Ramiro Ramos v. State ( 2009 )

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MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-08-00566-CR
Ramiro RAMOS,
Appellant
v.
The STATE of Texas,
Appellee
From the 229th Judicial District Court, Starr County, Texas
Trial Court No. 07-CRS-354
Honorable Alex William Gabert, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Marialyn Barnard, Justice
Sitting: Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
Rebecca Simmons, Justice
Marialyn Barnard, Justice
Delivered and Filed: October 7, 2009
AFFIRMED
Ramiro Ramos was convicted of murder. On appeal, Ramos contends the trial court erred:
(1) in denying his motion to suppress; (2) in failing to give the jury proper instructions regarding the
voluntariness of his statement, and the lesser-included offense of criminally negligent homicide; (3)
in failing to hold an adequate inquiry into his competence; and (4) in failing to find there was
evidence to support a finding of incompetence. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
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BACKGROUND
On June 6, 2007, Baudelio Perez and Eduardo Solis were on the patio of a friend’s home,
which was next to the home of Delia Ramirez, Ramos’s aunt. Perez testified he saw Ramos get out
of his truck and walk toward Ramirez’s house. According to Perez, Solis went out to meet Ramos.
Perez testified Ramos was holding a semi-automatic handgun, and the two men began to argue.
Perez further testified that when he saw the handgun he hid behind a wall, and he heard more
arguing, a scuffle, and a gunshot. Perez stated that after Ramos left he went over to Ramirez’s
property and discovered Solis’s body lying on the ground. Perez called 911.
A Hidalgo County Deputy Sheriff and his partner were dispatched to the scene around 5:50
p.m. The deputy alerted the Starr County Sheriff’s Office that Ramos was a possible suspect.
Shortly thereafter, Ramos was taken to the Starr County Sheriff’s Office where he spoke with
Investigator Jose J. Moreno. Ramos gave a videotaped statement. At trial, the videotaped statement
was admitted into evidence over objection by defense counsel.1
DISCUSSION
A. Motion to Suppress
In his first issue, Ramos contends the trial court erred in denying the motion to suppress his
statement, arguing he did not knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waive his rights as set forth
in article 38.22, section 3 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. Ramos claims that although
Investigator Moreno read him his rights, Investigator Moreno did not properly explain what Ramos
was signing when he signed the written waiver. According to Ramos, Investigator Moreno obtained
1
Portions of the interview were in Spanish, and both parties agreed that a copy of the transcription of the
interview could be given to each juror with the trial court’s permission. The parties agreed, however, that the
transcription was not to be admitted and was to be only used for the purposes of aiding the jurors in following along and
understanding the video statement.
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Ramos’s initials and signature on the waiver form through deception and trickery. Ramos claimed
Investigator Moreno told him the waiver form was merely an acknowledgment that he had been read
his rights.
We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress under a bifurcated standard of
review. Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. 1997). Under this standard, we give
“almost total deference to the trial court’s determination of historical facts[,]” especially when the
trial court’s fact findings are based on an evaluation of the witnesses’ demeanor and credibility. Id.
We also “afford the same amount of deference to the trial court’s rulings on ‘application of law to
fact questions,’ also known as ‘mixed questions of law and fact,’ if the resolution of those ultimate
questions turns on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor.” Id. However, we apply a de novo
review to all other mixed questions of law and fact. Id.
Article 38.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure addresses the admissibility of oral
and written statements and codifies the procedural safeguards outlined in Miranda v. Arizona, 384
U.S. 436, 467, 478-79 (1966). See TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC. ANN . art. 38.22 (Vernon 2005); see also
Penry v. State, 903 S.W.2d 715, 744 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (stating Texas statutory warnings
codified in article 38.22 comply with Miranda). Under article 38.22, section 3, an oral statement
resulting from a custodial interrogation is admissible only if an officer warns the defendant of his
Miranda rights and the accused executes a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary waiver of those rights.
See TEX . CODE CRIM PROC. ANN . art. 38.22 § 3.
To determine whether an accused effectively executed a valid waiver of rights, we must
decide whether the waiver was a “product of a free and deliberate choice rather than intimidation,
coercion, or deception.” Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412, 421 (1986); Ripkowski v. State, 61 S.W.3d
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378, 384 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). We must also determine whether the waiver was given “with a
full awareness of both the nature of the right being abandoned and the consequences of the decision
to abandon it.” Moran, 475 U.S. at 421; Ripkowski, 61 S.W.3d at 384. An express waiver is not
necessary, and the trial court may find facts and evidence sufficient to support an inference of
waiver. Rocha v. State, 16 S.W.3d 1, 12 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Oliver v. State, 29 S.W.3d 190,
191-92 (Tex. App.—San Antonio, 2000, pet. ref’d) (holding waiver can be inferred “where an oral
confession contains a recitation of the art[icle] 38.22 warnings and the defendant indicates he
understands his rights and proceeds without hesitation to participate in the interview.”). We consider
the totality of the circumstances when determining whether an accused effectively waived his rights
and thereby made a statement voluntarily. Moran, 475 U.S. at 421.
After reviewing the totality of the circumstance surrounding Ramos’s statement, we hold
Ramos knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived his rights. See id. The record reflects that
after introducing himself, Investigator Moreno asked Ramos whether he understood English. Ramos
indicated he could understand English and could even read a little bit of English, but he could not
write in English. Investigator Moreno then asked Ramos whether he would like his rights read to
him in English or Spanish, and Ramos requested they be read in English. Investigator Moreno told
Ramos the interview was being recorded and read Ramos the article 38.22 rights. Investigator
Moreno asked Ramos whether he understood the rights, and Ramos stated he did. At that point,
Investigator Moreno asked Ramos to sign paperwork confirming he was read his rights. Investigator
Moreno said, “Okay. I am going to ask you to sign this paper for me, Mr. Ramos. This paper only
indicates that I have read the rights to you. I need your signature right there, sir. Okay, Mr. Ramos.
Do you understand the warnings that I have read you?” Ramos said “[y]es,” and initialed and signed
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the paperwork. After Ramos initialed and signed the waiver form, Investigator Moreno corrected
his previous description of the paperwork stating,“Okay. What you just signed right there, Mr.
Ramos, is that you are waiving your rights and you are willing to talk to me.” Ramos acknowledged
this and then began to discuss the circumstances surrounding Solis’s murder. Ramos said Solis
insulted him and he took out his gun and began hitting Solis with the barrel of the gun. Ramos said
he hit the safety trigger when he hit Solis with the barrel of the gun, and then “all I heard was the
noise when it went off. That’s all I know.”
Ramos complains Investigator Moreno’s statements amounted to deception or trickery,
rendering his waiver involuntary. In light of the totality of the circumstances, we disagree. Although
Investigator Moreno first stated the paperwork was merely an acknowledgment that Ramos was read
his rights, he corrected the misstatement by specifically stating that by signing the paperwork Ramos
was waiving his Miranda rights.
Moreover, during the interview, Ramos stated he wanted to stop the interview and invoke
his right to remain silent. At that point, Investigator Moreno told Ramos he could end the interview
and no more questions would be asked. However, Ramos changed his mind and continued with the
interview. Ramos’s request to stop the interview after being questioned for some time by Investigator
Moreno demonstrates Ramos was not under the influence of deception or coercion when he waived
his rights and made his statement. Ramos clearly knew he could stop the interview at any time.
Ramos’s actions demonstrate he understood his rights and the consequences of waiving them. See
Oliver v. State, 29 S.W.3d 190, 192 (Tex. App.—San Antonio, 2000, pet. ref’d) (holding that
invocation of right to counsel demonstrates defendant understood his rights when interview began
and waived them).
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Given the totality of the circumstances, we hold Ramos was fully aware of both the nature
of his rights and the consequences of abandoning them. He knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily
waived his rights before he gave his statement. See Moran, 475 U.S. at 421; Ripkowski, 61 S.W.3d
at 384. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Ramos’s motion to
suppress, and we overrule his first issue.
B. Jury Instruction
In his next two issues, Ramos contends the trial court committed reversible error by refusing
to give the jury instructions regarding: (1) the voluntariness of his statement, and (2) the lesser-
included offense of criminally negligent homicide.
1. Voluntariness
An instruction on voluntariness is required only if “based on the evidence presented at trial,
a reasonable jury could conclude that the statement was not voluntary.” Vasquez v. State, 225
S.W.3d 541, 544 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); see also TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC. ANN . art. 38.22 §§ 6,
7 (Vernon 2006). Based on the evidence set forth in our discussion of issue one, we hold there was
some evidence from which the jury could have concluded the statement was involuntary. See
Vasquez, 225 S.W.3d at 544-45. Accordingly, we hold the trial court erred in failing to instruct the
jury on the voluntariness of Ramos’s statement. However, we must still determine whether the error
caused sufficient harm to require reversal. See Airline v. State, 721 S.W.2d 348, 351 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1986); Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). The degree of harm
necessary for reversal depends upon whether the error was preserved. Id. If the error was preserved
by a proper objection to the charge, the defendant need only show the existence of “some harm” to
obtain a reversal. Id. On the other hand, if the error was not preserved, the defendant must show
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the harm was egregious to obtain a reversal. Id. An error which results in egregious harm is an error
that affects “the very basis of the case,” deprives the defendant of a “valuable right,” or “virtually
affect[s] a defensive theory.” Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 172.
Ramos admits he did not object to the trial court’s failure to include an instruction on
voluntariness. Therefore, Ramos must establish the existence of egregious harm to obtain a reversal.
See Airline, 721 S.W.2d at 351; Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171. To determine whether error is
egregious, we must consider “the entirety of the charge itself, the evidence, including the contested
issues and weight of the probative evidence, the arguments of counsel, and any other relevant
information revealed by the record of the trial as a whole.” See Sanchez v. State, 209 S.W.3d 117,
121 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
The State presented evidence from Perez, who testified he saw Ramos approach Solis with
a semi-automatic handgun, heard the men arguing and then heard a gunshot. He thereafter found
Solis on the ground surrounded by blood. Ramos claimed he did not intentionally or knowingly kill
Solis. Rather, Ramos’s defensive theory was that the gun discharged during his altercation with
Solis. The jury was instructed on both murder and manslaughter, thereby encompassing both the
State’s and Ramos’s theories of the case. Voluntariness of Ramos’s statement was not central to his
defense. Although the admission of the statement was damaging, given the evidence, the parties’
theories, and the jury charge, the statement did not rise to the level of egregious harm. See Sanchez,
209 S.W.3d at 121. We therefore overrule Ramos’s second issue.
2. Criminally Negligent Homicide
A defendant is entitled to an instruction on a lesser-included offense if: (1) proof of the
charged offense includes the proof required to establish the lesser-included offense; and (2) there is
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some evidence in the record that would permit a jury rationally to find that, if the defendant is guilty,
he is guilty only of the lesser offense. Ferrel v. State, 55 S.W.3d 586, 589 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001);
Trujillo v. State, 227 S.W.3d 164, 168 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. ref’d). “We must
review all the evidence presented at trial to make this determination.” Jackson v. State, 248 S.W.3d
369, 371 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. ref’d).
“Criminally negligent homicide is a lesser included offense of murder.” Saunders v. State,
840 S.W.2d 390, 391 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); Jackson, 248 S.W.3d at 371. Therefore, we need only
determine whether some evidence exists to show Ramos was guilty only of criminally negligent
homicide. See Ferrel, 55 S.W.3d 589. “The key to criminal negligence is the failure of the actor to
perceive the risk created by his conduct.” Jackson, 248 S.W.3d at 371. Merely because an actor did
not intend the result does not necessarily entitle him to a jury instruction on criminally negligent
homicide. Trujillo, 227 S.W.3d at 168.
Here, the record does not contain evidence that Ramos lacked an awareness of the risk. See
Jackson, 248 S.W.3d at 371-72. Ramos got out of his truck with a semi-automatic handgun in his
hand. Ramos admitted he hit Solis with the barrel of the gun in response to Solis’s allegation that
Ramos stole a cell phone. Ramos further stated he hit the safety when he hit Solis with the barrel
of the gun. This evidence is sufficient to show Ramos was “not only aware of the risk posed by the
weapon, but [was] choosing to exploit that risk.” See Jackson, 248 S.W.3d at 372; see also Thomas
v. State, 699 S.W.2d 845, 850-52 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (holding that claim of accidental discharge
does not necessarily raise an issue of criminally negligent homicide). We overrule Ramos’s third
issue.
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C. Competency
Finally, Ramos argues the trial court did not have sufficient evidence to support a finding that
he was competent to stand trial. Ramos also argues the trial court abused its discretion in failing to
conduct an adequate inquiry into his competence to stand trial under the Texas Code of Criminal
Procedure and Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution.
During a preliminary hearing held to discuss Ramos’s Motion Suggesting Incompetency and
Request for Examination, Ramos’s trial counsel stated he was unsure whether Ramos understood
the legal concepts and proceedings, and was concerned because a psychiatrist diagnosed Ramos with
“[s]chizophrenia or some other preliminary diagnosis.” According to Ramos, these statements were
enough to put the trial court on notice that Ramos’s competence was at issue, requiring an adequate
inquiry, and there was enough evidence to support a finding of incompetence.
Under the Due Process Clause of the United States and Texas Constitutions, a defendant
must be competent when he is tried. See U.S. CONST . amends. V, XIV; TEX . CONST . art. I, § 19; see
also TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC. ANN . arts. 46B.003, 46B.004, & 46B.005 (Vernon 2006). In Texas,
a defendant is presumed competent to stand trial unless he is proved to be incompetent by a
preponderance of the evidence. TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC. ANN . art. 46B.003(b) (Vernon 2006). “If
evidence suggesting the defendant may be incompetent to stand trial comes to the attention of the
trial court, the court on its own motion shall suggest that the defendant may be incompetent to stand
trial.” TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC. ANN . art. 46B.004(b) (Vernon 2006). Additionally, if the defendant
suggests he is incompetent, the trial court must conduct an informal inquiry into whether there is
some evidence from any source to support a finding that the defendant may be incompetent to stand
trial. Id.
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A defendant is considered incompetent to stand trial if he does not have a rational and factual
understanding of proceedings against him. Id. art. 46B.003(a)(2). If the trial court determines there
is some evidence to support a finding of incompetency, the trial court must order an examination to
be undertaken to determine if the defendant is competent to stand trial. Id. art. 46B.005(a). “Some
evidence” of incompetency is “a quantity more than none or a scintilla.” Sisco v. State, 599 S.W.2d
607, 613 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980). However, it is not simply enough for trial counsel to simply allege
unspecified difficulties in communicating with the defendant. Moore v. State, 999 S.W.2d 385, 394
(Tex. Crim. App. 1999). A trial court’s decision not to conduct a competency inquiry is reviewed
under an abuse of discretion standard. Id. at 393.
During the preliminary hearing, the trial court noticed Ramos was limping and asked about
his leg. Ramos told the trial court his leg was infected. The State pointed out Ramos seemed
knowledgeable of his health issues and capable of understanding the nature of the proceedings
against him. The State asserted Ramos kept his promise to appear at the hearing, which indicated
Ramos was aware of the importance of appearing at scheduled court dates. Ramos’s trial attorney
then stated he was able to talk with Ramos, but he was unsure whether Ramos understood the legal
concepts discussed during their conversations. Ramos’s attorney also stated he wanted to bring
Ramos’s diagnosis of schizophrenia to the trial court’s attention. The trial court ended the
proceeding by stating, “The record will show that, uh, we are going to proceed with the matter of the
selection of the jury then we’ll come back to – for whatever to be discussed, not uh, no decision
being made.”
While defense counsel expressed concern about Ramos’s hallucinations and possible
schizophrenia diagnosis to the trial court, it was not enough for defense counsel to merely express
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his concerns to the trial court in order to compel the trial court to conduct an adequate inquiry into
Ramos’s competence. See Moore, 999 S.W.2d at 394. To properly raise the issue of Ramos’s
incompetence, defense counsel was required to provide the trial court with specific information that
illustrated defense counsel’s present inability to communicate with Ramos. See id. Here, no such
information was provided. Rather, the trial court properly handled the issue of competency and gave
defense counsel time to later raise the issue of competency and submit proper evidence to make a
request to the trial court to conduct another hearing regarding the issue of Ramos’s competence. At
no time did defense counsel again raise the issue for the trial court’s consideration or bring forth a
doctor’s report to illustrate Ramos’s inability to communicate.
Because there is no evidence from any source in the record to suggest to the trial court that
Ramos was incompetent to stand trial, we hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion in making
a decision not to conduct a more formal inquiry on the issue of Ramos’s competence, and the trial
court had sufficient evidence to support a finding of competence. Ramos’s last two issues on appeal
are overruled.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Marialyn Barnard, Justice
DO NOT PUBLISH
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