the Lynd Company v. RSUI Indemnity Company , 399 S.W.3d 197 ( 2012 )

OPINION
No. 04-11-00193-CV
THE LYND COMPANY,
Appellant
v.
RSUI INDEMNITY COMPANY,
Appellee
From the 407th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2010-CI-20466
Honorable Karen H. Pozza, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
Sitting: Catherine Stone, Chief Justice
Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
Steven C. Hilbig, Justice
Delivered and Filed: March 28, 2012
REVERSED AND RENDERED
This is an appeal from a take-nothing summary judgment rendered in favor of appellee.
The issues on appeal center on the interpretation of an excess coverage insurance policy issued
by appellee, RSUI Indemnity Company (“RSUI”), to appellant, The Lynd Company (“Lynd”).
We reverse the trial court’s judgment and render judgment in favor of Lynd.
04-11-00193-CV
BACKGROUND
Lynd manages apartment complexes across the country. During the period of March 31,
2005 through March 31, 2006, Westchester Fire Insurance Company (“Westchester”) provided
the primary property insurance coverage for the complexes under a single policy, with a total
policy limit of $20 million per occurrence. In addition to the coverage for the buildings, personal
contents, and loss of business income, the Westchester policy provided separate coverage for
code compliance and debris removal costs. RSUI provided excess property coverage for damage
over Westchester’s $20 million limit, up to $480 million per year per occurrence. There is no
dispute that both policies provided coverage for hurricane damage.
On September 23, 2005, Hurricane Rita damaged fifteen Lynd apartment complexes, all
covered by both policies, causing damage in excess of $24 million. Westchester and RSUI
retained Bill Franz, an independent insurance adjuster with GAB Robbins NA, Inc., to
investigate Lynd’s loss. Franz initially determined the fifteen complexes suffered the loss in the
amount of $24,716,620.51, which was agreed to by Lynd. After Westchester paid its $20 million
policy limit, Lynd sent RSUI a proof of loss in the amount of $4,544,310.96, which RSUI
refused to pay. Instead, RSUI had Franz recalculate the loss amount based on its interpretation
of a “Scheduled Limit of Liability” endorsement contained in the RSUI policy (but not contained
in the Westchester policy). The new loss amount for all buildings was $18,756,788.38, plus
$52,867.45 in personal property loss, plus $1,916,832 in loss of rents, less the deductible of
$25,000, and less Westchester’s payment of $20 million, for a total amount owed by RSUI of
$701,487.83. RSUI required Lynd to file a proof of loss in the amount of $701,487.83 “without
prejudice to the ultimate liability of the previously submitted proof of loss in the amount of
$4,544,310.96.” RSUI paid Lynd the $701,487.83. Nine days later, Lynd sent RSUI a demand
-2-
04-11-00193-CV
letter claiming $3,842,823.08 more was due from RSUI. The parties have since stipulated that
the unpaid portion of Lynd’s claim totals $4,190,400.65. Lynd sued RSUI for the unpaid
amount. At trial, the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment. The trial court granted
RSUI’s motion and denied Lynd’s. This appeal by Lynd ensued.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review an order granting a traditional motion for summary judgment de novo.
Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005). A traditional motion for
summary judgment should be granted only when the movant establishes there are no genuine
issues of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on the grounds
expressly set forth in the motion. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Browning v. Prostok, 165 S.W.3d 336,
344 (Tex. 2005).
Insurance policies are interpreted according to the same principles that govern contract
interpretation. See Utica Nat’l Ins. Co. v. Am. Indem. Co., 141 S.W.3d 198, 202 (Tex. 2004); see
also MCI Telecomm. Corp. v. Tex. Utils. Elec. Co., 995 S.W.2d 647, 650–51 (Tex. 1999)
(interpretation of an unambiguous contract is a question of law, which is reviewed de novo). Our
primary goal is to give effect to the written expression of the parties’ intent. Balandran v. Safeco
Ins. Co. of Am., 972 S.W.2d 738, 741 (Tex. 1998). We must read all parts of the contract
together, striving to give meaning to every sentence, clause, and word to avoid rendering any
portion inoperative. Id.
CALCULATION OF LOSS
The dispositive issue in this appeal concerns how RSUI may limit its liability when
multiple properties are damaged in a single occurrence. Resolution of this issue involves the
-3-
04-11-00193-CV
interpretation of RSUI’s policy, which contains a “Scheduled Limit of Liability” endorsement
that reads, in pertinent part, as follows:
SCHEDULED LIMIT OF LIABILITY
This endorsement modifies insurance provided under the following:
ALL COVERAGE PARTS
It is understood and agreed that the following special terms and conditions apply
to this policy:
1. In the event of loss hereunder, liability of the Company shall be limited to the
least of the following in any one “occurrence”:
a. The actual adjusted amount of the loss, less applicable
deductibles and primary and underlying excess limits;
b. 115% of the individually stated value for each scheduled item
of property insured at the location which had the loss as shown on
the latest Statement of Values on file with this Company, less
applicable deductibles and primary and underlying excess limits.
If no value is shown for a scheduled item then there is no coverage
for that item; or
c. The Limit of Liability as shown on the Declarations page of this
policy or as endorsed to this policy.
...
The term “occurrence”, where used in this policy, shall mean any one loss,
disaster, casualty or series of losses, disasters, or casualties arising from one
event.
When the term “occurrence” applies to a loss or series of losses from the perils of
tornado, cyclone, hurricane, windstorm, hail, flood, earthquake, volcanic eruption,
riot, riot attending a strike, civil commotion and vandalism and malicious
mischief, one event shall be construed to be all losses arising during a continuous
period of 72 hours. When filing a proof of loss the insured may elect the moment
at which the 72 hour period shall be deemed to have commenced, which shall not
be earlier than the first loss to occur at any covered location.
Lynd argues the above language requires RSUI to apply the same method of limiting its
liability (a, b, or c) to all of the insured properties when damage to the properties arises from the
-4-
04-11-00193-CV
same “occurrence.” Lynd contends RSUI may not “mix and match” the options. On appeal,
RSUI first argues there is no summary judgment evidence that it “mixed and matched” the
options. We disagree. It is undisputed that fifteen of Lynd’s properties sustained damage from
the same “occurrence.” The worksheet prepared by Franz pursuant to RSUI’s instructions
contains a list of the properties and various columns. The four columns relevant to this
discussion show the building replacement value, 1 the amount equal to 115% of the replacement
value, the building loss claimed by Lynd, and the claim amount associated with the loss that
RSUI agreed to pay. For twelve of the buildings, the loss amount claimed by Lynd was less than
both the replacement value and the 115% limitation amount. For these twelve buildings, RSUI
agreed to pay the loss amount claimed by Lynd, in other words, “the actual adjusted amount of
the loss”—option (a). Two of the properties, however, sustained losses that exceeded both their
replacement value and the 115% limitation amount. For these two buildings, RSUI agreed to
pay only the 115% limitation amount—option (b). We conclude this is sufficient evidence to
establish that RSUI did not select one limitation option and apply it uniformly to all properties
damaged as a result of the single hurricane “occurrence.”
RSUI next asserts its liability is limited under the endorsement for each separately
scheduled item of property. Thus, RSUI would decide which option to use for each separate
property, as opposed to selecting one option and applying it to the aggregate loss sustained by all
the properties arising from one “occurrence.” We believe both option (a) and option (b) require
that the losses be aggregated when multiple properties are all damaged as a result of one
“occurrence.” Option (a) requires the “actual adjusted amount of the loss” of all properties to be
aggregated before “applicable deductibles and primary and underlying excess limits” are
deducted. A determination of whether option (a) or option (b) yields the “least” amount of
1
The building replacement value is the value reported by Lynd for the purpose of the Statement of Values.
-5-
04-11-00193-CV
liability necessarily requires the aggregation of “115% of the individually stated value for each
scheduled item of property insured at the location which had the loss as shown on the latest
Statement of Values.” On appeal, RSUI asserts that aggregating the losses in order to determine
which limitation option yields the lowest valuation of damages mistakenly transforms its policy
into a “blanket” policy, when it is more properly characterized as a “scheduled” policy.
A scheduled policy is a policy in which “each separately treated item of property is in
effect covered by a separate contract of insurance and the amount recoverable with respect to a
loss affecting such property is determined independently of the other items of property.” 12
COUCH ON INS. § 175.90. A blanket policy is a policy that “attaches to, and covers to its full
amount, every item of property described in it.” Id. at § 177.72. The RSUI policy here includes
a limitation option in subparagraph (b) that limits RSUI’s liability to “115% of the individually
stated value for each scheduled item of property insured at the location which had the loss as
shown on the latest Statement of Values on file with this Company . . . .” Limitation option (b)
provides “scheduled” coverage. 2 However, this option is not the only possible limitation on
RSUI’s liability. As stated above, the “Scheduled Limit of Liability” includes two other possible
limitations on RSUI’s liability—subsection (a) and subsection (c)—and the stated value for each
scheduled property does not factor into either of these limitations. Which of the three limitation
options applies is determined by which option yields “the least” loss “in any one occurrence.”
2
See Gulfport-Brittany, LLC v. RSUI Indemnity Co., 339 Fed. App’x 413, 2009 WL 2337777, at *3 (5th Cir. 2009);
Reliance Nat’l Indem. Co. v. Lexington Ins. Co., No. 01 C 3369, 2002 WL 31409576, *8 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 23, 2002)
(finding that “[b]ecause the Lexington Policy separately scheduled different items of property [on its Statement of
Values on file with the Company], it is a scheduled policy with specific limits for particular items and not a blanket
coverage policy.”); see also Reliance Ins. Co. v. Orleans Parish School Bd., 322 F.2d 803, 806 (5th Cir. 1963) (a
blanket policy “insures property collectively without providing . . . for a distribution of the insurance to each item.”);
see also Couch on Insurance, 2d Ed., § 54:83 (“A distinction must be made between a policy which speaks in terms
of a lumpsum obligation or value of the property and one which separately schedules different items of property. In
the latter case, each separately treated item of property is in effect covered by a separate contract of insurance and
the amount recoverable with respect to a loss affecting such property is determined independently of the other items
of property.”).
-6-
04-11-00193-CV
For this reason, to decide the dispositive issue before us, we need not decide whether the RSUI
policy provides for scheduled coverage or blanket coverage because our task is to read all parts
of the contract together, striving to give meaning to every sentence, clause, and word to avoid
rendering any portion inoperative. Balandran, 972 S.W.2d at 741. We do this without regard to
how the policy or the coverage it provides is labeled. 3 Therefore, we turn to the issue of whether
RSUI may apply different limitations on its liability for losses that all arise from the same
occurrence to different properties (i.e., apply option (a) to some properties and option (b) to other
properties) or whether RSUI must select the same option (either (a) or (b)) and apply that option
to each scheduled property. The only court to directly address this issue is the Western District
of Texas in ARM Properties Management Group v. RSUI Indemnity Co., No. A-07-CA-718-SS,
2008 WL 5973220 (W.D. Tex. Aug. 25, 2008). 4 In ARM Properties, the court considered and
rejected the same argument made by RSUI in this appeal.
In ARM Properties, ARM (the insured) had purchased more than one layer of insurance
to cover several properties. RSUI provided the third excess layer of insurance. After nine
properties were damaged by Hurricane Katrina, and after the first and second layer insurers paid
3
We also note that each of the cases relied upon by RSUI considered whether the policy at issue was a scheduled
policy or a blanket policy. Even if we were to characterize the policy or its coverage, we disagree with such a broad
characterization. We believe it is the coverage, not the policy as a whole, that is either scheduled or blanket.
4
This 2008 opinion from the Western District was authored by Judge Sparks, and RSUI repeatedly states that this
opinion was overruled by the Fifth Circuit. In his 2008 opinion, Judge Sparks granted ARM’s motion for partial
summary judgment and remanded the cause for further proceedings. The parties later filed cross-motions for
summary judgment on different issues, including whether the RSUI policy incorporated the anti-concurrent
causation clause (the ACC Clause) and the water exclusion clause from the primary insurance policy. In a 2009
opinion, Judge Sparks concluded RSUI was liable for damages caused by a combination of winds and flooding,
which application of ACC Clause would allegedly preclude. On appeal to the Fifth Circuit, ARM raised a variety of
complaints, including the issue regarding the ACC Clause and the issue considered by Judge Sparks in his 2008
opinion. The Fifth Circuit considered only the issue regarding the ACC Clause because it was dispositive and,
because the Fifth Circuit disagreed with the district court, the Fifth Circuit reversed and remanded the cause for
further proceedings. ARM Prop. Mgmt. Group v. RSUI Indem. Co., 400 Fed. Appx. 938, *3 (Fifth Cir. 2010). Thus,
the Fifth Circuit never reached the issue decided by Judge Sparks in 2008 and which we are faced with in this
appeal.
-7-
04-11-00193-CV
their policy limits, ARM filed a claim with RSUI. RSUI denied the claim for several reasons.
ARM sued, alleging, among other arguments, that RSUI had significantly undervalued its
claimed losses by improperly applying the policy’s “limit of liability provisions.” Similar to the
policy at issue in the appeal before this panel, the policy in ARM Properties contained the
following “limit of liability provisions”:
In the event of loss hereunder, liability of the Company shall be limited to the
least of the following in any one “occurrence”:
a. The actual adjusted amount of the loss, less applicable deductibles and primary
and underlying excess limits;
b. 115% of the individually stated value for each scheduled item of property
insured at the location which had the loss as shown on the latest Statement of
Values on file with this Company, less applicable deductibles and primary and
underlying excess limits. If no value is shown for a scheduled item then there is
no coverage for that item; or
c. The Limit of Liability as shown on the Declarations page of this policy or as
endorsed to this policy.
Id. *2.
The policy defined “occurrence” as “any one loss, disaster, casualty, or series of losses,
disasters, or casualties arising from one event.” Specifically, in the case of a hurricane, “one
event shall be construed to be all losses arising during a continuous period of 72 hours.” Neither
party disputed that each of the nine properties insured under this policy was a “scheduled item of
property.” Id.
Similar to the argument it makes in this appeal, RSUI argued the above language allowed
it to apply the lowest valuation method to each of the nine insured properties. Also like here,
RSUI argued that aggregate valuation of the losses arising out of Hurricane Katrina
impermissibly converted a “scheduled” policy into a “blanket” policy. Similar to Lynd’s
argument here, ARM argued this language required RSUI to apply the same valuation method to
-8-
04-11-00193-CV
all of the insured properties damaged in one occurrence and select the method that yielded the
lowest valuation of damages in the aggregate. The court agreed with ARM, concluding that the
definition of “loss” under the policy “contemplates either a single loss or a related series of
losses arising out of one occurrence” and an “occurrence” was defined as an event causing a loss
or series of losses; a hurricane related occurrence covers all hurricane-related losses occurring
within a seventy-two hour period. Id. at *8. According to the court, “[a]ny reasonable
interpretation of the Limit of Loss clause must take into account these key, controlling
definitions, which explicitly aggregate all losses arising from a single event.” Id.
The district court decided it was not necessary to decide whether the policy at issue was a
scheduled or blanket policy because whether blanket or scheduled, “by its plain terms the extent
of RSUI’s liability is the lesser of (a) the actual adjusted amount of all losses arising out of one
occurrence; (b) 115% of the value of each scheduled item of property insured; or (c) the policy
limit.” Id. at *9. “The policy definitions of ‘loss’ and ‘occurrence’ both contemplate a series of
losses subject to the Limit of Liability clause. Therefore, the valuation method should be applied
uniformly to all the losses in a series.” Id.
In this appeal, RSUI contends the Fifth Circuit has since directly addressed and rejected
“the blanket approach applied in ARM Properties . . . instead, affirming a scheduled approach.”
We disagree with RSUI’s interpretation of the two cited cases upon which it relies. In Gulfport-
Brittany, LLC v. RSUI Indemnity Co., 339 Fed. App’x 413, 2009 WL 2337777 (5th Cir. 2009), a
single apartment complex was insured under a policy that contained clauses similar to those here:
In the event of loss hereunder, liability of the Company shall be limited to
the least of the following in any one “occurrence”:
a. The actual adjusted amount of the loss, less applicable deductibles and primary
and underlying excess limits;
-9-
04-11-00193-CV
b. 100% of the individually stated value for each scheduled item of property
insured at the location which had the loss as shown on the latest Statement of
Values on file with this Company, less applicable deductibles and primary and
underlying excess limits. If no value is shown for a scheduled item then there is
no coverage for that item; or
c. The Limit of Liability as shown on the Declarations page of this policy or as
endorsed to this policy.
Id. at *2.
Gulfport-Brittany argued the policy was ambiguous because it was unclear whether the
per occurrence limit for damage to the apartments was $140 million (the policy limit) or
$2,458,014 (as stated in the latest Statement of Values). The Fifth Circuit concluded the policy
was not ambiguous and the policy provided “overall occurrence limits of $140,000,000.00, and
limit[ed] coverage for each individual property to the sub-limits listed on the Statement of
Values on file with the company.” Id. at 5. The Fifth Circuit therefore concluded RSUI’s
liability with respect to the apartment complex was limited to the $2,458,014.00 individually
stated amount identified on the last Statement of Values. Id.
However, Gulfport-Brittany may be distinguished from the case before this court in two
important aspects. First, only one apartment complex was at issue in Gulfport-Brittany;
therefore, the issue of whether the RSUI could “mix and match” limitation options was not
considered by the Fifth Circuit. Second, although the policy in that case contained three possible
limitations on RSUI’s liability, only one limitation was discussed—the “100% of the
individually stated value for each scheduled item of property” limitation. The opinion does not
indicate the amount of loss suffered by the apartment, how the amount of that loss related to the
possible limitations on RSUI’s liability, or which of the three possible limitations yielded “the
least” liability for RSUI. Accordingly, although the Gulfport-Brittany court faced a similar
- 10 -
04-11-00193-CV
issue, it did not face the precise issue as here. Therefore, we do not believe the Gulfport-Brittany
court “rejected” the district court’s holding in ARM Properties.
The other case cited by RSUI is RSUI Indemnity Co. v. Benderson Development Co., No.
2:09-cv-88-FtM-29DNF339, 2011 WL 32318, at *1 (M.D. Fla. Jan. 5, 2011). That case involved
damage to four different properties all insured under an excess coverage policy that contained
liability-limitation options similar to those in Gulfport-Brittany. Id. at *4. The parties disputed
whether the policy was a scheduled policy or a blanket policy. Without any discussion of the
three possible limitations on the insurer’s liability, the court concluded the policy was a
scheduled policy, rather than a blanket policy. Id. Again, however, the Benderson Development
court did not address the same issue as in the case before this court.
The precise issue with which we are faced is one of first impression for a Texas state
court, and we believe Judge Sparks’s opinion in ARM Properties provides persuasive guidance.
Applying well-established rules of contract interpretation, we begin with the general “Insuring
Clause” of the RSUI policy and then look to any limitations or modifications of that clause. The
“Insuring Clause” provides as follows:
Subject to the limitations, terms and conditions contained in this Policy or added
hereto, [RSUI] agrees to indemnify [Lynd] in respect of direct physical loss or
damage to the property described in the schedule while located or contained as
described in the schedule, occurring during the period stated in the schedule and
caused by any of such perils as are set forth in item 3 of the schedule, and which
are also covered by and defined in the policy(ies) specified in the schedule and
issued by the “Primary Insurer(s)” [here, Westchester] stated therein. [Emphasis
added.]
The first italicized language requires us to look to any other limitations or terms of the
RSUI policy that modify the general language of the policy. One such modification is contained
in the Scheduled Limit of Liability endorsement. The second italicized language obligates RSUI
to indemnify Lynd only for those losses caused by perils set forth in the RSUI policy and
- 11 -
04-11-00193-CV
specified in the Westchester policy (hereinafter, the “covered loss provisions”). This language is
consistent with another clause contained in the RSUI policy, the “following form” clause, which
states that the RSUI policy is “subject to the same warranties, terms and conditions . . . as are
contained in or as may be added to” the Westchester policy.
The applicable covered loss provisions in the Westchester policy taken together with the
applicable provisions in the RSUI policy determine the amount of loss Lynd may claim. RSUI’s
liability for the balance of any claim, after its liability is triggered, is limited by the Scheduled
Limit of Liability endorsement. Thus, the RSUI policy requires an adjuster to engage in a two-
step process: first, determine the amount of loss for each scheduled property by looking to the
covered loss provisions of both the Westchester policy and the RSUI policy; and second, apply
the limitations on liability contained in the RSUI policy to determine the amount RSUI is liable
for. It is the second step that is implicated in this appeal. Therefore, we turn again to the
language of the Scheduled Limit of Liability endorsement in the RSUI policy.
The parties agree that the third of the three limitation options (the policy limit) does not
apply here; therefore, in this case, RSUI was entitled to limit its liability “to the least of the
following in any one ‘occurrence’”: (a) “the actual adjusted amount of the loss, less applicable
deductibles and primary and underlying excess limits”; “or” (b) “115% of the individually stated
value for each scheduled item of property insured at the location which had the loss as shown on
the latest Statement of Values on file with this Company, less applicable deductibles and primary
and underlying excess limits.” Subsection (a)—the actual adjusted loss limitation—is not linked
to the stated value of the covered property. 5 Only subsection (b)—the 115% limitation—is
specifically linked to the individually stated value for each scheduled property as shown on the
5
We also note that subsection (c)—the policy limit—is not linked to the stated value of the covered property.
- 12 -
04-11-00193-CV
Statement of Values. And only subsection (b) calculates RSUI’s limitation on its liability as a
percentage (115%) of value. We also note that the Statement of Values serves to identify the
locations for which coverage is provided 6 and provides for the calculation of the premium. 7
Therefore, the mere presence of a Statement of Values does not transform an entire policy into a
scheduled coverage policy. Instead, in addition to identification of coverage location and
premium calculation, the Schedule of Values provides the method by which RSUI may—if it
elects option (b)—calculate the limitation on its liability as a percentage of the value of the
property, as opposed to the “actual adjusted loss” incurred by the property. Finally, the use of
the disjunctive “or” indicates the parties’ intent to provide RSUI with a choice of one of the
available limitation options when determining its liability for losses arising from one
“occurrence.” See Neighborhood Comm. on Lead Pollution. v. Bd. of Adjustment of the City of
Dallas, 728 S.W.2d 64, 68 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1987, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (noting that “[o]ne of the
recognized usages of ‘and’ is to refer to ‘either or both’ of two alternatives, when ‘or’ might be
interpreted as referring to only one or the other”). An “occurrence” is defined as “any one loss,
disaster, casualty or series of losses, disasters, or casualties arising from one event.” “When the
term ‘occurrence’ applies to a loss or series of losses from the perils of . . . [a] hurricane . . ., one
event shall be construed to be all losses arising during a continuous period of 72 hours.” It is
undisputed that the losses Lynd’s properties sustained all arose from one “occurrence.”
Reading all the provisions together and giving meaning to every word used, we conclude
the policy requires RSUI to apply the same limitation option uniformly to all losses arising from
the same “occurrence.” See ARM Prop., 2008 WL 5973220, *9. Therefore, RSUI may limit its
6
“Coverage under this policy is provided only at the locations listed on the latest Statement of Values on file with
this Company or as endorsed on to this policy.”
7
“The premium for this policy is based upon the Statement of Values . . . .”
- 13 -
04-11-00193-CV
liability for damages to all properties arising from this one hurricane occurrence by applying
either option (a) or option (b), but it may not apply both when the damage arises from the same
“occurrence.” Accordingly, the trial court erred in rendering summary judgment in favor of
RSUI.
CONCLUSION
We sustain Lynd’s first issue and reverse the trial court’s summary judgment in favor of
RSUI. 8 The parties have stipulated to the “least” amount in the event this court agrees with Lynd
that RSUI must apply the same limitation option uniformly to all losses arising from the same
“occurrence”; therefore, remand is not necessary. Accordingly, we render judgment in favor of
Lynd in the amount stipulated to by the parties as follows:
Amount owed under the policy $4,190,400.65
Texas Insurance Code Chapter 542 Interest $2,486,837.49
Pre-Judgment Interest $ 651,307.13
Attorney’s Fees through trial $ 139,745.00
Attorney’s Fees for an appeal to the Court of Appeals $ 50,000.00
TOTAL $7,518,290.27
Attorney’s Fees if appealed to the Texas Supreme Court $ 25,000.00
Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
8
Because our resolution of Lynd’s first issue is dispositive, we need not address Lynd’s remaining issues. TEX. R.
APP. P. 47.1.
- 14 -