Oscar Rene Benavidez v. State ( 2010 )

NUMBER 13-07-00670-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
OSCAR RENE BENAVIDEZ, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 389th District Court
of Hidalgo County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION ON REMAND
Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Rodriguez and Garza
Memorandum Opinion on Remand by Justice Rodriguez
This case is before us on remand from the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals. See
Benavidez v. State, No. PD-1551-09, 2010 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 1339, at *1 (Tex. Crim.
App. Oct. 20, 2010). Appellant Oscar Rene Benavidez was indicted for aggravated
sexual assault and burglary of a habitation with intent to commit sexual assault. See
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.021 (Vernon Supp. 2010), § 30.02(a)(1) (Vernon 2003). A
jury convicted him, instead, of the lesser-but-not-included offense of aggravated assault.1
See id. § 22.02(a)(1) (Vernon Supp. 2010). The jury assessed punishment at twenty
years' confinement in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal
Justice and imposed a $10,000 fine. By three issues, Benavidez contends that: (1) the
evidence is legally insufficient to support his conviction for aggravated assault; (2) the trial
court erred in submitting, over his objection, the lesser-but-not-included offense of
aggravated assault in the jury charge; and (3) the trial court erred in cumulating this
sentence with a previously imposed sentence in another cause. We reverse the case for
legal insufficiency, vacate the judgment, and remand for entry of a judgment of acquittal.
I. RELEVANT FACTS
A. BACKGROUND
On the morning of July 5, 2006, Benavidez arrived at the home of his estranged
wife, Adela Coronado, and forced his way into her apartment. According to testimony at
trial, Benavidez knocked Coronado down, grabbed her by the neck, and began choking
her. Coronado stated that she lost consciousness. When Coronado awoke, she was
lying on the bedroom floor where she and Benavidez had sexual intercourse, which she
claimed was nonconsensual. Coronado suffered abrasions, bruising, and a fractured rib.
She also complained of pain and discomfort in her left hip area. Coronado testified that,
at the time of trial, there was still bruising on her neck where Benavidez squeezed her
throat. Coronado also testified that although she was in pain after the assault, she was
given medication for the pain and released from the hospital after only a few hours.
1
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals referred to aggravated assault as a ―lesser-but-not-included
offense" of aggravated sexual assault, and we will do likewise. See Benavidez v. State, No. PD-1551-09,
2010 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 1339, at *8 (Tex. Crim. App. Oct. 20, 2010).
2
Coronado's medical records, admitted as State's exhibit 8, reveal that Coronado
arrived at the emergency room of Valley Baptist Medical Center at approximately 3:00
p.m. on Wednesday, July 5, 2006. She was examined by an emergency room physician
and by the sexual assault nurse examiner. X-rays were taken, and a diagnosis of "rib
fracture" was made. Abrasions to the left arm and scapular area and labia, bruising to
the left eye, left knee, and left, upper neck area, and a scratch mark to the left cheek were
also noted on her medical records.2 Approximately six hours after her arrival at the
hospital, Coronado was discharged in stable condition with instructions to continue
prescribed pain medications and to follow-up with a physician for the rib fracture.
Coronado visited a physician five days later, on July 10, 2006. The physician's records
reveal that there was "Extremity: swelling," and "chest … pain on movement."
Coronado was to continue her pain medications and return to the office in one week for
re-evaluation. There are no records of additional follow-up care.
B. PROCEDURE
Benavidez was indicted for aggravated sexual assault and burglary of a habitation
with intent to commit sexual assault. Over Benavidez's objection, the trial court
submitted the State's proposed jury charge that authorized the jury, should it acquit
Benavidez of aggravated sexual assault, to convict him of the lesser-but-not-included
3
offense of aggravated assault. The jury convicted Benavidez of aggravated
assault. By finding him guilty of aggravated assault, the jury implicitly acquitted
2
The medical records also referenced dark purple and green bruising on Coronado's right, upper
chest. It appears from the entry, however, that this bruising resulted from an event that occurred on the
previous Saturday.
3
It is undisputed that the trial court erred in submitting this charge to the jury.
3
Benavidez of the offenses for which he was indicted.4 See Benavidez, 2010 Tex. Crim.
App. LEXIS 1339, at *2.
Benavidez appealed from this conviction, and on original submission, we
concluded that the trial court was without jurisdiction to enter a judgment convicting
Benavidez of aggravated assault because aggravated assault is not a lesser-included
offense of aggravated sexual assault, the offense for which he was indicted. Benavidez
v. State, No. 13-07-00670-CR, 2009 Tex. App. LEXIS 7865, at *6-7 (Tex. App.–Corpus
Christi Oct. 9, 2009) (memo. op., not designated for publication), vacated, 2010 Tex.
Crim. App. LEXIS 1339, at *13. We vacated the trial court's judgment of conviction and
remanded the case to the trial court for the entry of a judgment of acquittal. Id. at *7.
On discretionary review, however, the court of criminal appeals noted that
"'[a]lthough the trial court may have erred in its charge to the jury, it had jurisdiction to
commit the error." Benavidez, 2010 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 1339, at *4 (quoting Trejo v.
State, 280 S.W.3d 258, 261 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)). It further set out that "an appellate
court does not properly order the entry of a judgment of acquittal unless either the trial
court's ruling amounts to de facto but unacknowledged acquittal, or the appellate court
itself finds that the evidence was legally insufficient to support the conviction." Id. at *6
(citing Smith v. Massachusetts, 543 U.S. 462 (2005); Bucks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1
(1978)) (other citations omitted). Applying this law, the court of criminal appeals
concluded that our disposition ordering the entry of a judgment of acquittal was premature
because there was neither a trial court ruling that amounted to an unacknowledged
acquittal nor an appellate determination that the evidence failed to support Benavidez's
4
The jury also found Benavidez not guilty of the lesser-included offense of burglary of a habitation
with the intent to commit assault. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 30.02(a)(1) (Vernon 2003).
4
conviction for aggravated assault by proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at *5-6.
While the court of criminal appeals determined that remand to the trial court for the entry
of a judgment of acquittal was not appropriate, it also declined to remand to the trial court
for further proceedings, as urged by the State, because it was uncertain what those
―further proceedings‖ would be. Id. at *5, 8-9. Accordingly, the Texas Court of Criminal
Appeals vacated our judgment and remanded the case to this Court for an analysis of the
sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury's finding of guilt on the
lesser-but-not-included offense of aggravated assault and of Benavidez's charge error
issue, should we find the evidence legally sufficient. Id. at *13-14.
II. LEGAL SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
By his first issue, Benavidez contends that the evidence—specifically the evidence
to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that he caused serious bodily injury to
Coronado—is legally insufficient to support his conviction of aggravated assault. We
agree.
A. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Jackson v. Virginia holds that when conducting a legal sufficiency review, a court
must ask whether "any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
crime beyond a reasonable doubt"—not "whether it believes that the evidence at the trial
established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979); Brooks v.
State, No. PD-0210-09, 2010 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 1240, at *36 (Tex. Crim. App. Oct. 6,
2010) (plurality op.). ―[W]e assess all of the evidence 'in the light most favorable to the
prosecution.'" Laster v. State, 275 S.W.3d 512, 517 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (quoting
Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319). The trier of fact is the sole judge of the facts, the credibility of
5
the witnesses, and the weight given to testimony. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 307, 319; see
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.04 (Vernon 1979); Beckham v. State, 29 S.W.3d 148,
151 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet ref'd). We do not reevaluate the weight or
credibility of the evidence, nor do we substitute our own conclusions for those of the trier
of fact. King v. State, 29 S.W.3d 556, 562 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (en banc). Instead, we
resolve any inconsistencies in the evidence in favor of the final judgment and consider
whether the factfinder reached a rational decision. Curry v. State, 30 S.W.3d 394, 406
(Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
B. APPLICABLE LAW
We measure the legal sufficiency of the evidence based on a hypothetically correct
jury charge. Villarreal v. State, 286 S.W.3d 321, 327 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); Malik v.
State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997); Adi v. State, 94 S.W.3d 124, 131
(Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2002, pet. ref'd). Under a hypothetically correct jury charge,
Benavidez committed the offense of aggravated assault if he intentionally, knowingly, or
recklessly caused serious bodily injury to another. 5 TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §
22.02(a)(1). The penal code defines "serious bodily injury" as "bodily injury that creates
a substantial risk of death or that causes death, serious permanent disfigurement, or
protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ." Id. §
1.07(a)(46) (Vernon Supp. 2010).
Generally, there are no facts which, if established, constitute serious bodily injury
5
A person also commits aggravated assault if he "uses or exhibits a deadly weapon during the
commission of the assault." TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.02(a)(2) (Vernon Supp. 2010). It has never been
asserted, by indictment or otherwise, that a deadly weapon was involved in the charged offense here.
Thus, this section is not applicable in this case.
6
per se. Moore v. State, 739 S.W.2d 347, 352 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987) (en banc). What is
sufficient to establish that a complainant suffered serious bodily injury is determined on a
case-by-case basis. Id.; compare Webb v. State, 801 S.W.3d 529, 532-33 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1990) (en banc) (per curiam) (agreeing that the evidence was insufficient to prove
serious bodily injury where there was no evidence of permanent disfigurement or of any
continuing effects of the injuries caused by striking the complainant on the head with a
rock), Moore, 739 S.W.2d at 362 (finding no serious bodily injury where the complainant
was bedridden and unable to go out for a week due to a stab wound in the back), and
Villarreal v. State, 716 S.W.2d 651, 652 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 1986, no pet.) (holding
that neither the complainant's inability to raise his arms for two weeks due to the pain of
two fractured ribs nor the fractured ribs themselves was sufficient to show serious bodily
injury), with Nunez v. State, 117 S.W.3d 309, 330 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2003, no
pet.) overruled, in part, on other grounds by Resendez v. State, 160 S.W.3d 181, 186
(Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2005, no pet.) (en banc) (finding that the complainant suffered
severe bodily injury—impairment of function—during an assault where an injury from a
cut to a finger on her left hand prevented her from closing her hand, caused pain
throughout her entire arm, interfered with her ability to do housework, continued to affect
her for six months after the assault, and resulted in the loss of function), Madden v. State,
911 S.W.2d 236, 244-45 (Tex. App.–Waco 1995, pet. ref'd) (concluding that there was
serious bodily injury where complainant suffered a protracted impairment of a bodily
member when he was shot in the hip, hospitalized for a day and a half, could not walk for
a month after the shooting, and had permanent scar tissue where the bullet entered and
exited his body), and Allen v. State, 736 S.W.2d 225, 227 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi
7
1987, pet. ref'd) (holding that the complainant had protracted loss or poor impairment of
the function of a bodily member and, thus, serious bodily injury, where he suffered a
broken finger and still had some dysfunction in that finger nearly three and a half months
after the assault).
C. ANALYSIS
From the record before us, there is no testimony that Coronado's injuries created a
substantial risk of death or that there were potential complications that created a
substantial risk of death. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 1.07(a)(46). Also, there is no
evidence of serious permanent disfigurement presented at trial or of the extent or
permanence of scarring, if any, from any abrasion sustained. See id.; Cain v. State, 138
Tex. Crim. 573, 128 S.W.2d 102, 103-04 (Tex. Crim. App. 1940) (concluding that bruises
and abrasions on the head which did not cause incapacitation were insufficient to show
serious bodily injury). Finally, there is no evidence of a protracted loss or impairment of
the function of any bodily member or organ or that Coronado was restricted in any
particular physical activity. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 1.07(a)(46); Moore, 739
S.W.2d at 356 (Clinton, J. concurring). The five day period between her hospital visit
and her follow-up office visit where she continued to have swelling in an extremity and
chest pain on movement does not elevate Coronado's injury to a serious bodily injury.
See Moore, 739 S.W.2d at 356.
Assessing all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, we
conclude that a rational trier of fact could not have found that Benavidez caused serious
bodily injury to Coronado. See Jackson, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19; Brooks, 2010 Tex. Crim.
App. LEXIS 1240, at *36; Laster, 275 S.W.3d at 517. Moreover, the State acknowledged
8
in its appellate brief that Coronado's injuries did not create a substantial risk of death,
cause death, or cause her a "protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily
member." See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 1.07(a)(46). The State recognized that "given
the evidence adduced at trial, the established case law does not support the conclusion
that the evidence was legally sufficient to show that Adela Coronado suffered serious
bodily injury and established the offense of aggravated assault." Accordingly, we
sustain Benavidez's first issue.6
III. CONCLUSION
Having concluded that the evidence is not legally sufficient to support Benavidez's
conviction for the lesser-but-not-included offense of aggravated assault, we reverse the
case on that basis, vacate the trial court's judgment of conviction, and remand the case to
the trial court for the entry of a judgment of acquittal.
NELDA V. RODRIGUEZ
Justice
Do not publish.
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Delivered and filed the 16th
day of December, 2010.
6
Because this first issue affords Benavidez the greatest relief possible and because it is dispositive
of the appeal, we need not address the remaining issues, one of which undisputedly involves charge error.
See TEX. R. APP. P. 43.3, 47.1; Benavidez, 2010 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 1339, at *9-10 (setting out that it
has long been held "that an appellant who established trial error is still entitled to appellate consideration of
his claim that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction" because "while trial error alone would not
bar the State from retrying the case, a finding of legal insufficiency on appeal would interpose a jeopardy
bar to retrial").
9