James Lee Skinner v. State ( 2015 )

ACCEPTED
01-14-00748-CR
FIRST COURT OF APPEALS
HOUSTON, TEXAS
5/26/2015 1:42:39 PM
CHRISTOPHER PRINE
CLERK
No. 01-14-00748-CR
In the FILED IN
Court of Appeals 1st COURT OF APPEALS
HOUSTON, TEXAS
For the
5/26/2015 1:42:39 PM
First Judicial District of Texas
CHRISTOPHER A. PRINE
At Houston Clerk
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯♦⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
No. 1315689
In the 183rd District Court of
Harris County, Texas
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯♦⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
JAMES LEE SKINNER
Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS
Appellee
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯♦⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
STATE’S APPELLATE BRIEF
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯♦⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
DEVON ANDERSON
District Attorney
Harris County, Texas
CARLY DESSAUER
Assistant District Attorney
ANTHONY ROBINSON
Assistant District Attorney
Harris County, Texas
1201 Franklin, Suite 600
Houston, Texas 77002
Tel.: 713/755-5826
Fax No.: 713/755-5809
ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED ONLY IF REQUESTED BY APPELLANT
STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT
Pursuant to Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.4(g) and Texas Rule of
Appellate Procedure 39.1, the State requests oral argument only if appellant requests
oral argument.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE PARTIES
Pursuant to Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 38.2(a)(1)(A), a complete list
of the names of all interested parties is provided below.
Counsel for the State:
Devon Anderson ⎯ District Attorney of Harris County
Carly Dessauer ⎯ Assistant District Attorney on appeal
Anthony Robinson ⎯ Assistant District Attorney at trial
Appellant or criminal defendant:
James Lee Skinner
Counsel for Appellant:
Norm J. Silverman ⎯ Attorney on appeal and at trial
Trial Judge:
Hon. Jay W. Burnett
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT ...................................................... ii
IDENTIFICATION OF THE PARTIES ........................................................................... ii
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ................................................................................................. v
STATEMENT OF THE CASE ............................................................................................. 1
STATEMENT OF FACTS ..................................................................................................... 1
SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENTS ................................................................................. 3
REPLY TO APPELLANT’S FIRST POINT OF ERROR .............................................. 4
I.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion when upholding the
magistrate’s probable cause determination as a commonsensical reading of
the four corners of the warrant affidavit established that McCord’s
meeting and investigation with the confidential informant occurred within
48 hours of her writing the affidavit. ................................................................................ 4
REPLY TO APPELLANT’S SECOND POINT OF ERROR .....................................11
II.
Appellant waived his argument that Officer McCord made a material
misstatement with reckless disregard for the truth in the warrant affidavit
when she swore that she did not find any drugs on the informant when
“checking” him before conducting a controlled drug buy because
appellant did not raise this argument to the trial court................................................ 11
a.
Appellant did not inform the trial court of his allegation that Officer
McCord recklessly disregarded the truth in her affidavit when she
stated that she “checked” the informant before and after the controlled
drug buy and thus failed to preserve this argument for appellate review. .......... 14
b.
As Officer McCord “checked” the informant before conducting the
controlled buy, her statement that she did not find any narcotics or
cash on the informant after “checking” him was not made with
reckless disregard for the truth. ................................................................................. 17
iii
REPLY TO APPELLANT’S THIRD POINT OF ERROR ..........................................20
III.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it rejected appellant’s
motion to disclose the identity of the confidential informant. ................................... 20
a.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying appellant’s
motion to disclose the informant on the theory that the informant
could give testimony necessary to a fair determination of appellant’s
guilt. ............................................................................................................................... 22
b.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying appellant’s
motion to disclose the informant on the theory that Officer McCord
relied on the informant’s information to establish probable cause for
obtaining her search warrant...................................................................................... 24
CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................26
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE .................................................................................27
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE............................................................................................28
iv
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
CASES
Bekendam v. State,
441 S.W.3d 295 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) .................................................................. 14, 15
Blake v. State,
125 S.W.3d 717 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.) ........... 21, 22, 25, 26
Bodin v. State,
807 S.W.2d 313 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) .........................................................................22
Cates v. State,
120 S.W.3d 352 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) .........................................................................12
Franks v. Delaware,
438 U.S. 154 (1978) ............................................................................................... 12, 13, 18
Haggarty v. State,
429 S.W.3d 1 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d) ...................... 23, 24
Harris v. State,
227 S.W.3d 83 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) .............................................................. 12, 13, 15
Janecka v. State,
937 S.W.2d 456 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) .........................................................................13
Jones v. State,
338 S.W.3d 725 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011),
aff’d, 364 S.W.3d 854 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) ............................................ 5, 6, 9, 10, 12
Pabst v. State,
No. 14-13-00856-CR, 2015 WL 2394958
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] May 19, 2015, no pet. h.) .....................................16
Perez v. State,
414 S.W.3d 784 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, no pet.) ...............................21
Resendez v. State,
306 S.W.3d 308 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) .................................................................. 14, 15
Shedden v. State,
268 S.W.3d 717 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christ 2008, pet. ref’d) .....................................25
State v. Griggs,
352 S.W.3d 297 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d)...................... 6, 9
v
State v. McLain,
337 S.W.3d 268 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) .................................................................. 5, 6, 8
STATUTES
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 18.01(b) (West Supp. 2014)..................................... 6
RULES
TEX. R. APP. P. 9.4(g) ............................................................................................................. ii
TEX. R. APP. P. 9.4(i). ...........................................................................................................27
TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a) .........................................................................................................14
TEX. R. APP. P. 38.2(a)(1)(A)................................................................................................. ii
TEX. R. APP. P. 39.1................................................................................................................ ii
TEX. R. EVID. 508(a) ............................................................................................................21
TEX. R. EVID. 508(c) ............................................................................................................21
TEX. R. EVID. 508(c)(2) .......................................................................................................21
TEX. R. EVID. 508(c)(2)(A) .................................................................................................23
TEX. R. EVID. 508(c)(2)(C)..................................................................................................23
TEX. R. EVID. 508(c)(3) .......................................................................................... 22, 24, 25
OTHER AUTHORITIES
Merriam-Webster Online, Definition of CHECK,
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/check
(last visited May 26, 2015) ......................................................................................................19
vi
TO THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS:
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Appellant was charged with possession of methamphetamine, weighing more
than 4 grams and less than 400 grams, with intent to deliver (CR at 15). After the trial
court denied various pretrial motions filed by appellant, he pleaded guilty to the
offense of possession of methamphetamine, weighting more than 4 grams and less
than 200 grams (CR at 212, 214, 218). The trial court deferred appellant’s
adjudication and placed him on community supervision for ten years (CR at 218).
The court certified appellant’s right to appeal, and appellant filed a timely notice of
appeal (CR at 225, 227).
STATEMENT OF FACTS
The legitimacy of a search warrant executed to search appellant’s residence for
drugs, including methamphetamine, is central to this case on appeal. A magistrate
issued the warrant in question after Officers McCord and Yencha conducted an
investigation involving a confidential informant’s controlled buy of methamphetamine
at appellant’s Hazard Street residence on August 3, 2011 (2 RR at 16-17, 25, 45, 60;
Def. Ex. 1, 2). At the meeting with the informant, Officer McCord searched him by
turning out his pockets and patting him down to ensure that he did not have any
contraband or cash on his person (2 RR at 16, 17, 18, 51, 87; Def. Ex. 1). Officer
McCord then gave the informant an amount of City of Houston money with which to
purchase methamphetamine from appellant’s residence (2 RR at 87, Def. Ex. 1).
1
Officer Yencha moved into a position where he could observe appellant’s
residence while Officer McCord followed the informant as he walked to appellant’s
home and entered the residence (2 RR at 17, 18, 20-21, 24, 49, 50, 64-65, 67, 106; Def.
Ex. 1). While Officer McCord had to turn her vehicle, Officer Yencha maintained
surveillance on the premises (2 RR at 24, 52, 89). However, Officer McCord regained
visual contact on the location and, like Officer Yencha, saw the informant exit
appellant’s residence (2 RR at 24, 29, 30, 52, 79, 83, 84, 89; Def. Ex. 1). She followed
the informant as he walked north, and he got into her car (2 RR at 30-31, 75-75; Def.
Ex. 1). Officer McCord checked the informant again and discovered that while he
was missing the cash that she had given him, he now had about a gram of
methamphetamine (2 RR at 31, 86-87; Def. Ex. 1). The informant told Officer
McCord that someone he knew to be appellant sold him the drug and told him he
could come back at any time for more (Def. Ex. 1). Officer McCord then drafted a
search warrant affidavit with this information (Def. Ex. 1). The warrant was obtained,
and Officers McCord and Yencha timely executed it (2 RR at 40; Def. Ex. 1). When
asked by the officers during the search, appellant gave up his house key as well as the
code to his safe, and the officers found methamphetamine, marijuana, and over a
nineteen hundred dollars during their search (2 RR at 57, 59; Def. Ex. 1).
2
In various pretrial motions, appellant sought to suppress the evidence found
during the search (CR at 33-47).1 The trial court held a hearing in which appellant
argued that the warrant affidavit did not establish probable cause because the four
corners did not specifically mention when the controlled buy occurred, that the
warrant affidavit contained intentional, material misstatements regarding whether
Officers McCord and Yencha were able to observe the informant and which door the
informant entered when conducting the controlled buy, and that the identity of the
informant should be disclosed because his information was crucial to whether the
warrant affidavit contained misstatements and was relevant to who sold him the
methamphetamine during the controlled buy (2 RR at 113-18; 4 RR at 5-6). The trial
court conducted an in camera hearing with the confidential informant before rejecting
appellant’s motions and adopting the State’s proposed findings of fact and
conclusions of law (4 RR at 5, 8-9).
SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENTS
As the warrant affidavit informed the magistrate when Officer McCord’s
meeting with the confidential informant occurred and a commonsensical
interpretation of the affidavit established that the subsequent controlled buy of
1
The trial court’s docket sheet shows that appellant filed a motion to suppress, motion to strike false
statements, and motion to disclose the State’s confidential informant, but the clerk’s record does not
contain these documents (CR at 236). Appellant filed a motion to supplement the clerk’s record
with the motion but the clerk was unable to supplement the record with these motions (Supp. CR).
3
methamphetamine occurred at that meeting, the trial court did not abuse its discretion
in upholding the magistrate’s probable cause determination.
Appellant waived the argument that the warrant affidavit contained a material
misstatement made with reckless disregard of the truth regarding how thoroughly
Officer McCord searched the confidential informant before the controlled buy
because appellant did not present this argument to the trial court.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying appellant’s motion to
disclose the identity of the informant because the informant’s testimony was not
necessary to a fair determination of appellant’s guilt as the informant did not
participate in the offense and was not present during the search. Additionally, the trial
court did not err in finding the informant and his information to be reliable.
REPLY TO APPELLANT’S FIRST POINT OF ERROR
I. The trial court did not abuse its discretion when upholding the magistrate’s
probable cause determination as a commonsensical reading of the four
corners of the warrant affidavit established that McCord’s meeting and
investigation with the confidential informant occurred within 48 hours of
her writing the affidavit.
In his first point of error, appellant alleges that the trial court erred when
denying his motion to suppress on the basis that the warrant affidavit was insufficient
on its face to show when the controlled buy occurred. Appellant bases his argument
on the fact that Officer McCord only included one temporal reference in her warrant
affidavit. However, Officer McCord’s statement that she met with the confidential
4
informant within 48 hours of writing the affidavit and that during meeting but before
the investigation she checked the informant for drugs or money provided a reasonable
inference that the controlled buy occurred within that timeframe. Since a
commonsensical interpretation of the four corners of the affidavit provided a 48 hour
timeframe in which Officer McCord obtained her information that appellant
possessed and sold methamphetamine, the trial court did not err in denying
appellant’s motion.
Standard of Review
When a defendant seeks to suppress the fruits of a search by claiming that the
magistrate had no probable cause to issue a search warrant, reviewing courts review
the magistrate’s determination of probable cause with “great deference” instead of
reviewing the determination de novo. State v. McLain, 337 S.W.3d 268, 271 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2011); Jones v. State, 338 S.W.3d 725, 732-33 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2011), aff’d, 364 S.W.3d 854 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). The reviewing court is
constrained to the four corners of the affidavit during this review. McLain, 337
S.W.3d at 271. The courts “interpret[s] the affidavit in a commonsensical and realistic
manner, recognizing that the magistrate may draw reasonable inferences.” McLain,
337 S.W.3d at 271 (quoting Rodriguez v. State, 232 S.W.3d 55, 61 (Tex. Crim. App.
2007)); see Jones, 338 S.W.3d at 733. As long as the magistrate had a substantial basis
for concluding that probable cause existed, the reviewing court will uphold the
magistrate’s probable cause determination. McLain, 337 S.W.3d at 271.
5
Applicable Law
The Fourth Amendment strongly prefers that searches be conducted pursuant
to a warrant. McLain, 337 S.W.3d at 271. A magistrate shall not issue a search
warrant without first finding probable cause that a particular item will be found at a
particular location. McLain, 337 S.W.3d at 272; see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.
18.01(b) (West Supp. 2014) (“No search warrant shall issue for any purpose […]
unless sufficient facts are first presented to satisfy the issuing magistrate that probable
cause does in fact exist for its issuance[,]” and “[a] sworn affidavit setting forth
substantial facts establishing probable cause shall be filed in every instance in which a
search warrant is requested.”). Probable cause exists when, under the totality of the
circumstances, there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be
found at the specified location. McLain, 337 S.W.3d at 272.
As this Court has noted, in order to issue a search warrant, a magistrate must
be able to ascertain that “it is now probable that contraband ... will be on the described
premises when the warrant is executed.” Jones, 338 S.W.3d at 736 (quoting United
States v. Grubbs, 547 U.S. 90, 96 (2006)) (italics in original). The magistrate must be
able to ascertain the time of the events that forms the basis of probable cause from
the affidavit, Jones, 338 S.W.3d at 736, and the facts stated in the affidavit must be
closely related in time to the issuance of the warrant to justify a finding of probable
cause at that time. McLain, 337 S.W.3d at 272; State v. Griggs, 352 S.W.3d 297, 304
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d).
6
Analysis
The trial court did not err when it rejected appellant’s argument that the four
corners of the warrant affidavit failed to provide a timeframe in which the informant’s
controlled purchase of methamphetamine from appellant’s residence occurred. The
trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that the magistrate determined recent
probable cause through Officer McCord’s statements that her meeting with the
informant and the investigation involving the informant’s controlled buy occurred
within 48 hours of her writing the affidavit and that appellant informed the informant
that he had more methamphetamine which the informant could come back and
purchase at anytime. Since the trial court’s review of the magistrate’s determination
recognized the reasonable inference the magistrate could have drawn and interpreted
the affidavit in a commonsensical and realistic manner, the court did not err.
As a review of the four corners of the warrant affidavit shows, Officer McCord
provided a timeframe for the events by stating when she met with the informant (Def.
Ex. 1). In the affidavit she wrote: “within the past forty eight (48) hours, Houston
Police Sergeant J. Yencha and your Affiant met with a credible and reliable
confidential informant regarding narcotics activity at [appellant’s residence] located in
Houston, Harris County, Texas” (Def. Ex. 1). Officer McCord next discusses the
previous working relationship with the confidential informant within the same
paragraph. Starting in the next paragraph, she then mentions searching the
confidential informant for drugs or money at the meeting: “affiant did not find any
7
illegal narcotics and money after checking the confidential informant during the
meeting and before or after the investigation” (Def. Ex. 1). In the next paragraph,
Officer McCord then states that the informant obtained methamphetamine from
appellant during the investigation and informed her that appellant had told the
informant that “he had more methamphetamine and that [the informant] could come
back anytime to get more” (Def. Ex. 1).
Since Officer McCord does not mention any other meeting with the informant
in the affidavit, any magistrate would be reasonable in inferring that the affiant’s
meeting with the informant with 48 hours of her drafting the affidavit is the same
meeting where the informant conducted a controlled buy to investigate whether
appellant’s possessed methamphetamine with intent to deliver. See McLain, 337
S.W.3d at 272 (“Reviewing courts should not ‘invalidate the warrant by interpreting
the affidavit in a hypertechnical, rather than commonsense, manner.’ When in doubt,
the appellate court should defer to all reasonable inferences that the magistrate could
have made.”). It is reasonable from the four corners of the affidavit that the meeting
described in paragraph two is this same meeting referred to in the first paragraph that
occurred within 48 hours of the affidavit being written. See McLain, 337 S.W.3d at 273
(holding that the lower court failed to apply a deferential standard of review to the
magistrate’s determination since the affidavit mentioned that “[i]n the past 72 hours”
the affiant received information from a confidential informant regarding McLain’s
possession of a large amount of methamphetamine). Because a reasonable reading of
8
the affidavit indicates that the meeting with the confidential informant and the
subsequent investigation involving a controlled drug buy both occurred within 48
hours of the affidavit being presented to the magistrate, the court did not abuse its
discretion in finding that that information was not stale. See Griggs, 352 S.W.3d at 303-
04 (holding that since the affidavit reflected that the affiant conducted a controlled
buy at Griggs’s residence within the “past 48 hours,” the affidavit provided a
timeframe from which the magistrate could determine that the evidence sought would
be at the location when the warrant was issued).
Additionally, Officer McCord included appellant’s invitation to the informant
to “come back anytime to get more methamphetamine” and assurance that appellant
had more meth in the affidavit (Def. Ex. 1). This information provided probable
cause that appellant’s possession and delivery of narcotics was ongoing. See Jones, 338
S.W.3d at 736-37 (“Facts indicating ongoing criminal activity have long been
recognized as diminishing the importance of establishing a specific and immediate
time period in the affidavit.”). As the magistrate could have reasonably inferred from
the four corners of the affidavit that methamphetamine would be found at appellant’s
residence from the information regarding appellant’s continual narcotics possession,
the affidavit supports the magistrate’s probable cause determination and the trial
court’s ruling denying appellant’s motion to suppress.
Indeed, Officer McCord’s affidavit provides a more specific timeframe than
that mentioned in the affidavit that this Court reviewed in Jones v. State. In that case,
9
the affidavit stated that the affiant “recently received informant from a confidential
informant in reference to crack cocaine being sold out of [Jones’s] residence,” and
after obtaining the information, affiant “began a narcotics investigation” which
resulted in the affiant determining that drug offenses were “currently taking place” at
the residence. Jones, 338 S.W.3d at 735-36. In deciding “whether the lack of a specific
date or time is fatal in [that] case or whether the totality of the affidavit nonetheless
justified the magistrate’s finding of probable cause,” this Court held that the
“temporal references within the affidavit,” combined with the suggestion of “a
continuing criminal operation” and the affiant’s “current” belief that a search would
uncover cocaine, allowed the magistrate to determine from the four corners of the
affidavit that there was a substantial basis for concluding that a search would reveal
evidence of wrongdoing.2 Jones, 338 S.W.3d at 736, 738. Unlike the affidavit in Jones,
Officer McCord’s affidavit provided a specific timeframe—48 hours—as well as
information regarding appellant’s continuing possession and intent to sell
methamphetamine. Thus, as in Jones, the affidavit supported the magistrate probable
cause determination.
Because the four corners of the affidavit provided probable cause of appellant’s
ongoing possession of and act of selling methamphetamine, the trial court did not
2
Officer McCord also affirmed her belief that appellant was currently in possession of
methamphetamine by her use of the present tense when she stated, “[i]t is the belief of affiant that
[appellant] has possession of and is concealing at [his residence] in violation of the laws of the State
of Texas [methamphetamine]” (Def. Ex. 1).
10
abuse its discretion in upholding that magistrate’s determination of probable cause.
Officer McCord’s affidavit indicated that her information was not stale since she met
with the informant within 48 hours of its writing, and a reasonable inference of her
sworn statement would be that the informant’s controlled buy occurred at that
meeting. Because the trial court did not abuse its discretion in applying great
deference to the magistrate’s determination and interpreting the affidavit in a
commonsensical manner, this Court should uphold the trial court’s ruling and
overrule appellant’s first point of error.
REPLY TO APPELLANT’S SECOND POINT OF ERROR
II. Appellant waived his argument that Officer McCord made a material
misstatement with reckless disregard for the truth in the warrant affidavit
when she swore that she did not find any drugs on the informant when
“checking” him before conducting a controlled drug buy because appellant
did not raise this argument to the trial court.
In his second point of error, appellant contends that the trial court erred in
denying his Franks motion on the ground that Officer McCord recklessly disregarded
the truth in her warrant affidavit when she swore that she did not find any narcotics
or money on the confidential informant when “checking” him before and after the
controlled buy. Appellant bases his allegation on Officer McCord’s description of her
search and appellant’s belief that it was inadequate to reveal small amounts of
narcotics. In making his argument, however, appellant overlooks that he did not
11
present this specific allegation to the trial court and thus failed to preserve his
argument for appellate review.
Standard of Review
Appellate courts review a trial court’s ruling on a Franks suppression issue
under a mixed standard of review that gives almost total deference to the trial court’s
ruling on questions of fact that depend upon evaluations of credibility and demeanor
but review de novo the application of the law. Jones, 338 S.W.3d at 739.
Applicable Law
While the affidavit supporting a search warrant begins with a presumption of
validity, Cates v. State, 120 S.W.3d 352, 355 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003), the Supreme Court
held in Franks v. Delaware that a defendant who makes a substantial preliminary
showing that a false statement was made in a warrant affidavit knowingly,
intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the truth is entitled to a hearing in which
the defendant can have the false statement set aside if the defendant establishes his
allegations of perjury or reckless disregard for the truth by a preponderance of the
evidence. Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 155-56 (1978); Harris v. State, 227 S.W.3d
83, 85 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). If the defendant meets this burden and the false
statement is material to the affidavit’s showing of probable cause, the warrant must be
voided and the fruits of the search excluded. Franks, 438 U.S. at 156; Harris, 227
S.W.3d at 85.
12
However, as the Supreme Court explained in Franks, the Fourth Amendment’s
demand for a truthful showing of probable cause does not “mean ‘truthful’ in the
sense that every fact recited in the warrant affidavit is necessarily correct.” Franks,
438 U.S. at 165; see Janecka v. State, 937 S.W.2d 456, 462 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)
(quoting Franks). The Court instead stated that the statement must “be ‘truthful’ in
the sense that the information put forth is believed or appropriately accepted by the
affiant as true.” Franks, 438 U.S. at 165.
In order for a trial court to grant a defendant a Franks hearing, the defendant
must first allege that the affiant deliberately or with reckless disregard for the truth
included a false statement in the affidavit and must specifically point to the portion of
the affidavit that the defendant alleges to be false. Harris, 227 S.W.3d at 85. Next, the
defendant must accompany his allegations with an offer of proof stating the reasons
supporting his claim that the statement was false and made intentionally, knowingly,
or with reckless disregard for the truth. Harris, 227 S.W.3d at 85. Finally, the
defendant must show that when the portion of the affidavit alleged to be false is
excised from the affidavit, the remaining content is insufficient to support a finding of
probable cause. Harris, 227 S.W.3d at 85. The specific allegations and evidence must
be apparent in the defendant’s pleadings for a trial court to entertain a Franks hearing.
Harris, 227 S.W.3d at 85.
According to the Rule 33.1(a) of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure, an
argument is not preserved for appellate review unless it was made to the trial court
13
“by a timely request, objection or motion” that “stated the ground of the ruling that
the complaining party sought from the trial court with sufficient specificity to make
the trial court aware of the complaint, unless the specific grounds were apparent from
the context.” TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a); Resendez v. State, 306 S.W.3d 308, 312 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2009). As the Court of Criminal Appeals has explained:
The purpose of requiring a specific objection in the trial court is twofold:
(1) to inform the trial judge of the basis of the objection and give him
the opportunity to rule on it; (2) to give opposing counsel the
opportunity to respond to the complaint. Although there are no
technical considerations or forms of words required to preserve an error
for appeal, a party must be specific enough so as to “let the trial judge
know what he wants, why he thinks himself entitled to it, and do so
clearly enough for the judge to understand him at a time when the trial
court is in a proper position to do something about it.”
Resendez, 306 S.W.3d at 312-13 (quoting Lankston v. State, 827 S.W.2d
907, 909 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992)).
Not only must the defendant timely and specifically object, his argument before
the trial court must comport with his argument on appeal. Bekendam v. State,
441 S.W.3d 295, 300 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014).
Analysis
a. Appellant did not inform the trial court of his allegation that Officer
McCord recklessly disregarded the truth in her affidavit when she stated
that she “checked” the informant before and after the controlled drug
buy and thus failed to preserve this argument for appellate review.
As the record shows, appellant failed to preserve his argument that Officer
McCord’s statement that she “checked” the informant was an intentional
14
misrepresentation material to the finding of probable cause because he did not raise it
to the trial court. See Harris, 227 S.W.3d at 85 (holding that a defendant must
specifically point to the portion of the affidavit he alleges to be false). While appellant
raised multiple Franks allegations, presented evidence, and made arguments to the
court in a pretrial hearing, his allegation on appeal does not comport with those he
raised to the court. See Bekendam, 441 S.W.3d at 300.
As the record shows, at the Franks hearing appellant did not mention to the
court that he believed Officer McCord’s statement that she “checked” the informant
was false. See Harris, 227 S.W.3d at 85. Instead, his arguments focused on Officer
McCord’s statements that swore that she and Officer Yencha watched the informant
go to appellant’s residence and how appellant believed that the term “residence” was
too vague and open to interpretation (2 RR at 113-17). Appellant presented evidence
to support his belief that it was “absolutely impossible” for a person situated where
the officers testified they were positioned during the controlled buy to see appellant’s
residence (2 RR at 114). Appellant also argued to the court that “by using the inartful
or the less precise term, ‘the residence,’ the affidavit is misleading” (2 RR at 114).3
However, when asking the trial court to strike the statements that the affiant followed
the informant to the residence, saw him enter and then leave the residence, appellant
3
The State’s arguments before the trial court also reflect that appellant did not raise the issue of the
Officer McCord’s “checking” the informant as the State did not mention the issue but instead
focused on the arguments appellant presented to the court at the hearing (2 RR at 119-23). See
Resendez, 306 S.W.3d at 312 (noting that one of the purposes of preserving error is to give opposing
counsel the opportunity to respond).
15
did not mention the allegation he presents on appeal involving Officer McCord’s
statement regarding how she “checked” the informant (2 RR at 115-16).4 Even after
the trial court instructed appellant to be explicit in his arguments regarding what
statements appellant believed were false in the warrant affidavit, appellant only
pointed to the statements involving how the officers watched the informant enter and
leave appellant’s particular residence and on his claim that the term “residence” was
too vague and open to interpretation (2 RR at 113).5
Significantly, appellant’s proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law also
omitted any mention regarding Officer McCord’s statement of how she searched the
informant before the controlled buy (CR at 57-60). Instead, appellant asserted
findings supporting the arguments he presented at the hearing regarding the residence
and the affiant’s ability to see the informant enter and leave the residence (CR at 57-
60). Appellant’s proposed findings details several specific statements appellant alleged
to be false and made with reckless disregard for the truth, but Officer McCord’s
statement of how she “did not find any illegal narcotics and money after checking the
confidential informant” was not among them (Def. Ex. 1; CR at 59-60).
4
While appellant did develop testimony regarding how Officer McCord “checked” the informant at
the hearing, he did not present arguments to the trial court asserting that that statement was also
false. As the Fourteenth Court of Appeals recently held in Pabst v. State, developing testimony
addressing an issue raised on appeal does not preserve error when a defendant does not include the
issue in motions or arguments before the trial court. Pabst v. State, No. 14-13-00856-CR, 2015 WL
2394958, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] May 19, 2015, no pet. h.).
5
Trial court told appellant’s counsel, “If you’re going to argue, then be sure you cover that portion
of the evidence during this hearing regarding exactly what is the other misrepresentation or
recklessness or falsity of statements” (2 RR at 112).
16
As appellant did not notify the trial court that he specifically wanted to alleged
that Officer McCord’s statement that she “did not find any illegal narcotics and
money after checking the informant” was also falsely made with reckless disregard for
the truth, appellant failed to preserve his second point of error on appeal.6 Because
his arguments to the trial court does not comport with his argument on appeal,
appellant failed to preserve the arguments he makes in his second point of error on
appeal. Thus, this Court must hold that it is waived.
b. As Officer McCord did “check” the informant before conducting the
controlled buy, her statement that she did not find any narcotics or cash
on the informant after “checking” him was not made with reckless
disregard for the truth.
However, even if this Court decides to address appellants unpreserved
allegations on the merits, appellant has not meet his burden of showing that Officer
McCord made a false statement with reckless disregard for the truth when affirming
in her affidavit that she did not find any drugs or money on the informant after
“checking” him (Def. Ex. 1). Appellant posits in his brief that Officer McCord’s
choice of the word “check” is a misrepresentation under Franks because her search of
the informant was not infallible and was thus misleading. However, even when
6
Appellant’s Franks motion is not included in the record on appeal (CR). While the record shows
that appellant filed a motion to supplement the record with his Frank’s motion, the district clerk was
unable to supplement the record with the motion (Supp. CR). Assuming that the motion is lost,
this Court cannot speculate that appellant raised this argument to the trial court, especially when his
argument at the hearing—in which the trial court asked him to be specific about the points he
wanted it to entertain—and his fact-finding in his proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law
did not mention this argument that he now presents on appeal.
17
advancing this allegation on appeal, appellant fails to meet his burden under Franks
because Officer McCord’s statement was not false; instead, as her testimony shows,
she believed the statement that she “checked” the informant was true.
As the Supreme Court explained in Franks, a statement is not considered false
if the affiant accepts or believes that the statement is true. Franks, 438 U.S. at 165
(stating that a statement is “truthful” when “the information put forth is believed or
appropriately accepted by the affiant as true”). Officer McCord’s testimony reflects
that she put forth a statement that she believed to be true when she affirmed in the
warrant affidavit that she “did not find any illegal narcotics and money after checking
the confidential informant during the meeting and before and after the investigation”
(Def. Ex. 1). As Officer McCord testified to the trial court at the hearing, she
“checked” the informant before and after the controlled buy by patting down the
informant’s clothes and turning out his pockets (2 RR at 18).7 While she mentioned
7
Officer McCord’s testimony was as follows:
[Appellant]: [T]ell us what you did to search the informant.
[McCord]: I check to see if they have anything on their person.
[Appellant]: How did you do that?
[McCord]: I empty the pockets, that kind of thing.
[Appellant]: Okay. Did you do a thorough pat-down?
[McCord]: As far as touching?
[Appellant]: Yes.
[McCord]: Yes.
[Appellant]: Did you look in places as an experienced officer you know people at
times conceal drugs?
[McCord]: Just on their person. I didn’t do any strip searching, cavity searching,
none of that stuff. I just did the pockets and a normal pat-down (2 RR at 18).
18
that she did not conduct a strip or cavity search of the informant, her testimony
establishes that her “normal” search fits the definition of the word “check” (2 RR at
18). See Merriam-Webster Online, Definition of CHECK, http://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/check (last visited May 26, 2015) (defining some meanings of
“check” as an “examination,” “inspection,” “investigation,” or “the act of testing or
verifying”). Moreover, Officer McCord’s testimony—which the trial court found
credible—in which she again used the word “check” supports that she believed that
by patting down the informant’s clothes and turning out his pockets, she was
adequately “checking” him for drugs and cash (2 RR at 18; CR at 64).
Indeed, appellant does not quibble with Officer McCord’s credibility and
concedes that the trial court found her testimony believable. Appellant’s Br. 16.
Instead, the only evidence appellant can identify to make his argument on appeal in
support of his Franks allegation is Officer McCord’s concession at the hearing that a
“possibility” existed that her search might not find a gram of methamphetamine:
[Appellant]: [I]f you were patting somebody down and they had a small
plastic baggie with meth in it, that’s not something that you will really
feel in a pat-down, is it?
[McCord]: Possibly.
[Appellant]: Sure, possibly. But not likely, right?
[McCord]: Depends (2 RR at 87).
However, her recognition that a possibility existed that a pat-down and turning out of
one’s pockets could conceivably miss a small bag of narcotics did not help appellant
meet his burden of proof of showing that Officer McCord misrepresented her actions
19
with reckless disregard for the truth in her affidavit. Officer McCord’s search of the
informant was adequately captured in the warrant affidavit by her choice of the word
“check,” a word which she used again in her testimony before the court to describe
her search of the informant (2 RR at 18).
Thus, even if this Court decides to address appellant’s unpreserved Franks
allegation, it nevertheless should hold that Officer McCord did not make a false
statement with reckless disregard for the truth when she swore that she “checked” the
informant when she patted him down and turned out his pockets. As she believed
her statement, the trial court would not have abused its discretion had appellant
preserved his argument. As such, this Court should overrule appellant’s second point
of error.
REPLY TO APPELLANT’S THIRD POINT OF ERROR
III. The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it rejected appellant’s
motion to disclose the identity of the confidential informant.
In his final point of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred when it
denied his motion to disclose the identity of Officer McCord’s confidential informant.
Appellant contends that the court abused its discretion because the informant could
have offered testimony regarding who sold him methamphetamine when Officer
McCord conducted the controlled buy which appellant believes establishes a
reasonable probability that this testimony is necessary to the determination of
appellant’s guilt. Appellant also asserts that the trial court should have disclosed the
20
informant’s identity because the information provided by the informant was central
the legality of the evidence obtained by the search warrant. The State will respond to
both of appellant’s arguments in turn.
Standard of Review
Appellate courts review a trial court’s denial of a motion to disclose a
confidential informant under an abuse of discretion standard. Perez v. State, 414
S.W.3d 784, 789 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, no pet.). Under this standard,
the reviewing court will affirm the judgment unless the trial court’s ruling was so
clearly wrong as to lie outside that zone of reasonable disagreement. Blake v. State, 125
S.W.3d 717, 728 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.).
Applicable Law
As a general rule, the State has a privilege to withhold the informant’s identity.
TEX. R. EVID. 508(a); see Blake, 125 S.W.3d at 728. However, there are exceptions to
this privilege. TEX. R. EVID. 508(c); see Blake, 125 S.W.3d at 728. Rule of Evidence
508(c)(2) requires the State to disclose an informant’s identity if the court finds that a
reasonable probability exists that the informant can provide testimony necessary to a
fair determination of guilt or innocence. TEX. R. EVID. 508(c)(2). Additionally, the
Rule gives the court discretion to order the State to disclose the informant’s identity if
the “information from an informer is relied on to establish the legality of the means
by which evidence was obtained” and “the court is not satisfied that the information
21
was received from an informer reasonably believed to be reliable or credible.” TEX.
R. EVID. 508(c)(3).
When a defendant files a motion to disclose the identity of the State’s
confidential informant under Rule 508’s exception, the defendant bears the threshold
burden of demonstrating that the informant’s identity must be disclosed. Bodin v.
State, 807 S.W.2d 313, 318 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991); Blake, 125 S.W.3d at 728. The
Court of Criminal Appeals has noted that the defendant must show that the
informant’s potential testimony will significantly aid the defendant and that “mere
conjecture of supposition about possible relevance is insufficient” to require the
disclosure of the informant’s identity. Bodin, 807 S.W.2d at 318.
a. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying appellant’s motion
to disclose the informant on the theory that the informant could give
testimony necessary to a fair determination of appellant’s guilt.
The trial court did not err when it denied appellant’s motion to disclose the
identity of the informant over appellant’s argument that the informant’s testimony
was necessary to a fair determination of appellant’s guilt. As the informant’s possible
testimony regarding who sold him the methamphetamine during the controlled buy
would not have been necessary to a fair determination of whether appellant possessed
a large amount of methamphetamine, the trial court did not abuse its discretion.
Appellant argues that he met his burden of showing that the identity of the
informant needed to be disclosed because the informant could provide “relevant”
22
testimony regarding who sold the drugs during the controlled buy.8 Appellant points
to the evidence he offered to the court to show that he was not at his residence at or
near the time the controlled by took place to support disclosure. However,
appellant’s arguments ignore that the informant’s information was only used to
establish probable cause for the search warrant and that the informant neither
participated in the offense for which appellant was charged nor was present when the
search warrant was executed. See Haggarty v. State, 429 S.W.3d 1, 8 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d) (noting that an informant’s identity does not
need to be disclosed under Rule 508(c)(2) when the informant’s information is only
used to establish probable cause). As the informant was not present when the officers
executed their search warrant, he could offer no necessary testimony to the
determination of appellant’s guilt.
Indeed, this Court’s sister court upheld a similar ruling by a trial court in
Haggarty v. State. Despite Haggarty’s claim that the informant’s identity needed to be
disclosed for a fair determination of guilt because Haggarty presented the court with
evidence that another person was inside his home at the time the informant purchased
cocaine, the Fourteenth Court of Appeals held that Haggarty did not meet the
threshold burden of showing that the informant’s testimony was necessary. Haggarty,
8
Appellant uses a relevancy standard for his arguments in his brief. Appellant’s Br. 3, 26. However,
the standard set in Rule 508(c)(2) is “necessary to a fair determination of guilt” rather than relevancy.
TEX. R. EVID. 508(c)(2)(A). The Rule only mentions relevancy in discussing the State’s burden in
the in camera hearing. TEX. R. EVID. 508(c)(2)(C).
23
429 S.W.3d at 8-9. The Court’s holding centered on the fact that Haggarty failed to
meet his burden of showing that the confidential informant participated in the offense
or in the execution of the search warrant. Haggarty, 429 S.W.3d at 9.
Like the trial court in Haggarty, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
denying appellant’s motion. Indeed, the court’s ruling indicates that it probed the
informant during the in camera hearing and, through this hearing, found it “manifestly
clear” that “the informant would not be able to give testimony necessary to a fair
determination of guilt or innocence in this case” (4 RR at 8-9). As the finder of fact,
the trial court did not abuse its discretion in rejecting appellant’s motion after
conducting the in camera hearing. Thus, the trial court did not err, and this Court
should overrule appellant’s point of error on this ground.
b. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying appellant’s motion
to disclose the informant on the theory that Officer McCord relied on the
informant’s information to establish probable cause for obtaining her
search warrant.
Appellant also contends that the trial court abused its discretion when rejecting
his motion on the grounds that the informant had evidence relevant to the legality of
the search warrant. Appellant argues that because appellant offered evidence
indicating that he was away from his residence when the controlled buy occurred, the
informant’s credibility was in question. However, after meeting with the informant in
an in camera hearing, the trial court ruling indicates that it found that the informant
was credible and reliable. TEX. R. EVID. 508(c)(3) (giving trial court discretion to
24
disclose identity of the defendant); see Blake, 125 S.W.3d at 728 (“Rule 508(c)(3) is
written in discretionary terms”). As the finder of fact, the trial court would not abuse
its discretion in rejecting appellant’s motion.
While Officer McCord relied on the informant’s information to establish the
probable cause, Rule 508(c)(3) requires both that the informant’s information is relied
upon to establish the legality of the means by which the evidence was obtained and
that the trial court is not be satisfied that the information obtained by the informant
was reasonably believed to be reliable or credible. TEX. R. EVID. 508(c)(3); see Blake,
125 S.W.3d at 728. As the sole judge of the credibility of witnesses, the court was
entitled to believe Officer McCord’s affidavit swearing that the informant was credible
and reliable, Officer Yencha’s testimony that he has worked with the informant in
other cases, and the court’s own observations of the informant during the in camera
hearing (2 RR at 45; 3 RR; Def. Ex. 1). See Shedden v. State, 268 S.W.3d 717, 732 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christ 2008, pet. ref’d) (holding that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in rejecting Shedden’s motion to disclose the confidential informant under
Rule 508(c)(3) despite evidence presented by Shedden that he was not home for most
of the 48 hour period when the informant conducted a controlled drug buy).
Given that this hearing occurred in camera and the record is sealed, this Court
can review it to determine whether the trial court abused its discretion in light of the
informant’s testimony (3 RR). However, if there is nothing in the record to indicate
that the trial court was not satisfied with the informant’s reliability or credibility, then
25
the trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to order the disclosure of the
informant. Blake, 125 S.W.3d at 728. Given the discretion given to trial courts when
deciding whether to disclose an informant’s identity under Rule 508(c)(3), this Court
should hold that the trial court did not err when denying appellant’s motion and
overrule appellant’s third point of error.
CONCLUSION
The State of Texas respectfully urges the Court to overrule appellant’s points of
error and affirm his conviction.
DEVON ANDERSON
District Attorney
Harris County, Texas
/s/ Carly Dessauer
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
CARLY DESSAUER
Assistant District Attorney
Harris County, Texas
1201 Franklin, Suite 600
Houston, Texas 77002
(713) 755-5826
State Bar No. 24069083
dessauer_carly@dao.hctx.net
curry_alan@dao.hctx.net
26
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
The undersigned attorney certifies that this computer-generated document has
a word count of 6,701 words, based upon the representation provided by the word
processing program that was used to create the document. TEX. R. APP. P. 9.4(i).
/s/ Carly Dessauer
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
CARLY DESSAUER
Assistant District Attorney
Harris County, Texas
1201 Franklin, Suite 600
Houston, Texas 77002
(713) 755-5826
State Bar No. 24069083
27
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
The State will serve a copy of the foregoing instrument to appellant’s attorney
though TexFile:
Norman J. Silverman
Attorney at Law
917 Franklin, 4th Floor
Houston, Texas 77002
lawyernorm@msn.com
/s/ Carly Dessauer
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
CARLY DESSAUER
Assistant District Attorney
Harris County, Texas
1201 Franklin, Suite 600
Houston, Texas 77002
(713) 755-5826
State Bar No. 24069083
Date: May 26, 2015
28