Neil E. Lawrence v. State ( 2014 )

In The
Court of Appeals
Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-14-00017-CR
NEIL E. LAWRENCE, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the 108th District Court
Potter County, Texas
Trial Court No. 66,650-E, Honorable Douglas Woodburn, Presiding
August 1, 2014
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before QUINN, C.J., and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ.
Neil E. Lawrence appeals his conviction for possessing 101 pounds of marijuana.
On appeal, he challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress. We affirm.
On November 17, 2012, at around 2:45 p.m., Department of Public Safety
Trooper Jared Snelgrooes was traveling westbound on Interstate 40 when he observed
a vehicle going eastbound. He admittedly profiled the vehicle because it was a “clean”
car, with a single male driver, exhibiting an out-of-state license plate, and traveling east.
Snelgrooes executed a U-turn and began to follow the vehicle. When he observed it
drive onto the shoulder of the road as it exited the highway,1 he conducted a traffic stop.
The car was a rental car with a Nevada license plate. Snelgrooes requested appellant,
who was the driver, to step back and sit in the trooper’s vehicle. Appellant had a
Pennsylvania driver’s license and explained to the trooper that he picked the car up in
Phoenix and was traveling to some unspecified location in Oklahoma to visit a friend.
He was then returning to Phoenix to pursue a job opportunity. The trooper noted that
the car rental agreement had expired two days previously, and appellant responded that
he would contact the rental company.
Snelgrooes testified that halfway through the traffic stop, he felt that appellant
was not being truthful. His suspicions were based on appellant being vague as to the
exact location where he was going, how long he would be there, his failure to give direct
answers but his willingness to give information for which he was not asked, his failure to
make eye contact, his nervous appearance but calm speaking voice, and the erratic
nature of his hands and feet. Snelgrooes stated that appellant’s demeanor was not
consistent with the demeanor of those he usually stops for traffic violations, and based
upon his experience and training, he believed there was a possibility of illegal activity
occurring.2 After clearing appellant of warrants but prior to concluding the traffic stop,
Snelgrooes asked for consent to search. When appellant refused, the trooper detained
him approximately thirty-seven minutes for the arrival of a drug dog. The dog alerted
on the vehicle, and the marijuana was located inside. Appellant argues that the traffic
stop could have been concluded prior to the arrival of the drug dog and the trooper had
no reasonable suspicion to detain him until that occurred.
1
The traffic violation was driving on an improved shoulder when prohibited.
2
The trooper testified he has conducted many drug investigations along Interstate 40.
2
We review a ruling on a motion to suppress under the standard discussed in
Fienen v. State, 390 S.W.3d 328, 335 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) and Guzman v. State, 955
S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). It requires us to defer to the trial court’s
determination of historical facts and review questions of law de novo. Guzman v. State,
955 S.W.2d at 89. During a routine traffic stop, an officer may 1) check for outstanding
warrants, 2) request a driver’s license, liability insurance, and vehicle ownership
information, and 3) seek information as to the destination and purpose of the trip. Veal
v. State, 28 S.W.3d 832, 835 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2000, pet. ref’d). However, an
investigative detention may last no longer than necessary to effectuate the purposes of
the stop. Strauss v. State, 121 S.W.3d 486, 491 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2003, pet. ref’d).
Therefore, police may not prolong a traffic stop beyond the time reasonably required to
accomplish its purpose simply to give them time to bring a drug dog. State v. Weaver,
349 S.W.3d 521, 529 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011), citing Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S. 405,
125 S. Ct. 834, 160 L. Ed. 2d 842 (2005). Nevertheless, if during the stop, the officer
learns additional facts and information that forms the basis for a reasonable suspicion
that another crime has been or is being committed, the detention may be prolonged.
See Razo v. State, 577 S.W.2d 709, 711 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979).
Appellant argues that the innocuous behavior relied upon by the trooper could
not give rise to reasonable suspicion. Being nervous and overly cooperative is not a
basis for reasonable suspicion, Wolf v. State, 137 S.W.3d 797, 800-801 (Tex. App.—
Waco 2004, no pet.) and neither is being nervous and refusing to answer a question.
Wade v. State, 422 S.W.3d 661, 670 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (stating that the totality of
the circumstances “must be sufficiently distinguishable from that of innocent people
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under the same circumstances as to clearly, if not conclusively, set the suspect apart
from them,” quoting Crockett v. State, 803 S.W.2d 308, 311 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)).
However, additional facts may provide the reasonable suspicion. See Byron v. State,
No. 07-05-00131-CR, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 4650, at 5 (Tex. App.—Amarillo May 31,
2006, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication) (noting that in addition to nervousness,
there was deception in the defendant’s answers to questions and a vehicle rented by a
third party without designating the defendant as a driver); Serbantez v. State, No. 07-
04-00406-CR, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 4653, at *6 (Tex. App.—Amarillo May 31, 2006,
pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication) (finding reasonable suspicion when the
defendant was nervous, shaking, and pacing, two passenger in the vehicle would not
look at the officer, one of the passengers the officer recognized from having arrested
her previously on a drug-related charge, and when he asked her if she had contraband,
she replied, “Not on me.”).
The record here reveals the presence of 1) appellant’s vague answers to
questions propounded by the officer regarding his destination, 2) answers being so
vague that the trooper “pretty much stop[ped] the conversation and [said] . . . you've
completely lost me,” 3) “erratic” hand and foot movement indicative of nervous behavior,
4) appellant’s nervous behavior growing when, according to the trooper, informing a
detainee that he would be getting a warning normally calmed down the average
detainee, 5) appellant’s failure to make eye contact, 6) appellant’s volunteering of
unsolicited information, 7) appellant’s driving a rental vehicle under an expired rental
contract and not knowing that it had expired, and 8) appellant’s having flown from
Pennsylvania to Phoenix to drive to Oklahoma. Given that we are to consider the
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totality of the circumstances, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion
under these particular facts in denying the motion to suppress. See Haas v. State, 172
S.W.3d 42, (Tex. App.—Waco 2005, pet. ref’d) (finding reasonable suspicion when the
defendant volunteered a lot of information, the officer believed the story was implausible
and inconsistent, and the defendant became increasingly nervous and avoided eye
contact).
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Per Curiam
Do not publish.
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