Kachikwu Illoh, M.D. v. Damita Carroll and Karen Butler, Individually and as Representatives of the Estate of James Carroll ( 2012 )

Reversed and Rendered and Memorandum Opinion on Remand filed May 3, 2012.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
NO. 14-09-01001-CV
KACHIKWU ILLOH, M.D., Appellant
V.
DAMITA CARROLL AND KAREN BUTLER, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS
REPRESENTATIVES OF THE ESTATE OF JAMES CARROLL, Appellees
On Appeal from the 215th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 2009-19832
MEMORANDUM OPINION ON REMAND
On original submission of this interlocutory appeal, our court (1) affirmed the trial
court’s order denying the motion to dismiss filed by appellant Kachikwu Illoh, M.D., and
(2) determined we lacked jurisdiction to consider the trial court’s denial of Dr. Illoh’s
plea to the jurisdiction. Illoh v. Carroll, 321 S.W.3d 711 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2010), rev’d, 351 S.W.3d 862 (Tex. 2011) (per curiam).
After this court’s opinion was issued, the Supreme Court of Texas decided Franka
v. Velasquez, 332 S.W.3d 367 (Tex. 2011), which is dispositive of the pivotal issue in this
appeal. Therefore, the supreme court granted Dr. Illoh’s petition for review, reversed this
court’s judgment, and remanded to this court for consideration of the issues in light of
Franka. Illoh v. Carroll, 351 S.W.3d 862 (Tex. 2011) (per curiam).
On remand, we apply Franka, reverse the trial court’s denial of Dr. Illoh’s motion
to dismiss, and render judgment dismissing all claims against Dr. Illoh.
I. BACKGROUND
On January 15, 2007, James Carroll was admitted to Memorial Hermann Hospital.
Dr. Illoh, who was employed by governmental-entity University of Texas Health Science
Center at Houston (“UTHSCH”), was Mr. Carroll’s attending physician until January 22,
2007. Mr. Carroll was discharged from the hospital on February 16, 2007. On
November 29, 2007, he died at a separate hospital.
On March 31, 2009, Damita Carroll and Karen Butler, individually and as
representatives of the estate of James Carroll (“appellees”), sued Dr. Illoh and another
doctor. Appellees allege Mr. Carroll’s death was caused by Dr. Illoh’s negligence in (1)
“failing to implement appropriate care,” (2) “treating a patient without possessing the
requisite skill,” (3) “failing to collaborate with Mr. Carroll’s family,” (4) “failing to
properly supervise his care,” and (5) “failing to obtain a reasonable and necessary
consult.”
Dr. Illoh filed a motion to dismiss in which he argued that appellees were required
to amend their petition to substitute UTHSCH for Dr. Illoh pursuant to the election-of-
remedies provision in section 101.106(f). Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §
101.106(f) (West 2011). Dr. Illoh also filed a plea to the jurisdiction based on separate
grounds. The trial court denied both motions
II. TEXAS CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE SECTION 101.106(f)
We begin with Dr. Illoh’s first and second issues in which he contends the trial
court erred by denying his motion to dismiss pursuant to section 101.106(f). Dr. Illoh’s
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motion to dismiss presents an issue of statutory interpretation, which we review de novo.
City of San Antonio v. City of Boerne, 111 S.W.3d 22, 25 (Tex. 2003).
The Texas Tort Claims Act (“TTCA”) establishes a limited waiver of immunity
for certain suits against governmental entities. The TTCA waives governmental
immunity to the extent liability arises from the “operation or use of a motor-driven
vehicle or motor-driven equipment,” or from “a condition or use of tangible personal or
real property.” Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 101.021 (West 2011). To prevent
litigants from circumventing the limits of the TTCA by suing governmental employees
instead of governmental entities, the legislature provided several election-of-remedies
provisions in section 101.106, including the following:
(e) If a suit is filed under this chapter against both a governmental unit and
any of its employees, the employees shall immediately be dismissed on the
filing of a motion by the governmental unit.
(f) If a suit is filed against an employee of a governmental unit based on
conduct within the general scope of that employee’s employment and if it
could have been brought under this chapter against the governmental unit,
the suit is considered to be against the employee in the employee’s official
capacity only. On the employee’s motion, the suit against the employee
shall be dismissed unless the plaintiff files amended pleadings dismissing
the employee and naming the governmental unit as defendant on or before
the 30th day after the date the motion is filed.
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 101.106(e), (f) (emphasis added). Therefore, to
obtain dismissal under section 101.106(f), a governmental employee must establish the
claims against him (1) are based on conduct performed within the general scope of his
employment with a governmental employer and (2) could have been brought under the
TTCA against his governmental employer.
We agree Dr. Illoh established that appellees’ claims are based on Dr. Illoh’s
conduct performed within the general scope of his employment with UTHSCH. In his
affidavit, Dr. Illoh averred, “When I treated [Mr. Carroll], I was employed as a full-time
physician and Assistant Professor of Neurology at UTHSCH, and was wholly
compensated by UTHSCH for my services. My treatment of Mr. Carroll was performed
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in my capacity as an employee of UTHSCH, and was within the general scope of my
employment with UTHSCH.” Appellees did not contradict this evidence.
However, the parties dispute whether appellees’ claims “could have been brought
under” the TTCA against UTHSCH. In his first issue, Dr. Illoh contends any tort claim
satisfies this prong. Contrarily, appellees argue this prong may be established only by
proving that their negligence claims fall within the TTCA’s limited waiver of immunity.
The parties rely heavily on the Supreme Court of Texas’s decision in Mission
Consolidated Independent School District v. Garcia. 253 S.W.3d 653 (Tex. 2008). In
Garcia, the supreme court considered whether the phrase “suit filed under this chapter”
as used in section 101.106(e) meant only those claims for which immunity is waived
under the TTCA or all tort claims, regardless of whether they fall under the TTCA’s
immunity waiver. Id. at 658–59. The supreme court determined that the phrase refers to
all tort claims: “Because the [TTCA] is the only, albeit limited, avenue for common-law
recovery against the government, all tort theories alleged against a governmental unit,
whether it is sued alone or together with its employees, are assumed to be ‘under [the
TTCA]’ for purposes of section 101.106.” Garcia, 253 S.W.3d at 659. However, the
supreme court also noted that it was not called upon to interpret the phraseology of
section 101.106(f):
Section 101.106(f) contains a slightly different phrase. It states that the suit
against the employee is to be dismissed when the suit “could have been
brought under this chapter against the governmental unit.” The
interpretation of section 101.106(f) is not before us here and neither party
argues that it applies to this case.
Id. at 660 n.5.
On original submission, this court joined the majority of Texas courts of appeals
by concluding that the Garcia court’s broad interpretation of section 101.106(e) should
not be extended to section 101.106(f) because the legislature included additional, more
specific language in the latter section. Illoh, 321 S.W.3d at 716–17. We held, “By
requiring a government employee to prove the plaintiff’s claims ‘could have been
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brought’ against his government employer, the legislature intended section 101.106(f) to
apply only when the government employer has waived immunity.” Id. at 716.
Nevertheless, in Franka, the supreme court disagreed, concluding that for
purposes of section 101.106(f), a tort action “could have been brought under” the TTCA
even if the tort action does not fall within the TTCA’s limited waiver of immunity. 332
S.W.3d at 375–85. Applying this precedent, we hold that Dr. Illoh established the second
prong of section 101.106(f) because appellees’ negligence claims “could have been
brought under” the TTCA. Accordingly, Dr. Illoh proved he was entitled to dismissal
under section 101.106(f).
In his second issue, Dr. Illoh contends the trial court erred by refusing to dismiss
appellees’ claims because they failed to dismiss Dr. Illoh voluntarily within thirty days
after he filed his motion to dismiss. As noted above, under section 101.106(f), “On the
employee’s motion, the suit against the employee shall be dismissed unless the plaintiff
files amended pleadings dismissing the employee and naming the governmental unit as
defendant on or before the 30th day after the date the motion is filed.” Tex. Civ. Prac. &
Rem. Code Ann. § 101.106(f). It is undisputed that appellees did not dismiss Dr. Illoh
within thirty days after the motion was filed. Therefore, the trial court erred by failing to
dismiss the suit against Dr. Illoh. See Leonard v. Glenn, No. 04-08-00200-CV, 2011 WL
3610420, at *1 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Aug. 17, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.).
We sustain Dr. Illoh’s first and second issues and render judgment dismissing
appellees’ suit against Dr. Illoh.1
/s/ Charles W. Seymore
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Seymore, Boyce, and Mirabal.2
1
We need not consider Dr. Illoh’s third issue because our resolution of issues one and two is
dispositive of this appeal.
2
Senior Justice Margaret Garner Mirabal sitting by assignment.
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