in Re: Readyone Industries, Inc. , 420 S.W.3d 179 ( 2012 )


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  •                                       COURT OF APPEALS
    EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
    EL PASO, TEXAS
    §
    §
    IN RE: READYONE INDUSTRIES,                      §                 No. 08-12-00121-CV
    INC.,
    §           AN ORIGINAL PROCEEDING
    §                   IN MANDAMUS
    §
    OPINION
    In this original proceeding, ReadyOne Industries, Inc. seeks mandamus relief from the trial
    court’s order permitting discovery on the arbitrability of an agreement between ReadyOne and its
    employee, Margaret Simental (“Simental”), governing work-related injuries. ReadyOne
    contends that the trial court erred in deciding that the Franken Amendment1 might apply to
    Simental’s negligence cause of action and that Simental established the facts necessary to raise a
    reasonable expectation that the arbitration agreement was unenforceable. Concluding that the
    Franken Amendment is inapplicable in a personal injury suit and that Simental failed to provide a
    colorable or reasonable basis for believing that discovery would materially aid her in establishing
    her defenses to the validity of an arbitration agreement, we conditionally grant mandamus relief.
    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
    Alleging that she sustained an on-the-job injury, Simental sued ReadyOne for negligence.
    After filing an answer, ReadyOne moved to compel arbitration pursuant to an agreement requiring
    1
    Section 8116 of the Department of Defense Appropriations Act of 2010 is known as the Franken Amendment
    because of its author, Senator Al Franken of “Saturday Night Live” fame.
    that claims of on-the-job injuries be submitted to binding arbitration. In response, Simental
    moved for limited discovery on the issue of arbitrability to “develop [her] case and defend against
    [ReadyOne’s] contentions that a valid arbitration agreement exists[,] . . . [and] . . . to develop or
    inquire into any factual issues that may preclude or discredit the existence of a valid arbitration
    agreement.”
    At the hearing on these matters, Simental argued that discovery was required as to the
    validity of the arbitration agreement because her affidavit, attached to the response to ReadyOne’s
    motion to compel arbitration, raised concerns about fraudulent inducement and meeting of the
    minds. Simental also argued that her claims against ReadyOne are not arbitrable because the
    Franken Amendment prevents federal contractors from enforcing agreements to arbitrate tort
    claims related to or arising out of negligent hiring, supervision, or retention. ReadyOne
    countered that the Franken Amendment is not applicable to torts related to or arising out of
    negligent hiring, supervision, or retention in a personal injury suit because the Amendment applies
    only to title VII claims or torts related to or arising out of sexual assault or harassment.
    After considering the parties’ arguments, the trial court ordered limited discovery on the
    applicability of the Franken Amendment, fraudulent inducement, and meeting of the minds. With
    respect to the applicability of the Franken Amendment, Simental was permitted to discover if
    ReadyOne has federal contracts in excess of $1 million and if ReadyOne manufactures items
    commercially available off-the-shelf.
    MANDAMUS
    To obtain mandamus relief from the trial court’s discovery order, ReadyOne must meet
    two requirements. ReadyOne must show that the trial court clearly abused its discretion and that
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    it has no adequate remedy by appeal. In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 
    148 S.W.3d 124
    , 135-36
    (Tex. 2004).
    A trial court abuses its discretion if it reaches a decision so arbitrary and unreasonable as to
    amount to a clear and prejudicial error of law, or if it clearly fails to analyze or apply the law
    correctly. In re Cerberus Capital Mgmt., L.P., 
    164 S.W.3d 379
    , 382 (Tex. 2005). A trial court
    has the discretion to order pre-arbitration discovery if it lacks sufficient information regarding the
    scope of an arbitration provision or other issues of arbitrability, such as a defense to arbitration.
    In re Houston Pipe Line Co., 
    311 S.W.3d 449
    , 451 (Tex. 2009)(orig. proceeding). Although the
    scope of discovery is within the trial court’s discretion, the trial court must make an effort to
    impose reasonable discovery limits. In re CSX Corp., 
    124 S.W.3d 149
    , 152 (Tex. 2003).
    Accordingly, discovery requests must be reasonably tailored to include only matters relevant to the
    case. In re Am. Optical Corp., 
    988 S.W.2d 711
    , 713 (Tex. 1998). Because discovery is limited
    to matters that are relevant to the case, requests for information that are not reasonably tailored as
    to time, place, or subject matter amount to impermissible “fishing expeditions.” See CSX 
    Corp., 124 S.W.3d at 152
    . Accordingly, an order that compels production of patently irrelevant matters
    is an abuse of discretion. 
    Id. at 153.
    A relator has no adequate remedy by appeal if the appellate court is unable to cure the trial
    court’s discovery error. Walker v. Packer, 
    827 S.W.2d 833
    , 843 (Tex. 1992). This occurs when
    the trial court erroneously “compels the production of patently irrelevant . . . documents, such that
    it clearly constitutes harassment or imposes a burden on the producing party far out of proportion
    to any benefit that may obtain to the requesting party.” 
    Id. In such
    a situation, mandamus is the
    proper remedy. 
    Id. 3 THE
    FRANKEN AMENDMENT
    In its first issue, ReadyOne argues that the trial court erred by ordering discovery regarding
    the applicability of the Franken Amendment because, on its face, the Amendment is inapplicable,
    and even if applicable, does not bar enforcement of the arbitration agreement. ReadyOne thus
    insists that the trial court abused its discretion by requiring discovery into patently irrelevant
    matters. We agree.
    Applicable Law
    Our analysis of whether the Franken Amendment applies in this case turns on a question of
    statutory construction. A question of statutory construction is a legal one that we review de novo.
    Entergy Gulf States, Inc. v. Summers, 
    282 S.W.3d 433
    , 437 (Tex. 2009). When construing
    statutes, we ascertain and give effect to the legislature’s intent. 
    Id. We do
    so by looking first and
    foremost at the statutory text, reading the words and phrases in context and construing them
    according to the rules of grammar and common usage. Id.; Lexington Ins. Co. v. Strayhorn, 
    209 S.W.3d 83
    , 85 (Tex. 2006); TEX.GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.011 (West 2005). Where statutory
    text is clear, it is determinative of legislative intent unless the plain meaning of the statute’s text
    would produce an absurd result. 
    Entergy, 282 S.W.3d at 437
    .
    Several canons of statutory construction are helpful in guiding our analysis. Under the
    doctrine of ejusdem generis, when general words in a statute follow specific examples, the general
    words are to be restricted in their meaning to a sense analogous to the same kind or class as those
    expressly mentioned. City of San Antonio v. City of Boerne, 
    111 S.W.3d 22
    , 29 (Tex. 2003).
    Likewise, according to the maxim noscitur a sociis (associated words), when general and specific
    words are grouped together in a statute, the general words are limited by the specific and will be
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    construed to embrace only objects similar in nature to those things identified by the specific words.
    
    Id. Similarly, the
    last antecedent rule states that a qualifying phrase in a statute must be confined
    to the words and phrases immediately preceding it to which it may, without impairing the meaning
    of the sentence, be applied. Spradlin v. Jim Walter Homes, Inc., 
    34 S.W.3d 578
    , 581 (Tex. 2000).
    Discussion
    1. Abuse of Discretion
    With these principles in mind, we have scrutinized the Franken Amendment to determine
    whether personal injury claims related to or arising out of negligent hiring, supervision, or
    retention fall within its parameters. We conclude that they do not.
    In relevant part, the Franken Amendment provides:
    (a) None of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available by this Act may be
    expended for any Federal contract for an amount in excess of $1,000,000 that is
    awarded more than 60 days after the effective date of this Act, unless the contractor
    agrees not to:
    .               .                .
    (2) take any action to enforce any provision of an existing agreement with an
    employee or independent contractor that mandates that the employee or
    independent contractor resolve through arbitration any claim under title VII of the
    Civil Rights Act of 1964 or any tort related to or arising out of sexual assault or
    harassment, including assault and battery, intentional infliction of emotional
    distress, false imprisonment, or negligent hiring, supervision, or retention.
    Pub. L. 111-118, § 8116, 123 Stat. 3409, 3454-55 (2009). By regulation, the Amendment “does
    not apply to the acquisition of commercial items (including commercially available off-the-shelf
    items).” 48 C.F.R. § 222.7403 (West 2010).
    The dispute here centers on the meaning of the clause “any claim under title VII of the
    Civil Rights Act of 1964 or any tort related to or arising out of sexual assault or harassment,
    including assault and battery, intentional infliction of emotional distress, false imprisonment, or
    5
    negligent hiring, supervision, or retention.” [Emphasis added]. ReadyOne asserts that “the list
    of generic torts following ‘including’ are not additional torts to which the arbitration prohibition
    would apply,” but are “simply a descriptive list of some of the type of torts that could arise out of
    sexual assault or harassment.” Simental, on the other hand, posits that, when read in the
    disjunctive, the conjunction “or” serve to identify the types of claims to which the Amendment
    applies and to cast them as claims independent of one another. Thus, according to Simental, the
    phrase “or negligent hiring, supervision, or retention” is independent of and does not modify the
    phrase “any tort related to or arising out of sexual assault or harassment, including . . . .” We
    disagree.
    When identifying the types of claims not subject to arbitration, the Amendment begins by
    listing title VII claims, followed by the clause “or any tort related to or arising out of sexual assault
    or harassment,” which in turn is followed by the adjectival phrase “including assault and battery,
    intentional infliction of emotional distress, false imprisonment . . . .” The concluding phrase “or
    negligent hiring, supervision, or retention” immediately follows the beginning of the adjectival
    phrase identifying torts that fall in the class of claims related to or arising out of sexual assault or
    harassment. Applying the doctrine of ejusdem generis in conjunction with the maxim noscitur a
    sociis and the last antecedent rule, we conclude that the phrase “or negligent hiring, supervision, or
    retention” refers only to claims “such like” the class of claims immediately preceding the use of
    the present participle “including,” i.e., torts related to or arising out of sexual assault or
    harassment. This is because negligent hiring, negligent supervision, and negligent retention are
    torts analogous to those expressly mentioned as the type of torts that could arise out of sexual
    assault or harassment – assault and battery, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and false
    6
    imprisonment. Furthermore, because all of these torts are similar in nature, are grouped together,
    and follow the word “including,” which precedes the phrase “any tort related to or arising out of
    sexual assault or harassment,” they qualify the phrase and are therefore confined to it.
    Accordingly, the phrase “or negligent hiring, supervision, or retention” was not intended to define
    a category of claims separate and apart from title VII claims or torts related to or arising out of
    sexual assault or harassment.
    As noted above, Simental argues that because the various types of claims and torts
    identified in the disputed clause are separated by the disjunctive “or,” they should be construed as
    alternative claims, separate from and independent of one another. However, the structure and
    composition of the statutory text belie this argument and compel the conclusion that “negligent
    hiring, supervision, or retention” are not claims separate from and independent of the other
    non-arbitrable claims identified in the statute. If Simental is correct that the phrase “or negligent
    hiring, supervision, or retention” identifies the third element in a list of three items, then a comma
    would have been placed between the conjunction “or” separating the phrases “any claim under title
    VII” and “any tort related to or arising out of sexual assault or harassment” to identify each of the
    three members in the series. The fact that the conjunction “or” between the phrases identifying
    title VII claims and sexual assault claims is not separated by a comma indicates that there are no
    more than two elements identified in the list of claims not subject to arbitration. Indeed, the use of
    the comma before the conjunction “or” to separate the phrase “assault and battery, intentional
    infliction of emotional distress, false imprisonment” from “negligent hiring, supervision, or
    retention” denotes that the drafters of the Amendment used it as a serial comma to identify the
    disputed phrase as the final item in the list of the torts encompassing sexual assault and
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    harassment. According to the Oxford Style Manual, “[t]he [use of a serial comma] serves . . . to
    resolve ambiguity, particularly when any of the items are compound terms joined by a
    conjunction.” OXFORD STYLE MANUAL, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 122 [Emphasis
    added].
    Because the Franken Amendment does not apply to personal injury claims related to or
    arising out of negligent hiring, supervision, or retention, we hold that the trial court abused its
    discretion by ordering discovery concerning the applicability of the Franken Amendment to the
    arbitrability of Simental’s personal injury claims.
    2. Inadequate Remedy by Appeal
    As established above, Simental seeks documents from ReadyOne to determine if it has
    federal contracts in excess of $1 million and if it manufactures items commercially available
    off-the-shelf. This information is targeted to discover if ReadyOne is bound by the requirements
    of the Franken Amendment. Justification for the discovery of this information, however, requires
    that the type of claim alleged by Simental – a negligence claim in a non-subscriber personal injury
    case – fall within the parameters of the Amendment. Because this type of claim is not
    encompassed by the Amendment, the discovery of the information ordered by the trial court is
    irrelevant and is therefore unduly harassing and burdensome. Such an error cannot be cured by
    ordinary appeal. See 
    Walker, 827 S.W.2d at 843
    . Accordingly, we hold that ReadyOne has no
    adequate remedy by appeal.
    DISCOVERY ON DEFENSES TO ARBITRATION
    In its second and final issue, ReadyOne contends that “[t]he trial court abused its discretion
    in ordering discovery concerning fraudulent inducement and meeting of the minds because
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    [Simental] failed to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery would reveal the arbitration
    agreement to be unenforceable.” We agree.
    Applicable Law
    The law favors arbitration. In re FirstMerit Bank, N.A., 
    52 S.W.3d 749
    , 756 (Tex. 2001).
    Therefore, the party seeking to avoid arbitration bears the burden of proving a defense against
    arbitration. 
    Id. To be
    entitled to pre-arbitration discovery on a particular defense, the party
    opposing arbitration must show or provide a colorable basis or reason to believe that the discovery
    requested is material in establishing the defense. See Barron v. Vanier, 
    190 S.W.3d 841
    , 849-50
    (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 2006, no pet.)(holding that it is an abuse of discretion to deny additional
    jurisdictional discovery if movant shows that “further discovery might demonstrate facts sufficient
    to constitute a basis for jurisdiction” or “makes a good-faith showing, provides a colorable basis
    for, or makes a prima facie case of personal jurisdiction, or provides a reason to believe that
    discovery would reveal sufficient minimum contacts).; Solgas Energy Ltd. v. Global Steel
    Holdings Ltd., No. 04-06-00731-CV, 
    2007 WL 1892206
    , at *6-7 (Tex.App.--San Antonio July 3,
    2007, no pet.)(mem. op.)(holding that trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining that
    plaintiff’s alter ego allegation did not entitle it to pursue additional discovery in an effort to
    establish an alter ego connection because plaintiff’s pleadings and evidence failed to show or
    provide a colorable basis for believing that further discovery might demonstrate facts sufficient to
    constitute a basis for jurisdiction).
    Discussion
    1. Abuse of Discretion
    Simental failed to show or provide a colorable basis or reason to believe that discovery
    9
    would be material in establishing that the arbitration agreement was invalid because she was
    fraudulently induced to sign it and because there was no meeting of the minds. In her response to
    ReadyOne’s motion to compel arbitration, Simental alleged that ReadyOne fraudulently induced
    her to sign the arbitration agreement because ReadyOne failed to identify and explain the
    arbitration agreement to her, and that ReadyOne’s failure to do so “indicates that there was no
    ‘meeting of the minds’ as to the arbitration agreement.” In support of these allegations, Simental
    submitted her affidavit. However, nothing in Simental’s affidavit indicates that ReadyOne made
    a fraudulent representation that the documents she was asked to sign did not contain an arbitration
    provision or that the arbitration provision was something else. An essential element of fraudulent
    inducement is a material representation that is false. Formosa Plastics Corp. USA v. Presidio
    Eng’r & Contractors, Inc., 
    960 S.W.2d 41
    , 47 (Tex. 1998). Simental simply stated in her
    affidavit that she “was given a few documents to sign during [her] brief orientation,” that she “was
    only given signature pages and was not explained what the documents related to,” and that she
    “assumed the documents related to [her] W-2 tax forms . . . .” This testimony does not constitute
    evidence of fraud in connection with the existence of the arbitration agreement nor does it provide
    a colorable basis or reason to believe that discovery would be material in establishing that
    ReadyOne fraudulently induced Simental to sign the agreement and that, consequently, there was
    no meeting of the minds. See In re FirstMerit 
    Bank, 52 S.W.3d at 758
    (there was “no evidence
    that the sellers actually misrepresented the [arbitration] Addendum’s terms, or that they made any
    false material representations with regard to the Arbitration Addendum itself”).
    Simental argues that the testimony in her affidavit “provided sufficient information from
    which the trial court could conclude it lacked complete information to summarily decide the issue
    10
    of whether there was a valid and enforceable agreement to arbitrate between the parties under
    general contract principles.” However, this is not the applicable test to determine whether
    pre-arbitration discovery on the validity of an arbitration agreement is warranted. As established
    above, when a trial court lacks sufficient information regarding the applicability of a defense to an
    arbitration agreement, it has the discretion to order pre-arbitration discovery. See In re Houston
    Pipe Line 
    Co., 311 S.W.3d at 451
    . However, it may do so only if it has a colorable basis or reason
    to believe that discovery will aid in that determination. See 
    Barron, 190 S.W.3d at 849-50
    ;
    Solgas, 
    2007 WL 1892206
    , at *6-7. Adopting Simental’s position that pre-arbitration discovery
    is warranted when the trial court lacks sufficient information to summarily conclude that the
    arbitration agreement is valid would impermissibly shift the burden of persuasion from the party
    seeking to avoid arbitration to the party seeking to enforce arbitration. See In re FirstMerit Bank,
    
    N.A., 52 S.W.3d at 756
    (noting that party opposing arbitration bears the burden of proving a
    defense against arbitration).
    In light of the foregoing, we hold that the trial court abused its discretion by ordering
    discovery on Simental’s defensive claims of fraudulent inducement and no meeting of the minds.
    2. Inadequate Remedy by Appeal
    Simental’s failure to prove that the discovery she sought would be material in helping her
    establish her defenses to arbitration did not provide the trial court with the basis required to order
    pre-arbitration discovery. Because the trial court had no basis to compel ReadyOne to produce
    the information sought by Simental, the trial court’s discovery order was unjustifiably harassing
    and unduly burdensome. Such an error cannot be cured by ordinary appeal. See 
    Walker, 827 S.W.2d at 843
    . Accordingly, we hold that ReadyOne has no adequate remedy by appeal.
    11
    CONCLUSION
    We conditionally grant ReadyOne’s petition for writ of mandamus. We hereby direct the
    trial court to vacate its discovery order. Mandamus will issue only if the trial court fails to act
    within ten days from the date of this opinion.
    December 21, 2012
    CHRISTOPHER ANTCLIFF, Justice
    Before McClure, C.J., Rivera, and Antcliff, JJ.
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