condition of probation. Rickels v. State, 202 S.W.3d 759, 763-64 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006), quoting
Scamardo v. State, 517 S.W.2d 293, 298 (Tex.Crim.App. 1974).
10
Killian’s community supervision was conditioned upon his successful completion of the
substance abuse program. With regard to the sufficiency challenge, the State reminds us of a line
of cases supporting the proposition that pleading true to the allegations in the motion to revoke
itself constitutes sufficient evidence to support the revocation. See Wilson v. State, 671 S.W.2d
524, 526 (Tex.Crim.App. 1984)(“[A] plea of ‘true’ does constitute evidence and sufficient proof
to support the enhancement allegation.”); Cole v. State, 578 S.W.2d 127, 128 (Tex.Crim.App.
1979)(“[S]ufficiency of the evidence could not be challenged in the face of a plea of true.”);
Mitchell v. State, 482 S.W.2d 221, 222-23 (Tex.Crim.App. 1972)(hearing on revocation is not
“mandatory” when defendant pleads true to revocation allegations). The Court of Criminal
Appeals has cautioned, however, that these cases need to be read in light of Marin v. State which
came after them, and which establishes that some rights are non-waivable. See Gipson v. State,
383 S.W.3d 152, 156 (Tex.Crim.App. 2012)(remanding case to court of appeals to decide
whether pleading true to revocation motion which asserted a failure to pay a fine, waived
statutory and constitutional ability-to-pay protections).
We understand Appellant to argue that his mental incapacity prevented him from
completing the program, and perhaps like a probationer who cannot be imprisoned for not paying
a fine that he cannot afford, a mentally incapacitated person cannot be imprisoned for not
completing a program beyond his capabilities.4 Appellant cites no legal authority directly
supporting that proposition. Nor does the record conclusively show that Appellant could not
complete the SAFP and aftercare program. No expert testimony was presented on Appellant’s
ability to complete the program. At most, we have his family members’ lay perspective on his
problems, and some medical records containing a mental health diagnosis. Balanced against that
4
See Appellant’s Brief at 26 (“Requiring someone to conform to conditions of conduct that are beyond them is as
unrealistic as requiring a challenged person to perform in the capacity of someone not challenged, in any
endeavor.”).
11
evidence was the fact that Appellant was capable of successfully completing the nine month
residential incarceration part of the program. He also completed 30 to 45 days of the Abode
program. Accordingly, the trial court had evidence before it to conclude that Appellant had the
ability to complete the program, and we defer to that implicit finding. See Trevino v. State, 08-
13-00235-CR, 2015 WL 180390, at *2 (Tex.App.--El Paso Jan. 14, 2015, no pet.)(not designated
for publication)(evidence did not show that defendant was physically unable to complete terms
of probation); Sadler v. State, 08-12-00203-CR, 2014 WL 3887963, at *2-3 (Tex.App.--El Paso
Aug. 8, 2014, no pet.)(not designated for publication)(evidence did not show that defendant
lacked the mental capacity to understand terms of his community supervision). Without
conclusive evidence that Appellant’s particular mental health issues precluded him from
completing the SAFP program, the only remaining question is whether Appellant was discharged
for failing to follow that program. The evidence amply supports that conclusion, as does his plea
of true. Appellant’s second issue is overruled.
ADDITION OF THE FINE
In his final point of error, Appellant complains that the written judgment of conviction
adds a $1,000 fine that was not included in the oral pronouncement of judgment. The State
concedes the error. See Taylor v. State, 131 S.W.3d 497, 499-500 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004)(for
deferred adjudication, the oral pronouncement of sentence controls over the written judgment of
conviction if there is a conflict). We accordingly sustain Appellant’s third point of error and
reform the judgment of conviction to delete the $1,000 fine, but affirm in all other respects.
December 21, 2016
ANN CRAWFORD McCLURE, Chief Justice
Before McClure, C.J., Rodriguez, and Hughes, JJ.
(Do Not Publish)
12