Yolanda Vargas Gonzalez v. State ( 2013 )

NUMBER 13-11-00599-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
YOLANDA VARGAS GONZALEZ, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the County Court at Law No. 4
of Hidalgo County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Garza, Benavides, and Perkes
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Perkes
Appellant Yolanda Vargas Gonzalez appeals her conviction of theft of property
valued at more than $50.00 and less than $500.00, a class-B misdemeanor. See TEX.
PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(a), (e)(2)(A)(i) (West Supp. 2011). A jury found appellant
guilty, and the trial court assessed punishment at 90 days’ confinement in the county jail
and a $650.00 fine. The trial court suspended appellant’s confinement and placed her
on nine months probation. Appellant challenges: (1) the sufficiency of the evidence to
support her conviction; (2) the sufficiency of the evidence to support her affirmative
defense; (3) the trial court’s charge to the jury; and (4) the trial court’s imposition of a fine
after it orally suspended appellant’s sentence.1 We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND2
Maya Martinez, a Macy’s loss prevention detective, became suspicious of
appellant after observing her pace back and forth in the young men’s department.
Detective Martinez watched as appellant was joined by her daughter and the two entered
a fitting room together. Although they took a jacket, purple shirt, and some underwear
garments with them, they exited carrying only the jacket. Detective Martinez inspected
the fitting room after they left. None of the other items were present.
Detective Martinez followed them through the store. She testified that she saw
appellant’s daughter switch the price tag on a purse with a price tag from a cheaper one
and hand it to her mother. Her mother then purchased the purse at the cheaper price,
less an additional 10% from a discount coupon. The trial court admitted a copy of
appellant’s receipt and the two price tags, showing appellant’s daughter placed a $98
price tag on a $228 purse.3
1
We reorganized appellant’s arguments for clarity.
2
Because this is a memorandum opinion and the parties are familiar with the facts, we will not
recite them here except as necessary to advise the parties of the Court's decision and the basic reasons for
it. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.4.
3
The $98 purse was apparently on sale for $73.50. With appellant’s 10% discount coupon, she
paid the sum of $71.61, including tax, for the $228 purse.
2
Detective Martinez testified that before appellant exited Macy’s, appellant handed
her daughter a shirt, which appellant had not purchased. Appellant’s daughter placed it
in her purse. Detective Martinez followed appellant outside, informed her that she was
with loss prevention, and redirected her to the loss prevention office inside the Macy’s
store. Detective Martinez noticed appellant was wearing the purple shirt, which she had
taken into the fitting room, under her outer sweater. Detective Martinez thereafter found
five articles of underwear, a pair of earrings, and a shirt in appellant’s daughter’s
handbag. None of these items were purchased. Detective Martinez asked appellant
about her conduct, and “[s]he said I thought it was easy and I wasn’t thinking.” Detective
Martinez’s testimony was supported by video surveillance that was admitted into
evidence and shown to the jury.
II. INSUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
In her fourth through sixth issues, appellant argues that the evidence is factually
insufficient, legally insufficient, and that no evidence exists, to support her conviction. In
her seventh issue, she argues, in part, that the trial court erred by denying her motion for
new trial, wherein she asserted her evidentiary sufficiency challenges. In reviewing
appellant’s brief, appellant’s evidentiary sufficiency challenges appear to be premised on
five main contentions: (1) the evidence is insufficient to convict appellant as the
primary actor in the theft because her daughter stole most of the property; (2) the
evidence is insufficient to convict appellant as a party to her daughter’s theft because her
daughter did not steal all of the charged items because appellant stole one item—a shirt;
(3) the evidence is insufficient to prove appellant worked together with her daughter to
3
appropriate property or knew of her daughter’s price-switch on the purse to make
appellant a party to those acts; (4) the evidence is insufficient to prove that the stolen
property had a value of at least $50; and (5) the evidence is insufficient to prove the
identity of the owner of the property. We address these points in turn.4
A. Standard of Review
“The standard for determining whether the evidence is legally sufficient to support
a conviction is ‘whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Johnson v. State, 364 S.W.3d 292, 293–94 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2012) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)); see Brooks v. State,
323 S.W.3d 893, 898–99 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (plurality op.). The fact-finder is the
exclusive judge of the credibility of witnesses and of the weight to be given to their
testimony. Anderson v. State, 322 S.W.3d 401, 405 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2010, pet. ref’d) (citing Lancon v. State, 253 S.W.3d 699, 707 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008)).
4
To the extent appellant argues the evidence is factually insufficient to support her conviction, we
note that on elements that the State has the burden to prove beyond a reasonable doubt, we review both a
legal sufficiency challenge and a factual sufficiency challenge under the same Jackson v. Virginia
sufficiency standard. See Jackson v. Virginia, 433 U.S. 307, 318–19 (1979); Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d
893, 894 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (plurality op.); Ervin v. State, 331 S.W.3d 49, 54 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2010, pet ref’d). In Brooks, the Court of Criminal Appeals eliminated factual sufficiency review of the
elements the State is required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt and stated “[i]t bears emphasizing that
a rigorous and proper application of the Jackson v. Virginia legal sufficiency standard is as exacting a
standard as any factual sufficiency standard (especially one that is ‘barely distinguishable’ or
indistinguishable from a Jackson v. Virginia legal-sufficiency standard).” Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 905–06.
Thus, we no longer refer separately to legal and factual sufficiency review. See id.
Appellant claims Brooks is inconsistent with our responsibility under the Texas Constitution and
invites us to disregard Brooks and review her factual sufficiency challenge. We decline appellant’s
invitation; “we are duty bound to follow precedent issued by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals in this
matter.” Kiffe v. State, 361 S.W.3d 104, 109 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.) (citing Ervin v.
State, 331 S.W.3d 49, 53 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. ref’d)).
4
Reconciliation of conflicts in the evidence is within the fact-finder’s exclusive province.
Id. (citing Wyatt v. State, 23 S.W.3d 18, 30 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)). We must resolve
any inconsistencies in the testimony in favor of the verdict. Id. (citing Curry v. State, 30
S.W.3d 394, 406 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)).
We measure the sufficiency of the evidence by the elements of the offense as
defined by a hypothetically correct jury charge. Villarreal v. State, 286 S.W.3d 321, 327
(Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (citing Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App.
1997)). Such a charge is one that accurately sets out the law, is authorized by the
indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily
restrict the State’s theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for
which the defendant was tried. Id. “A person commits an offense [of theft] if he
unlawfully appropriates property with intent to deprive the owner of property.” TEX.
PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(a) (West 2011); Mendoza v. State, 923 S.W.2d 760, 763 n. 2
(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1996, no writ). “Appropriate” means “to acquire or otherwise
exercise control over property other than real property,” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.
§ 31.01(4)(B) (West 2011), and such appropriation is “unlawful” if it is without the owner’s
effective consent. Id. § 31.03(b)(1). An owner is “a person who . . . has title to the
property, possession of the property, whether lawful or not, or a greater right to
possession of the property than the actor[.]” Id. § 1.07(a)(35)(A).
5
B. Discussion
(1) Primary Actor to Theft or a Party to Theft
Appellant complains that the evidence is insufficient to: (1) convict appellant as
the primary actor because her daughter stole most of the property; (2) convict appellant
as a party to her daughter’s theft because her daughter did not steal all of the charged
items; (3) prove appellant worked together with her daughter to appropriate property or
that she knew of her daughter’s price-switch on the purse to make her a party to those
acts. Appellant contends that she has a “mistake of fact” defense because she allegedly
was not aware of her daughter’s deception in switching the price-tags.
The jury charge instructed the jury to convict if the evidence proved appellant was
a primary actor to theft or a party to her daughter’s theft. The party instruction tracked
the relevant statutory language:
All persons are parties to an offense who are guilty of acting together in the
commission of the offense. A person is criminally responsible as a party to
an offense if the offense is committed by her own conduct, by the conduct of
another for which she is criminally responsible, or by both.
A person is criminally responsible as a party for an offense committed by
the conduct of another if, acting with intent to promote or assist the
commission of the offense, she solicits, encourages, directs, aids, or
attempts to aid the other person to commit the offense. In this connection,
you are instructed that mere presence of a person at the time of the offense
is committed does not of itself constitute a person a party to an offense:
but, when a person is actually present, she must either by words or
agreement encourage another in the commission of an offense. Such
agreement must be prior to or contemporaneous with the criminal event.
See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 7.01, 7.02 (West 2011).
Appellant convolutedly argues that the evidence is insufficient to convict appellant
as the primary actor for stealing all of the charged items because the daughter stole some
6
items; and that she cannot be a mere party to her daughter’s theft because appellant
clearly stole one item, thereby making her the primary actor in that theft. Appellant’s
argument discounts the possibility that appellant’s theft of one of the items was done to
aid her daughter’s theft of all of the property. As properly noted in the charge, a person is
criminally responsible as a party if the offense is committed by that person’s own conduct,
the conduct of another for which the person is criminally responsible, or by both. See
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 7.01 (West 2011) (emphasis added). That appellant acted
together with her daughter and contributed to the theft does not exempt her from party
status. See id.; Rivera v. State, 12 S.W.3d 572, 575 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2000, pet.
ref’d) (holding evidence must show that at the time of the offense the parties were acting
together and that each contributed some part toward the execution of their common
purpose) (citing Brooks v. State, 580 S.W.2d 825 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979)).
In determining whether a person attempts to aid another in the commission of an
offense, the fact finder may consider events occurring before, during, or after the
commission of the offense. Perez v. State, 41 S.W.3d 712, 717 (Tex. App.—Corpus
Christi 2001, no pet.) (citing Beardsley v. State, 738 S.W.2d 681, 684 (Tex. Crim. App.
1987)). “Furthermore, circumstantial evidence may be sufficient to show that one is a
party to an offense[,]” and “intent may be inferred from the circumstantial evidence such
as the acts, words, and conduct of the accused.” Id. (citing Wolfe v. State, 917 S.W.2d
270, 275 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); Patrick v. State, 906 S.W.2d 481, 487 (Tex. Crim. App.
1995); Beardsley, 738 S.W.2d at 684).
7
Here, the evidence shows that appellant stole a shirt, that her daughter stole
several items, and that they hid some of the property on themselves while sharing a fitting
room. When Detective Martinez asked appellant about the theft, appellant said she
“thought it was easy and . . . wasn’t thinking.” In addition, the trial court admitted a DVD
recording, taken from Macy’s loss prevention’s surveillance cameras, which showed
appellant and her daughter taking concerted action to appropriate merchandise. For
example, the recording captured appellant inspecting an article of underwear and holding
it out while looking in the distance. Appellant promptly replaced the underwear on the
underwear rack and walked away as her daughter approaches. Her daughter then took
the underwear from the rack, and left the rack with what appears to be the same kind and
color, if not the same article, of underwear.
Similar conduct occurred in other departments, including the handbag department,
where appellant, after staring at a purse, walked away at her daughter’s approach. As
her daughter inspected the price tag on the purse, appellant stood a few feet away,
glancing occasionally toward her daughter. Later, appellant handed her daughter the
purse that she ultimately purchased, and the daughter switched its price tag with a tag
from another purse while appellant stood nearby looking at other purses. Once the
switch was complete, appellant’s daughter handed the purse back to appellant, who
immediately took it to a cashier and purchased it. The recording further shows that after
purchasing the purse but before exiting Macy’s, appellant handed her daughter, who was
carrying the Macy’s bag containing the purse, a shirt which had not been purchased.
Appellant’s daughter walked away from the aisle into some clothing racks, placed the
8
shirt into the Macy’s bag, rejoined her mother in the aisle, and switched bags with her
mother. They then exited the store.
Based on the evidence, we hold that a rational jury could find appellant’s intent to
act together with her daughter. We need not, therefore, analyze the strength of the
evidence to convict appellant as a primary actor. See Head v. State, 299 S.W.3d 414,
426 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, pet. ref’d) (citing Rabbani v. State, 847
S.W.2d 555, 558–59 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992)); Barnes v. State, 62 S.W.3d 288, 299 (Tex.
App.—Austin 2001, pet. ref’d); Sendejo v. State, 953 S.W.2d 443, 451 (Tex. App.—Waco
1997, writ ref'd).
(2) Value of Property
Appellant complains that the evidence is insufficient to prove that the stolen
property had a value of at least $50. We disagree. Value, for the purpose of classifying
a theft offense, is generally the fair market value of the property at the time and place of
the offense. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.08(a)(1) (West 2011). Fair market value is
defined as the amount the property would sell for in cash if given a reasonable time for
selling it. Keeton v. State, 803 S.W.2d 304, 305 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (en banc);
Uyamadu v. State, 359 S.W.3d 753, 759 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d).
No one method for calculating fair market value has been deemed exclusive.
Keeton, 803 S.W.2d at 305; Uyamadu, 359 S.W.3d at 759. Testimony of the store’s
asking price on the day of the offense “is certainly one method of proving fair market
value,” but “not the only one.” Keeton, 803 S.W.2d at 306. Value reflected on a price
tag is an acceptable method of proving fair market value. See, e.g., Ortiz v. State, 727
9
S.W.2d 37, 40 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1987, pet. ref’d) (“Since what Hoover actually
saw were price tags, they were in evidence and could properly be considered by the jury
in determining value.”). Additionally, testimony concerning a price printed on a price tag
is an acceptable way of proving value. See Bailey v. State, 650 S.W.2d 507, 509 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1983, no pet.) (testimony of value was reflected on the price
tags); see also Harrison v. State, No. 14-10-00254-CR, 2011 WL 5589532, at *6 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Nov. 17, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
publication) (“the price tags remained on ‘pretty much all’ the merchandise recovered”
and the value of “each item of merchandise” was determined “by its price tag.”).
Appellant acknowledges that Martinez testified the correct price tag for the purse
was $228, and not the $98 price tag planted by her daughter. Appellant, rather,
premises her challenge regarding value on a “mistake of fact” defense that her daughter
did the price-switching and that she did not know of her daughter’s deception. She
concludes that because the only evidence presented regarding the value of the stolen
property was the value of the purse that she purchased after her daughter switched the
price tags, the evidence is insufficient to prove the value of at least $50.
We already determined that the evidence was sufficient to convict appellant as a
party to her daughter’s price-switching on the purse. Considering the value of the purse
at the time and place of the theft, as evidenced by Martinez’s testimony and the purse’s
receipt, we conclude a rational jury could have found appellant appropriated property
valued at least $50. See Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 14 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)
(“Juries are permitted to make reasonable inferences from evidence at trial . . . .”).
10
(3) Ownership of Property
Appellant complains that the evidence is insufficient to prove the identity of the
owner of the property. We hold that the evidence sufficiently proves the identity of the
owner of the stolen property. As stated by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals:
Although the name of the owner is not a substantive element of theft, the
State is required to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the person (or
entity) alleged in the indictment as the owner is the same person (or
entity)—regardless of the name—as shown by the evidence.
Byrd v. State, 336 S.W.3d 242, 252 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). When evidence shows that
a loss prevention officer is the employee of the title owner, such as a corporation like
Macy’s, it is sufficient to show that the loss prevention officer had a greater right of
possession to the property than one who unlawfully appropriates the property. See
Castle v. State, 718 S.W.2d 86, 88 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1986, no writ) (“[E]vidence
that [security guard] was an employee of J.C. Penney is sufficient to show a greater right
of possession in her than in appellant and to establish her as a special owner of the
property.”); see also Inman v. State, 650 S.W.2d 417, 419 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983)) (“A
store security guard may be an owner of the company’s merchandise for purposes of the
theft statute if, at the time the offense is committed, he had a greater right to possession
than the accused.”); Tucker v. State, No. 01-01-00873-CR, 2002 WL 1869605, at *2 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 15, 2002, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication) (citing
Freeman v. State, 707 S.W.2d 597, 603 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (en banc)).
The evidence shows that Martinez was employed by Macy’s as a loss prevention
detective and that she was the same person named in the indictment and jury charge,
which included the correct statutory definition of “owner.” We hold that, as Macy’s loss
11
prevention officer, Martinez had a greater right to possession of the stolen property and
was thus established as the owner of the property. See Sandone v. State, 394 S.W.3d
788, 792 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2013, no pet.) (“As J.C. Penney’s loss prevention
supervisor, Butler had a greater right to possession of the ties than appellant . . . .”).
After reviewing the evidence and all of appellant’s evidentiary arguments, we hold
that the evidence is sufficient to support appellant’s conviction. We overrule appellant’s
fourth through six issues, and, in part, appellant’s seventh issue.
III. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
By her eighth issue, and by her seventh issue to the extent she challenged it in her
motion for new trial, appellant argues that the evidence failed to negate or refute beyond a
reasonable doubt her affirmative defense of mistake-of-fact. Appellant’s mistake-of-fact
defense was that she, unaware of her daughter’s price-switch, purchased the purse
under the mistaken belief that the purse’s price was the lesser amount on the incorrect
price tag. In other words, appellant contends that at the time she left the store, she
reasonably, but mistakenly, believed the purse was her property because she purchased
it in good faith, not knowing of her daughter’s price-switch. This issue is closely related
to contentions already reviewed, but we review it separately under the standard of review
for rejected affirmative defenses provided by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals.
A. Standard of Review
A challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support a finding on an issue for
which the defendant has the burden of proof may be made on legal or factual sufficiency
grounds. See Matlock v. State, 392 S.W.3d 662, 670 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). In
12
evaluating whether there is legally insufficient evidence to support the finding, we first
search the record for evidence favorable to the finding, disregarding all contrary evidence
unless a reasonable fact-finder could not. Id. at 669. If we find no evidence supporting
the finding, we then determine whether the contrary was established as a matter of law.
Id. In evaluating factual sufficiency, we consider the entire body of evidence in a neutral
light to determine whether the finding on the affirmative defense was so “against the great
weight and preponderance” of the evidence as to be manifestly unjust. Id. at 671.
B. Discussion
Under both standards, we conclude the evidence is sufficient to overcome
appellant’s affirmative defense of mistake-of-fact. As previously discussed, the DVD
showed that appellant acted together in synchrony with her daughter to accomplish the
price-switch on the purse. Specifically, the DVD showed appellant hand her daughter
the purse and that appellant stood nearby, glancing occasionally, while her daughter
switched the price tag with a tag from a cheaper purse. After her daughter completed the
price-switch, she gave the purse back to appellant, who then purchased it. Contextually,
appellant had already appropriated the purple shirt, which she put on under her outer
sweater when she was inside the fitting room with her daughter. In addition, Detective
Martinez was an eyewitness, and he testified regarding the price-switch on the purse.
He further testified that appellant, when questioned about her conduct, stated that “[s]he
said I thought it was easy and I wasn’t thinking.”
13
We hold the evidence was sufficient to support the jury’s finding against
appellant’s affirmative defense for mistake-of-fact. See id. at 669–71. We overrule
appellant’s eighth issue and the remainder of appellant’s seventh issue.
IV. JURY CHARGE ERROR
Appellant’s second and third issues assert jury-charge error. By her second
issue, appellant contends the jury charge was constitutionally defective and deprived her
of due process because it did not instruct the jury that it could convict appellant only if it
found appellant had knowledge of her daughter’s “‘knowing deception’ by ‘switching the
price-tag’. . . .” See U.S. CONST. amend XIV. By her third issue, appellant asserts the
trial court erred by failing to include a definition of “deception” in the jury charge. See
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.01(1)(A–E) (definitions of deception). No such objections
were made at trial.5
A. Standard of Review
When an appellate court is presented with an argument that a trial court committed
jury-charge error, the reviewing court must conduct a two-step inquiry: “First, the
reviewing court must determine whether the jury charge contains error. Second, the
court must determine whether sufficient harm resulted from the error to require reversal.”
5
Although appellant “objected” before trial began to the trial court’s omission of a definition for
“deception,” appellant failed to timely object during the jury charge conference. Moreover, as appellant
notes in her brief, the trial court never ruled on the pretrial “objections,” thus precluding them from
preserving the issues. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1. Interestingly, the trial court actually used appellant’s
proposed thirteen-page jury charge, subject to certain omissions made because of the State’s objections.
Appellant’s proposed charge did not include a definition of deception.
Based on the objections and discussion during the jury charge conference, none of the omissions
from appellant’s proposed charge involved appellant’s current challenges regarding “knowledge” and
“deception.” After a lengthy jury charge conference, during which appellant requested six specific
instructions to be included in the jury charge, the parties ultimately agreed on the jury charge as presented.
As such, appellant never mentioned, by timely objection or otherwise, the requested instruction and
definition challenged on appeal.
14
Mann v. State, 964 S.W.2d 639, 641 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (en banc); see Benn v. State,
110 S.W.3d 645, 648 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2003, no pet.). Once an appellate
court finds jury-charge error, it applies one of the two following standards of review:
“Where there has been a timely objection made at trial, an appellate court will search for
only ‘some harm.’ By contrast, where the error is urged for the first time on appeal, a
reviewing court will search for ‘egregious harm.’” Mann, 964 S.W.2d at 641 (quoting
Abdnor v. State, 871 S.W.2d 726, 731–32 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994)).
B. Discussion
1. Knowledge of Deception
We first consider appellant’s “knowledge of deception” argument. The record
shows that the trial properly instructed the jury to convict only if it found appellant had
knowledge of her daughter’s “‘knowing deception’ by ‘switching the price-tag’. . . .” More
specifically, the jury charge explicitly required the jury, in order to convict appellant under
the law of parties, to find:
[Appellant’s] daughter did then and there intentionally, knowingly, and
unlawfully appropriate by acquiring and otherwise exercising control over
property, other than real property, namely: earrings, one purse, five
underwear, and two shirts . . . and that [appellant] knew of the intent, if
any, of her daughter to unlawfully appropriate the above listed
property . . . and [appellant] acted with the intent to promote or assist the
commission by her daughter . . . [and] solicited, encouraged, directed,
aided, or attempted to aid her daughter to commit the offense . . . .
(emphasis added).
The jury charge, contrary to appellant’s contention, includes the mens rea
finding—knowledge of the daughter’s intentional or knowing unlawful appropriation. The
daughter’s “knowing deception” via switching the purse’s price tag was the manner by
15
which she unlawfully appropriated it, as shown by the evidence at trial. There being no
error, we overrule appellant’s second issue.
2. Definition of “Deception”
We next review appellant’s third issue, by which she argues the trial court failed to
define “deception” in the jury charge. The term “deception” is relevant because, to
convict appellant of theft, the jury is required to find that the appropriation was without the
owner’s “effective consent,” a term that the jury charge defines, in part, by correctly
stating, “[c]onsent is not effective if knowingly induced by deception.” Assuming without
deciding that the trial court should have included the definition in the charge, we hold that
the error did not cause egregious harm under the record in this case.6
Jury-charge error is egregiously harmful if it affects the very basis of the case,
deprives the defendant of a valuable right, or vitally affects a defensive theory. Allen v.
State, 253 S.W.3d 260, 264 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (citing Stuhler v. State, 218 S.W.3d
706, 719 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Sanchez v. State, 209 S.W.3d 117, 121 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2007)). In sum, the error must have been so harmful as to effectively deny the
accused a fair and impartial trial. See Warner v. State, 245 S.W.3d 458, 461 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2008). Egregious harm from an unobjected-to error in the jury charge is a difficult
standard to prove and such a determination must be done on a case-by-case basis.
Taylor v. State, 332 S.W.3d 483, 489 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
6
Appellant’s reliance on MacDougal v. State is misplaced. See 702 S.W.2d 650 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1986) (en banc). In MacDougal, the court held that the trial court’s refusal to include the defendant’s
requested definition of “deception” in the jury charge constituted “some harm.” Id. at 652. Because
appellant failed to timely object to the trial court’s omission of the term, however, we review appellant’s
issue for egregious harm. See Mann v. State, 964 S.W.2d 639, 641 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (en banc).
Moreover, MacDougal did not involve party culpability. See 702 S.W.2d at 651–52.
16
In determining whether appellant was deprived of a fair and impartial trial, we
review “the entire jury charge, the state of the evidence, including the contested issues
and weight of probative evidence, the argument of counsel and any other relevant
information revealed by the record of the trial as a whole.” Id. (quoting Almanza v. State,
686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (en banc)). We will examine “any . . . part
of the record as a whole which may illuminate the actual, not just theoretical, harm to the
accused.” Id. at 490 (quoting Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 174).
First, in looking at the entire jury charge, it is clear that the jury was to find theft only
upon concluding that the property was taken without the owner’s effective consent.
Second and third, the state of the evidence and appellant’s defense turned on whether
appellant knew of her daughter’s price-switch, not on whether the actual price-switch
constituted deception, which appellant does not address. As exemplified in appellant’s
jury argument and mistake-of-fact defense, appellant’s defensive argument was that she
was unaware of her daughter’s conduct and could not therefore be guilty of deception.
This argument is less concerned with the term “deception” as it is the sufficiency of the
evidence to convict appellant as a party to the price-switch. Moreover, as previously
discussed, the evidence showed that appellant was aware of the price-switch. Fourth, in
considering any other relevant information, we note that appellant does not dispute
stealing a shirt, which occurred a few minutes before the price-switch and in the same,
small fitting room in which her daughter appropriated other merchandise. It strains
credulity to conclude appellant was completely unaware of her daughter’s conduct in the
fitting room, where appellant coincidentally stole the shirt. None of these items were
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taken with Macy’s consent, and their appropriation provides a probative context to the
price-switch. Viewing the appellant’s entire visit to Macy’s as a whole, we conclude she
and her daughter took concerted action to appropriate several items of property without
the effective consent of Macy’s. Therefore, based upon the entire jury charge,
appellant’s jury argument, the state of the evidence, appellant’s defense, and any other
relevant information revealed in the record as a whole, we conclude that any error in
omitting the definition of “deception” in the jury charge was not egregious. See id. at 489;
Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171.
V. ORAL PRONOUNCEMENT OF SUSPENSION
By her first issue, appellant argues that the trial court improperly included a
$650.00 fine in the written judgment because the trial court suspended the $650.00 fine
during the oral pronouncement of the sentence. Appellant contends that if a variation
exists between a trial court’s oral pronouncement of a sentence and the written judgment,
the oral pronouncement controls. See, e.g., Taylor v. State, 131 S.W.3d 497, 502 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2004); Coffey v. State, 979 S.W.2d 326, 328 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). After
reviewing the record, however, we conclude there is no variance between the oral
pronouncement and the written judgment.
The trial court’s oral pronouncement of appellant’s sentence was as follows:
“Here’s the sentence: $650 fine plus court costs, 90 days in jail suspended and placed
on one year probation . . . .” After appellant’s counsel moved to shorten the probation
and sentence, the trial court responded, “We’ll keep it at 650 plus court costs, 90 days
suspended, placed on nine months probation, and then no community hours, report by
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mail.” Although appellant construes the trial court’s statements to suspend both the
confinement and the fine, we conclude the trial court suspended the confinement and left
the fine intact. We overrule appellant’s first issue.
VI. CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
GREGORY T. PERKES
Justice
Do not publish.
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Delivered and filed the
29th day of July, 2013.
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