Martin Santiago Hernandez v. State ( 2019 )

In The
Court of Appeals
Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
__________________
NO. 09-18-00308-CR
NO. 09-18-00309-CR
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MARTIN SANTIAGO HERNANDEZ, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
__________________________________________________________________
On Appeal from the 9th District Court
Montgomery County, Texas
Trial Cause Nos. 17-10-12128-CR & 17-12-15371-CR
__________________________________________________________________
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant Martin Santiago Hernandez appeals his convictions in trial cause
number 17-10-12128 for aggravated sexual assault of a child and in trial cause
number 17-12-15371 for indecency with a child by contact, arguing that the jury
charge subjected him to double jeopardy and permitted the jury to render a non-
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unanimous verdict. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. §§ 21.11(a)(1), 22.021(a)(1)(B). We
affirm.
Background
On December 19, 2017, in two indictments, a grand jury indicted Hernandez
for aggravated sexual assault of a child and for indecency with a child by contact,
alleging that on or about May 1, 2013, he “intentionally or knowingly caused the
defendant’s sexual organ to contact and/or penetrate the sexual organ of [Yancy], a
child who was then and there younger than 14 years of age[]” and “with intent to
arouse and gratify the sexual desire of the defendant, engage[d] in sexual contact by
touching the genitals of [Yancy], a child younger than 14 years of age[.]” 1
Hernandez was tried before a jury in July 2018. At trial, Yancy’s mother
Rhonda testified that Yancy went through a period starting in third grade where she
became quieter, was unhappy, and did poorly at school. After some time, in May
2016, Yancy told her mother that Hernandez abused her and that Hernandez had
“touched his intimate part inside her intimate part[]” when Yancy was eight years
old. Rhonda explained that Hernandez is married to her sister, and when Rhonda
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We identify the victim and her family members, except the Defendant, with
pseudonyms. See Tex. Const. art. I, § 30(a)(1) (granting victims of crimes “the right
to be treated with fairness and with respect for the victim’s dignity and privacy
throughout the criminal justice process”).
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confronted Hernandez about what Yancy had told her, he replied “I’m sorry[]”
several times.
At trial, Yancy identified the defendant, Martin Hernandez, as her uncle and
the man who abused her sexually, and she testified that the incident occurred after
she took a shower at Hernandez’s house where she was visiting her cousin.
According to Yancy, she was sitting on the toilet after her shower, and her uncle
closed the toilet and sat her on top of it and then “[h]e touched [her] private part with
his fingers.” She also stated that her “private part” is also called her vagina. Yancy
testified that Hernandez touched her with his fingers and his fingers “stayed on the
outside.” Yancy went on to say that Hernandez then asked her “Do you want me to
do it with my part?” and “[o]ut of curiosity[,]” she said “yes.” Yancy testified that
Martinez then pulled his pants down, knelt down, and “put his private part on [her]
private part[]” by moving his body forward. Yancy also stated that his penis did not
just stay on the outside, but “[i]t went more than that[]” and it felt “[w]eird.” Yancy
did not recall how long he stayed with his penis inside her, but that Hernandez
“pulled out and pulled his pants back on[]” and told her not to say anything to
anyone. Afterwards, she got dressed and did not tell anyone what happened.
Yancy testified that her grades at school dropped and she thought it was
“because of that night[]” because she thought a lot about it and it was hard for her to
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concentrate. She testified that she also had nightmares and sometimes woke up
during the night unable to breathe. Yancy recalled that she told her mother about the
incident on Mother’s Day a couple of years later. Yancy testified that she “got to a
point that [she] couldn’t take it anymore,” so she told her mother what happened. At
trial, Yancy identified Hernandez as the person who put his hand on her private area
and as the person who put his penis in her private area.
Sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE) Lori Long read from her report from
her forensic examination of Yancy as follows:
. . . Patient states when I was nine I was at my Uncle Martin’s house
spending time with family and went to take a shower. I didn’t know
how to make the shower part work. So my uncle came in to help me.
He poured water from a cup over me. When I was done I told him to go
so I could go pee. He said, no, he had to stay and make sure I was clean.
I was still naked from the shower. He had pushed me back onto the
toilet, and he put his private part in mine here -- pointing to female
genitalia. He pushed his private part into me, and it hurt. I said stop. He
kept trying, but then he just stopped and walked out of the bathroom. I
finally told my mom yesterday because it was Mother’s Day. I felt sad
keeping this secret from her.
The jury unanimously found Hernandez guilty of both charges. Hernandez
elected to have the court determine his sentence, and after a hearing on punishment,
the trial court sentenced Hernandez to forty years of confinement in cause number
17-10-12128 for the offense of aggravated sexual assault of a child and twenty years
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of confinement in cause number 17-12-15371 for the offense of indecency with a
child by contact, and ordered that the sentences run consecutively.
In a single issue on appeal, Appellant argues that the jury charge in the
indecency charge erroneously fails to define “touch,” which (1) allowed the jury to
render a non-unanimous verdict and (2) subjected him to double jeopardy based on
the requirements of the aggravated sexual assault charge.
Unanimity
Under Texas law, jury unanimity is required in all criminal cases. Jourdan v.
State, 428 S.W.3d 86, 94 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). A jury must reach a unanimous
verdict about a specific felony that the defendant committed, meaning the jury must
agree upon “‘a single and discrete incident that would constitute the commission of
the offense alleged.’” See Cosio v. State, 353 S.W.3d 766, 771 (Tex. Crim. App.
2011) (quoting Stuhler v. State, 218 S.W.3d 706, 717 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)).
While jury unanimity generally is not required on the alternate modes or means of
commission, the jurors must all agree “that the defendant committed the same,
single, specific criminal act.” See Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 745 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2005). The Court of Criminal Appeals has also stated that the protection against
double jeopardy does not apply to separate and distinct offenses that occur during
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the same transaction. See Ex parte Milner, 394 S.W.3d 502, 506 (Tex. Crim. App.
2013).
A defendant may choose to require the State to elect a specific criminal act
that it relies upon for conviction. See Cosio, 353 S.W.3d at 775. Even if the
defendant does not require an election, “guaranteeing unanimity is ultimately the
responsibility of the trial judge[,]” and “[t]he trial judge is therefore obligated to
submit a charge that does not allow for the possibility of a non-unanimous verdict.”
Id. at 776.
Hernandez concedes that for both charges, his trial counsel did not object to
the charge and did not request a lesser-included instruction.2 Reversal for an
unobjected-to erroneous jury instruction is proper only if the error caused actual,
egregious harm to the appellant, not merely theoretical harm. Arrington v. State, 451
S.W.3d 834, 840 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015); Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171
(Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on reh’g). Actual egregious harm is established if the
jury charge affected the very basis of the case, deprived the defendant of a valuable
right, or vitally affected a defensive theory. Arrington, 451 S.W.3d at 840; Almanza,
686 S.W.2d at 172. This analysis is fact-specific and is done on a case-by-case basis.
2
Hernandez does not raise sufficiency of the evidence or effective assistance
of counsel issues in this appeal.
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Arrington, 451 S.W.3d at 840 (citing Gelinas v. State, 398 S.W.3d 703, 710 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2013)). When assessing harm based on the particular facts of the case,
we consider (1) the entire jury charge; (2) the state of the evidence, including
contested issues and the weight of the probative evidence; (3) the parties’ arguments;
and (4) all other relevant information in the record. See id. (citing Almanza, 686
S.W.2d at 171). An appellate court will “inquire about the likelihood that the jury
would in fact have reached a non-unanimous verdict on the facts of the particular
case.” Jourdan, 428 S.W.3d at 98.
In this case, the trial court told the jury “[t]here are actually two charges that
you’ll be considering in this case.” Two separate jury charges were presented to the
jury, and each instructed the jury that they must “unanimously agree[] upon a
verdict[].” In her opening statement, the prosecutor advised the jury that there were
two charges. And in closing, the State asked the jury to “find[] the defendant guilty
of aggravated sexual assault of a child[]” and “also find[] the defendant guilty of
indecency with a child by contact.” The prosecutor also asked the jury to “find the
defendant guilty of both counts.” The jury returned two signed verdict forms, one
for each of the offenses charged. After the jury’s verdicts were read, the jury told the
court that their verdicts were unanimous, and the jury was polled.
According to Appellant, the complainant
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. . . alleged that Appellant had initially touched the outside of the
complainant’s vagina with his fingers and had moved his fingers while
doing so. [] The complainant then stated that Appellant had caused his
penis to contact her vagina by putting his genitalia on her genitalia. []
The complainant testified that Appellant then pushed his penis into her
vagina and remained there for an unknown period of time before
removing it and instructing her not to tell anyone.
Appellant does not argue that there were contested issues such as identity of the
assailant or defensive theories, but that “it is apparent that the jury unanimously
agreed that Appellant’s sexual organ had touched the complainant’s sexual organ,
but the jury was not required to unanimously agree that Appellant’s fingers had
touched the complainant’s vagina.”
Appellant argues that “it is entirely possible that at least some jurors believed
the indecency charge had also been satisfied by the genitalia-to-genitalia contact
alleged by the complainant.” Such theoretical harm falls short of the Almanza
requirement that an appellant must show actual, egregious harm in order to obtain a
reversal. See Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171; see also Arrington, 451 S.W.3d at 840.
Even assuming without deciding that the jury charges in this case permitted non-
unanimous verdicts on the evidence presented in the case, the parties and the trial
judge told the jury that the verdict must be unanimous regarding each charged
offense. The record indicates that the victim testified that Hernandez had touched
her vagina with his fingers and he penetrated her vagina with his penis. The jury was
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not persuaded by the defendant’s arguments. On this record, it is logical to infer that
the jury unanimously agreed that Hernandez committed aggravated sexual assault of
a child and indecency with a child by contact as alleged in the indictments. See
Cosio, 353 S.W.3d at 777-78. We conclude that the Appellant has failed to
demonstrate that any error regarding unanimity caused actual egregious harm to
Appellant.
Double Jeopardy
Separate charges of indecency with a child and sexual assault of a child are
proper when the evidence indicates separate offenses took place. See, e.g., Patterson
v. State, 152 S.W.3d 88, 92 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (holding that when two
penetrations were separated by a short period of time, two independent assaults
occurred); Bottenfield v. State, 77 S.W.3d 349, 358 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2002,
pet. ref’d) (holding that even though appellant’s two acts may have been committed
during the same occurrence, appellant’s touching of the victim’s genitals with his
finger was a separate and distinct criminal act from touching her genitals with his
penis); Murray v. State, 24 S.W.3d 881, 889 (Tex. App.—Waco 2000, pet. ref’d)
(holding defendant’s double jeopardy rights were not violated by his punishment for
both aggravated sexual assault and indecency with a child because the evidence at
trial showed he “committed two separate acts--penetrating the victim’s female
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sexual organ with his finger and touching her genitals with his tongue--that
constituted two separate offenses”); Hutchins v. State, 992 S.W.2d 629, 633 (Tex.
App.—Austin 1999, pet. ref’d) (affirming convictions for aggravated sexual assault
and indecency with a child by contact because the acts, although close in time, were
separate).
When the State uses one act to prove both offenses, courts have held
indecency with a child to be a lesser-included offense of aggravated sexual assault.
See, e.g., Evans v. State, 299 S.W.3d 138, 143 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); Ochoa v.
State, 982 S.W.2d 904, 908 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). In contrast, when the evidence
supporting an indecency charge is distinct from that supporting the charge of
aggravated sexual assault, the indecency charge will not be a lesser-included offense
of the aggravated sexual assault, and both may be prosecuted without violating the
double-jeopardy clause. See, e.g., Bottenfield, 77 S.W.3d at 358.
In Bottenfield, the complainant testified that the appellant put his penis on her
“privates” and also he touched the outside of her “privates” with his finger. Id. The
Fort Worth Court of Appeals stated that “[a]lthough the two acts in [this] case may
have been committed during the same occurrence, appellant’s touching of [the
victim’s] genitals with his finger was a separate and distinct criminal act from
contacting her sexual organ with his penis.” Id. (citing Hutchins, 992 S.W.2d at 633);
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see also Murray, 24 S.W.3d at 889; DeMoss v. State, 12 S.W.3d 553, 560 (Tex.
App.—San Antonio 1999, pet. ref’d). Accordingly, the Court concluded that the
appellant’s conviction for aggravated sexual assault was not based on the same
conduct underlying his conviction for indecency, the evidence was sufficient to show
that more than one offense was committed by the appellant with the victim, and
submission to the jury of both aggravated sexual assault and indecency was proper.
See id. (citing Beltran v. State, 30 S.W.3d 532, 534 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2000,
no pet.); Hutchins, 992 S.W.2d at 633).
The Court of Criminal Appeals has explained that “[a]n offense may be
factually subsumed when there is a single act that cannot physically occur in the
absence of another act.” Maldonado v. State, 461 S.W.3d 144, 149 (Tex. Crim. App.
2015). In this case, Yancy testified that Hernandez touched her vagina with his
fingers. She also testified that, after that he pulled his pants down and “put his private
part on [her] private part[]” and his penis went inside her. Applying the reasoning
from Maldonado, we conclude that the act of touching Yancy’s vagina with his
fingers could occur in the absence of penetrating her vagina with his penis. See id.
Therefore, under these facts, the act of indecency by contact was not subsumed by
the aggravated sexual assault. There were separate acts of contact and penetration,
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and the multiple convictions do not subject Hernandez to double jeopardy. See id. at
149-50; Bottenfield, 77 S.W.3d at 358.
We overrule Hernandez’s issue and affirm the judgments of the trial court.
AFFIRMED.
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LEANNE JOHNSON
Justice
Submitted on July 3, 2019
Opinion Delivered November 20, 2019
Do Not Publish
Before Kreger, Horton and Johnson, JJ.
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