Mary Louise Serafine v. Alexander Blunt Ashley Blunt Scott Lockhart Austin Drainage and Foundation, LLC D/B/A Austin Drainage and Landscape Development Viking Fence Company, Ltd. And Viking GP, LLC ( 2016 )

ACCEPTED
03-16-00131-CV
12911642
THIRD COURT OF APPEALS
AUSTIN, TEXAS
9/26/2016 7:31:34 PM
JEFFREY D. KYLE
CLERK
No. 03-16-00131
__________________________________________________________________
FILED IN
3rd COURT OF APPEALS
AUSTIN, TEXAS
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE 9/26/2016 7:31:34 PM
JEFFREY D. KYLE
THIRD DISTRICT OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN Clerk
__________________________________________________________________
Mary Louise Serafine,
Appellant
v.
Alexander Blunt; Ashley Blunt; Scott Lockhart; Austin Drainage and Foundation,
LLC d/b/a Austin Drainage and Landscape Development; Viking Fence Company,
Ltd.; and Viking GP, LLC,
Appellees
__________________________________________________________________
From the 250th Judicial District Court of Travis County, Texas,
Hon. Karin Crump, presiding,
Cause No. D-1-GN-12-001270
__________________________________________________________________
APPELLANT’S BRIEF
__________________________________________________________________
Mary Louise Serafine
State Bar No. 24048301
P.O. Box 4342, Austin, Texas 78765
Tel:(512) 220-5452
Email: mlserafine@gmail.com
Attorney for Appellant
ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED
No. 03-16-00131
__________________________________________________________________
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE
THIRD DISTRICT OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
________________________________________________________________
Mary Louise Serafine, Appellant
v.
Alexander Blunt; Ashley Blunt; Scott Lockhart; Austin Drainage and Foundation,
LLC d/b/a Austin Drainage and Landscape Development; Viking Fence Company,
Ltd.; and Viking GP, LLC, Appellees
IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL
Plaintiff/Appellant:
Mary Louise Serafine
Trial and appellate counsel:
Ray Bass (through Feb. 29, 2016)(deceased)
State Bar No. 01884000
120 West 8th Street, Georgetown, TX 78626
Tel: 512-863-8788
ray@raybass.com
Mary Louise Serafine (current)
State Bar No. 24048301
Attorney & Counselor at Law
PO Box 4342, Austin, TX 78765
Tel: 512-220-5452
mlserafine@gmail.com
Trial counsel:
Robert G. Hargrove (through Sept., 2012)
State Bar No. 24032391
Hays & Owens, LLP
ii
807 Brazos, Ste. 500, Austin, TX 78701
Tel: 512-472-3993
(now at Osborn, Griffith & Hargrove)
515 Congress Avenue, Suite 2450, Austin, TX 78701
Tel: 512-476-3529
rob@texasenergylaw.com
Defendants/Appellees:
Viking Fence Company, Ltd. and Viking GP, LLC
Trial and appellate counsel:
Thompson, Coe, Cousins & Irons, L.L.P.
701 Brazos, Suite 1500, Austin, TX 78701
Tel: 512-708-8200
Jeff D. Otto (trial and appellate counsel)
State Bar No. 15345500
jotto@thompsoncoe.com
Melissa Ackie (trial and appellate counsel)
State Bar No. 24088686
mackie@thompsoncoe.com
Wade C. Crosnoe (appellate counsel)
State Bar No. 00783903
wcrosnoe@thompsoncoe.com
Sara B. Churchin (appellate counsel)
State Bar No. 24073913
schurchin@thompsoncoe.com
Defendants/Appellees:
Scott Lockhart and Austin Drainage and Foundation LLC d/b/a Austin
Drainage and Landscape Development
Trial and appellate counsel:
The Raydon Firm LLC
iii
Ronald M. Raydon
State Bar No. 00798456
Two Riverway, Suite 845, Houston, TX 77056
Tel: 281-222-7293
ron@raydonlaw.com
Defendants/Appellees:
Alexander Blunt and Ashley Blunt
Trial and appellate counsel:
Hajjar Peters LLP
Doran D. Peters
State Bar No. 24027615
3144 Bee Caves Road, Austin, Texas 78746
Tel: 512-637-4956
service @legalstrategy.com
Appellate counsel:
Martens, Todd, Leonard, Taylor & Ahlrich (current)
Amanda Taylor
State Bar No. 24045921
301 Congress Ave., Suite 1950, Austin, Texas 78701
Tel: 512-542-9898
ataylor@textaxlaw.com
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Identity of Parties and Counsel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
Abbreviations and Record References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Index of Authorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Statement of the Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
Statement on Oral Argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi
Issues Presented for Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Statement of Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Summary of the Argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
I. The great weight and preponderance of evidence
—or conclusive evidence—established Serafine’s
title by limitations no later than November 23, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
A. The elements of adverse possession were met . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
B. No relevant evidence contradicted these facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
C. Grant’s Occupied Line Survey is accurate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
D. Serafine met the 5, 10, and 25-year statutes for
limitations title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
II. The court erred in expunging the notice of lis pendens
---misconstruing Prop. Code §12.0071, defeating appellate jurisdiction
over the res, and ignoring statutory procedural requirements . . . . . . 29
A. “Probable validity” means “legally cognizable” . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
v
B. The expungement of a valid but rejected claim defeats
appellate jurisdiction over the res . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
C. The trial court ignored statutory procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
III. Declaring the Carson survey as the boundary was error . . . . . . . . . . . 33
A. The Carson survey is untenable under any theory . . . . . . . . . . . 34
B. The trial court erred in finding Serafine’s
surveyor Grant’s methods “unreliable” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
C. The court erred by not holding a hearing on the boundary . . . . 39
IV. The court erred in granting the MSJs of Viking Ltd.
and Viking GP on (a) negligent training and supervision
and (b) nuisance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
A. The court erred in granting summary judgment
favorable to Viking on negligent hiring,
training, and supervision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
B. The court erred in granting summary judgment
favorable to Viking on Serafine’s nuisance claims . . . . . . . . . . 50
V. The trial court engaged in prevailing-party
fee-shifting unauthorized by any statute, by fashioning
an unwarranted $10,000 sanction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
A. The conduct in question was unsanctionable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
B. The purpose of the sanction was improper—
to replace Viking's failed fee-shifting under
the offer-of-settlement rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
C. Viking's sanctions motion was based on a
vi
substantive error of law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
D. The court acted arbitrarily by surmising
sanctionable conduct, without finding it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
VI. The trial court erred in awarding Serafine $0
in fees and sanctions under the Citizen’s Participation Act,
or alternative law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
A. The court was required to award Serafine’s fees
under Sullivan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
B. The trial court was required to award sanctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
C. In addition, the Court should render judgment in the
amount of $53,525 in attorney’s fees to Serafine . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
VIIa. Errors in the trial court require a new trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
A. Plaintiff was denied rebuttal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
B. In a “death penalty” sanction the trial court excluded
plaintiff’s trial exhibits on controlling issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
C. Admitting a purported mediation and settlement
offer was harmful error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
D. The court erred in refusing a lateral support instruction . . . . . 85
VIIb. The trial court prevented appeal within
the meaning of TRAP 44.1(a)(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Prayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Appellant’s Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
vii
Trial Court Orders
Final Judgment, including charge, verdict,
order on boundary, monetary sanctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 1
Order setting boundary, expungement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 2
Findings of fact & conclusions of law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 3
Order granting Viking MSJs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 4
Order consolidating cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 5
Directed verdict on Lockhart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 6
Order excluding plaintiff’s expert Hilts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 7
Evidentiary sanction excluding plaintiff’s exhibits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 8
Judge’s bill of Exception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 9
Pleadings
Petition in 12-1270 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 10
Petition in 13-4023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 11
First supplement to petitions, both cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 12
Second supplement to petitions, both cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 13
Blunts’ counterclaims for interference and fraudulent lien . . . . . . . . . . Tab 14
Blunts’ counterclaim for trespass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 15
Motion
Plaintiff’s supplement to motion for Chapter 27 relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 16
Statutes and Rules
Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code sec. 27.009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 17
Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code sec. 16.034 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 18
Prop Code sec. 12.0071 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 19
Tex. R. Civ. P. 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 20
Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 21
Tex. R. Civ. P. 265 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 22
Tex. R. civ. P. 266 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 23
Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code secs. 16.021 to 16.030 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 24
viii
ABBREVIATIONS AND RECORD REFERENCES
Parties
“Serafine” means plaintiff/appellant Mary Lou Serafine.
“Viking Ltd.” means defendant/appellee Viking Fence Company, Ltd. d/b/a
Viking Fence Co.
“Viking GP” means defendant/appellee Viking GP, LLC, the general partner
of Viking Ltd.
“Viking” means Viking Ltd. and Viking GP collectively.
“Lockhart” refers to defendants/appellees Scott Lockhart and Austin Drainage
and Foundation, LLC d/b/a Austin Drainage and Landscape Development.
“Mr. and Mrs. Blunt” or “Blunts” refers to defendants/appellees Alexander
Blunt and Ashley Blunt.
Rules & Statutes
“Rule” or “TRAP” means Texas Rule(s) of Appellate Procedure.
“TRCP” means Texas Rule(s) of Civil Procedure.
“CPRC” means Civil Practice & Remedies Code.
“TCPA” or “Chapter 27" refers to the Texas Citizen’s Participation Act at
Chapter 27 of the Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code.
Form of Record Citations
REPORTER’S RECORDS
[vol. or supp. no.].RR:[pg. no.]
The trial court ordered revision of Volumes 1, 7, and 16.
Only if citation is necessary to Revised Reporter’s Records, then:
ix
[vol. or supp. no.].RevisedRR:[pg. no.]
CLERK’S RECORDS
CR:[pg. no.] refers to record filed 5-9-16 (1096 pp.)
CRSuppI:[pg. no.] refers to that filed 5-27-16 (250 pp.)
CRSuppII:[pg. no.] refers to that filed 6-21-16 (41 pp.)
CRSuppIII:[pg. no.]* refers to that filed 7-8-16 (166 pp.)
CRSuppIV:[pg. no.] * refers to that filed 7-8-16 (31 pp.)
CRSuppEx:[pg. no.]** refers to that filed 7-21-16 (one exhibit)
CRSuppV:[pg. no.] * refers to that filed 9-1-16 (780 pp.)
CRSuppVI:[pg. no.] ** refers to that filed 9-14-16 (77 pp.)
CRSuppVII:[pg. no.]** refers to that filed 9-14-16 (104 pp.)
* No supplement number shown on title page.
** No title page is shown on this exhibit supplement.
x
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
Cases
Beard Family Partnership v. Commercial Indem. Ins. Co.,
116 S.W.3d 839 (Tex. App.—Austin 2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Brohlin v. McMinn, 341 S.W.2d 420 (Tex. 1960) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Brookshire Bros., Ltd. v. Aldridge, 438 S.W.3d 9 (Tex. 2014) . . . . . . . . . . 81
City of Houston v. Bates, 406 S.W.3d 539 (2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Crosstex North Texas Pipeline, L.P. v. Gardiner, No. 15-0049
(Tex. June 24, 2016) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51, 52
Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237 (Tex. 2001) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Ford Motor Company v. Castillo, 279 S.W.3d 656 (Tex. 2009) . . . . . . . . . . 87
In re Estate of Francisco Julio Lerma Sanchez, No. 04-11-00332-CV
(Tex. App.—San Antonio April 18, 2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
In re Patton, 47 S.W.3d 825, 828 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001) . . . . . 81
Jacque v. Steenberg Homes, Inc., 563 N.W.2d 154 (Wis. 1997) . . . . . . . . . 51
King v. Associates Commercial Corp., 744 S.W.2d 209
(Tex.App.—Texarkana 1987) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
LaBella v. Charlie Thomas, Inc., 942 S.W.2d 127
(Tex. App.—Amarillo 1997) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Latimer v. Memorial Hermann Hospital Sys., No. 14-09-00925-CV
(Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Jan. 20, 2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Lippincott v. Whisenhunt, 462 S.W.3d 507 (Tex. 2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
xi
Mentis v. Barnard, 870 S.W.2d 14 (Tex.1994) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Metzger v. Sebek, 892 S.W.2d 20 (Tex. App.—Houston 1994) . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Nath v. Tex. Children's Hosp., 446 S.W.3d 355 (Tex. 2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Nabours v. Whiteley, 466 S.W.2d 62 (Tex.Civ.App. —Austin 1971) . . . . . 26
Neyland v. Thompson, No. 03-13-00643-CV
(Tex. App.—Austin Apr. 7, 2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Rosell v. Central West Motor Stages, Inc., 89 S.W.3d 643
(Tex.App.—Dallas 2002, pet. denied) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Salma v. Capon, 161 Cal. App. 4th 1275 (2008) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Serafine v. Blunt, 466 S.W.3d 352 (Tex. App.—Austin 2015, no pet.) . . . . 61
Simon v. Nance, 100 S.W. 1038
(Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1907, no writ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Sullivan v. Abraham, 488 S.W.3d 294 (Tex. 2016) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Tarrant Cnty. v. Chancey, 942 S.W.2d 151
(Tex.App.—Fort Worth 1997, no writ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Texas Water Rights Commission v. Crow Iron Works,
582 S.W.2d 768 (Tex. 1979) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
TransAmerican Nat’l Gas Corp. v. Powell, 811 S.W.2d 913
(Tex. 1991) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Wein v. Sherman, No. 03-10-00499-CV
(Tex.App.—Austin Aug. 23, 2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Yates Sel. Cas. v. Fisher, 988 S.W.2d 730, 731 (Tex. 1998) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
xii
Rules and Statutes
Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Chapter 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . passim
Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Prop. Code §12.0071 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 30, 32
Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a)(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Tex. R. Civ. P. 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Other Authority
Black’s Law Dictionary, Garner, B., ed., 10th Edition, 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
xiii
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Nature of the case: Serafine’s claims were for trespass-to-try
title, interference with property rights, and
damage to property. (CR:15-29, 32-50). The
Blunts counterclaimed for trespass, tortious
interference with contract, and fraudulent
lien. (CR:419-21, 6-8).
Trial court In Cause No. D-1-GN-12-001270:
proceedings: Serafine filed suit against the Blunts and
Lockhart; the Blunts counterclaimed against
Serafine.
Court of Appeals interlocutory disposition
of Blunts’ counterclaims in part:
After a stay entered in Dec., 2012 (CR:30-
31) the Court issued its mandate on Sept.
10, 2015. (CR:415-418). The Court’s
opinion is at Serafine v. Blunt, 466 S.W.3d
352 (Tex. App.—Austin 2015, no pet.),
In Cause No. D-1-GN-13-004023:
Serafine filed suit against Viking Fence.
Trial court assigned for all purposes: The
Trial Honorable Karin Crump, 250th Judicial
court disposition: District Court, Travis County. CR:55.
The 250th Judicial District Court retained
and consolidated all matters above. (CR:371-
376). Trial was held Oct. 13-16, 2015. RR,
Vol.9-12. Two final orders were signed on
Nov. 13, 2015. CR:740-43. Final judgment
was signed Dec. 3, 2015. (CR SuppIII:94-
129).
xiv
On June 13, 2016 matters concerning the
record were abated to the trial court. On
Court of Appeals July 26, 2016 the Court reinstated the
proceedings: appeal. On July 28, 2015 the trial court
signed orders in the matters abated. The
clerk’s record of matters abated was filed on
Aug. 31, 2016. CRSuppV:448-50.
xv
STATEMENT ON ORAL ARGUMENT
Should the Court wish oral argument concerning issues not
authoritatively interpreted, appellant respectfully suggests these include:
• how the sanctions provision in the Citizen’s Participation Act should be
interpreted, including when false testimony undergirds a mixed-claim
Chapter 27 violation;
• how to apply the principle of interference with property rights under the
Supreme Court’s nuisance jurisprudence in Crosstex North Texas
Pipeline, L.P. v. Gardiner, No. 15-0049 (Tex. June 24, 2016);
• when a case is headed for appeal, how the “probable validity” phrase in
Prop. Code § 12.0071 should be interpreted on a motion to expunge a lis
pendens notice.
Tex. R. App. P. 39.1(b).
xvi
ISSUES PRESENTED FOR REVIEW
Two cases with related but different facts, different defendants and
causes of action, and different experts were consolidated just before trial. The
issues are argued in the order in which the preceding ones provide context for
later ones—not, as often is the case, in order of diminishing importance.
1a. Whether the jury's rejection of appellant's title by limitations was against
the great weight and preponderance of the evidence, or alternatively,
1b. Whether appellant's title by limitations was conclusively established, and
no evidence supported a contrary result.
2. Whether the court below erred in expunging the notice of lis pendens as
a matter of law under Prop. Code § 12.0071.
3. Whether the court's fixing of the boundary at the “Carson line” was
against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence or,
alternatively, the evidence conclusively established that the “Carson
line” was error.
4. Whether the court erred as a matter of law in granting Viking’s motions
for summary judgment on (a) negligent training and supervision and (b)
nuisance.
5. Whether the trial court abused discretion by replacing Viking’s failed
fee-shifting plea with a $10,000 sanction against Serafine in Viking’s
favor.
6. Whether the court erred in awarding Serafine $0 in relief on the Blunts’
dismissed counterclaims under the Citizen’s Participation Act.
7a. Whether the trial court’s erroneous rulings require a new trial.
xvii
7b. Whether the trial court prevented appeal within the meaning of TRAP
44.1(a)(2).
xviii
STATEMENT OF FACTS
Serafine bought Lots 5 and 6 in Hyde Park, Austin in 1977.
9.RR:112,113, 116. Serafine brought two law suits arising out of separate
construction projects contracted by her then-neighbors, the Blunts, in late 2011
and early 2012, on and abutting what Serafine claimed was her land.
1. Claims against Viking (Cause No. D-1-GN-13-004023). Serafine
claimed that Viking Fence knew or had to know the Blunts had hired Viking
to tear out Serafine’s fences and gate post without her consent, disrupting her
boundary by installing a fence on her property. CR:32-50. After
depositions, Serafine claimed Viking had a "business policy to treat the
property rights of adjoining landowners...with...contemptuous disregard,"
Id.,¶112, and a "routine practice, of sending out unsupervised...persons” doing
“quick work...." Id.,¶31. Viking did not know who all of its crew were.
11.RR.16-17.
Serafine’s surveyor reconstructed the original boundary created by the
fence. CR:50. It showed Serafine had lost 120 square feet on a small lot. Ibid.
At trial Serafine testified without dispute to photographs of a Pecan tree
showing that before Viking's work, "that's my chain link fence and that's the
tree on my property." 9.RR:159. After Viking's work, "the tree is now on the
1
Blunts' property." 9.RR:156.
Viking’s Jimmy Clanin was asked, "before you start putting in a fence
that is between two properties, do you have any contact with the adjoining
property owner?" he answered, "No, sir, not generally." 11.RR:20. He
testified, "I can't specifically remember looking at the survey before I started
the job." 11.RR:19.
Serafine claimed Viking was liable because Viking should know "that
demolition, removal, and/or replacement of an existing fence that separates two
properties would cause litigation to ensue" including the trespass-to-try-title
action she was forced to bring against the Blunts to restore the 34-year-old
boundary. CRSuppVI:3-10. She testified she "didn't want my chain link fence
that matched the gate to be torn out." 9.RR.142-43. The jury saw a photo of
the historic "Snelling House" plaque on Serafine's house. 9.RR.129-130;
17.RR.5. Earlier she had been engaged in a historic restoration. 9.RR:139.
2. Construction-Related Claims against Lockhart and the Blunts (Cause
No. D-1-GN-12-001270). Entirely separately, the Blunts hired contractor
Lockhart a few months later in about March or April, 2012. Serafine testified
she saw "that an apparent drainage system was being installed...close to my
2
property." 10.RR:189 (Serafine). Then “orange lines were painted along my
driveway which appeared to be where the next part of the trench was going to
be, on my driveway." The double lines extended for some 43 feet, parallel to
the north wall of her house, about 10 feet from it. Ibid. Alexander Blunt
testified to a photo of the orange lines, and that his surveyor’s stake was
planted to mark the lines’ location. 11.RR:121, 123-24. Various photos
showed the stake planted right through the entry way into Serafine’s yard, the
space closed off by the still-standing gate. 18.RR:213, 233 (Blunt Exx. 56,
79). Seeing the lines, Serafine hired licensed engineer David Price.
10RR:189. He inspected on site. Ibid. Based on Price’s engineering opinion,
Serafine obtained a TRO, a temporary injunction was denied, and construction
went forward. The City stopped construction and ordered protective measures
for Serafine’s tree. 3.RR.24 (Blunt). Serafine sued for damages.
CR:15-29(Petition ¶17).
Serafine alleged the trenching and underground drainage system
interfered with the lateral support of her land . She claimed it permanently
“removed soil, created underground voids, and [removed] ground and surface
moisture” in a manner harmful to her land and the foundation of her house.
CR:18-19:¶19. Following expert reports, Serafine pled that “in all reasonable
3
engineering probability, changes in the land and soil...will interfere with lateral
support, [and] will diminish the weight-bearing capacity of the soil, []
and...will damage Plaintiff's land, house, trees, and a small building...she
intended to turn into an office.” CR19:¶20. There were “no plans, no specs,
no drawings, no analysis of the clay soil in the area, and no competent
engineering input or supervision.” CR19:¶24. Serafine alleged Lockhart was
engaged in unauthorized practice of engineering. CR:22. Ultimately, at trial,
there were no plans or specs for the construction.
At trial Serafine’s engineer Price testified that the soil was “very plastic,
goes through high shrink/swell variations.” 10.RR:220. “When it's dry, it
shrinks, when it's wet, it swells up.” 10.RR:206. As a result, “you're going to
get a tilted site.” 10.RR:208.
Price anticipated that a slow “lateral shifting” of Serafine’s land was
taking place because “when you dig a ditch --you've upset the soil dynamic...if
you dug a hole in sand, obviously it breaks up, because when you dig a hole it
caves in.” 10.RR:228.
Cracks formed throughout Serafine’s house, she testified, and actual
“breaks in the drywall...and large and long cracks in every room;” the
craftsman-period front porch posts became “misaligned”; and other damage.
4
9.RR:448.
Serafine’s photographs were excluded as a sanction. See infra.
Serafine pled damages for diminution in value and stigma.
CR19:¶23,26.
Her valuation expert Rudy Robinson testified to damages between
$164,522 and $196,800. 10.RR.291.
3. Claims against only Blunts in trespass-to-try title (Cause No. 12-1270
above).
Serafine claimed limitations title against the Blunts by adverse
possession or alternatively agreed boundary or prescriptive easement. CR:15-
29 (Live petition, Nov., 2012). Serafine claimed ownership from the north
curb cut entering her driveway, then along a set of 200-pound railroad ties she
had installed by 1978 to mark her driveway, then along the original fence line.
Ibid.
Serafine also sued the Blunts for fraud by non-disclosure, but did not
pursue it at trial. Serafine testified that neither of the Blunts (nor Viking) told
her they planned to tear out the original fence. Serafine testified that Ashley
Blunt affirmatively told Serafine they would not tear it out. 9.RR:142. Ashley
5
Blunt's testimony did not dispute this.
Serafine was represented by counsel for virtually all of the 12-1270 case
including the Blunts’ counterclaims, successively by Rob Hargrove and then
Ray Bass. Mr. Bass was lead counsel. Serafine, a lawyer, also worked on the
case.
Serafine obtained separate legal opinions and a second engineering
consultation in addition to Price. Fee bills are shown at 17.RR:176,178;
18.RR:10, 13, 16; these exhibits were excluded.
4. Blunts' counterclaims against Serafine (Cause No. 12-1270 above).
The Blunts filed a counterclaim against Serafine for trespass, a month before
trial. CR:419-421. The Blunts had also filed two counterclaims against
Serafine in 2012. CR:6-8. As to the latter claims, Serafine had taken
interlocutory appeal in this Court for the denial of dismissal under the Citizen’s
Participation Act. The Court stayed the 12-1270 case in December, 2012.
CR:20-21.
Procedural History
By May of 2015, the trespass-to-try title action, the lateral support/
construction case, and the Blunts’ counterclaims against Serafine in the 12-
6
1270 case were still stayed pending interlocutory appeal. In the 13-4023 case,
Viking and Serafine had agreed to a trial setting of October 12, 2015.
On June 26, 2015, this Court remanded in part for Chapter 27 relief to
Serafine but allowed the mixed claim for alleged interference by threats and
harassment to go forward. Serafine v. Blunt, 466 S.W.3d 352
(Tex.App.—Austin 2015, no pet.). Serafine later claimed this was fabricated
and that Alexander Blunt had knowingly testified falsely to generate the claim.
CR:719-739.
On Aug. 24, 2015 the parties and trial court signed an agreed order
consolidating 13-4023 into 12-1270, but keeping the trial date of October 12,
2015. The Blunts the brought a new counterclaim against Serafine for trespass
on Sept. 11, 2015. CR:419-421. Serafine sought continuance and was denied.
CR:506-510; 551-54.
Four days before trial, on Viking’s motion, the trial court entered an
evidentiary sanction against Serafine and excluded most of Serafine’s exhibits.
CR:558-559.
At trial, Serafine was denied rebuttal. 12.RR:32.
Serafine took nothing at trial. Final judgment signed on Decemberr 3,
2015 sanctioned Serafine for $10,000 and awarded $0 in Chapter 27 relief.
7
CRSuppIII:94-129.
SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT
The underlying story here is about private property rights. The Blunts
bought the lot neighboring Serafine’s some 32 years after she had held her lot
as it was. The Blunts knew—from more than a decade as tenants and from her
contentious correspondence when Mrs. Blunts’ parents owned the adjoining
land—that Serafine adamantly wanted her land and fixtures as they were. They
criticized her, but still bought the house next door that had been “built out” in
the old days to less than 2 feet from the property line. Serafine’s house was 12
feet from it, a driveway, perhaps future carport. What the Blunts could not
take from Serafine legally, they took by deception, with a promise the fence
would stay where it was, and facilitated by Viking. That is the bottom line of
this lawsuit.
ARGUMENT
I. The great weight and preponderance of evidence—or conclusive
evidence—established Serafine’s title by limitations no later than
November 23, 1988.
A. The elements of adverse possession were met.
Serafine bought Lots 5 and 6 in Hyde Park on August 11, 1977.
8
Serafine’s deed was produced at trial. 9.RR:112, 113, 116. It is stamped
multiple times showing it was recorded the next day. 18.RR.278-82 (Deed),
At time of trial Serafine had owned, used, and enjoyed the land continuously
for over 38 years. She paid taxes on it each year. 9.RR:116; 10.RR:33. Lots
5 and 6 are known as 4011 Avenue D.
Serafine marked the north boundary, which was observed by others for 37
years.
Upon purchase in 1977, Serafine and her then- boyfriend moved into the
house on Lots 5 and 6. Thereafter they laid down railroad ties "[t]o mark the
line of the boundary, to mark -- to mark the line that I was claiming and to
divide my driveway from the front yard of 4013 or what was then Ms. Davis'
yard.” 9.RR:119-120.
(By Mr. Bass, Serafine’s counsel:)
Q. Now, I know -- can you give us an exact date that you put
those railroad ties down?
A. I know that it was before Thanksgiving of '78.
Q. Okay. Have you -- at my request, have you calculated the date
that Thanksgiving occurred in 1978?
A. Yes. November 23rd of 1978 was Thanksgiving, and I know
that they were put down well before Thanksgiving, because I
specifically remember what we
were doing on Thanksgiving and they were there.
Q. But whether or not it was well before -- you could tell this jury
with certainty you put those railroad ties there prior to
9
Thanksgiving of 1978; is that correct?
A. Yes, sir, before November 23rd of '78.
9.RR:119-120.
(By Blunts’ counsel Mr. Peters):
Q: Why did you feel the need to do that, was Ms. Davis a mean
lady?
A: Of course not. In order to delineate the boundary and make
it consistent with the chain link fence so that their -- so that
the boundary would be clear, I wanted the boundary to be
clear.
Q. Why did you feel the need to have a clear boundary?
A. I wanted to know where my property begins and ends so that it
would be very clear to everyone.
10.RR.41-42.
(By Blunts’ counsel Mr. Peters)
Q. But you didn't have a surveyor come out and verify whether or
not it was on your property?
A. I didn't -- I did not have a surveyor come out.
Q. But your thought was this is already my property?
A. Well, whether it was or not, I was going to mark it and take it.
10.RR:49.
Serafine testified she also placed a horizontal tie to create “the space that I
needed or anyone else needed to put one car and pull that car forward and put
another -- at the time there were two of us living there together, and put two
cars in the driveway.” 10.RR:42.
10
The boundary was observed by others.
Alexander Blunt testified, “There is a horizontal tie. I’ve observed it
many times.” 11.RR:132.
Edward Schrump—Ashley Blunt’s father—had owned the neighboring
lot at 4013 since 1994. He noticed Serafine’s railroad ties. He testified he
“paid them no mind,” but he guessed they were there when he bought the
property and he did not install them. 11.RR:275.
When the neighboring front yard at 4013 was mowed, workers never
mowed past the railroad ties into Serafine’s property. 9.RR:125. So grass on
her side along her driveway would be higher, and grass on the neighbor’s side
was shorter. Serafine testified she had taken photos of it. 9.RR:125-126.
The photos were excluded as part of the sanction.
The railroad ties are “about six to eight inches wide” and Serafine
“considered [her] property to be all the way up to the furthest edge of the
railroad ties.” 9.RR:125. At time of trial, the railroad ties had remained in
place nearly 37 years. 9.RR:121.
The north boundary fence was an undisturbed boundary and barrier for 34
years.
When Serafine purchased Lots 5 and 6 in 1977, the back yard was already
completely enclosed by fencing on all four sides. 10.RR.60.
11
Anyone looking at the boundary fence that Viking tore out would see that
it matched exactly the fencing attached to two sides of Serafine’s house. Those
portions of matching fence are still standing.
Below are Viking’s trial exhibits, testified to by Serafine.
The following photograph is Viking Ex. 17, 18.RR:272-277. At the
corner of the house, the matching fence is attached to a pole, right at the house.
12
Fence at southeast corner of Serafine’s house
Viking Ex. 17, 18.RR:272-277.
13
After a break in the fence to accommodate the wall of the house, the
fence continues again from the opposite house-corner, again attached to a pole
placed immediately at the house. The same fence extends for a short distance
and terminates in an identically-matching gate. Below is Viking trial Exhibit
17, 18.RR:272-277.
14
The gate then latched directly to the north boundary fence at issue here,
which stretched for 53 feet (10.RR:163). The north boundary fence is shown
in the Viking trial exhibit below. Viking Ex. 17, 18.RR:272-277. The gate is
only very slightly seen at far left. 1
1
See also Blunts’ Ex. 79, 18.RR:233—a view of the north boundary fence
taken from inside the Blunts’ backyard.
15
Boundary fence to which gate attached. Viking trial Exhibit 17, 18.RR:272-
277.
16
Taken together as the photographs show, Serafine’s backyard was not
accessible except from inside the house, or through the gate attached to the
north boundary fence that Viking tore out. Since 1977 Serafine’s north
boundary was the “chain link fence between my backyard and Ms. Davis’
yard.” 9.RR:116.
Serafine testified that she claimed the fence as hers and the property up
to it, because her gate latched to the fence, the gate and the fence “belonged
together” because they matched, and the gate and the fence matched the other
fencing attached to both sides of her house. 9.RR:124,125; 10.RR:60.
Serafine testified she closed and “locked” the gate with its horseshoe
latch as she wished to keep people out and never let anyone inside the fence
without her permission. 9.RR:117-118. She kept grass and shrubs on her side
of the fence and mowed up to the fence. 9.RR:121. With some gravel she
made a path that ran alongside the fence “so that you could walk behind the
[small] building [that was there] to where the garbage area is.” 9.RR:122.
(By Mr. Bass, Serafine’s counsel:)
Q: And did you ever move that fence?
A: No.
Q. Did -- was anyone ever authorized to climb over that fence and
come into your backyard?
17
A. No, not ever.
9.RR.117.
Serafine always considered the property to be hers, all the way up to the chain
link fence. 9.RR:121,124.
The north boundary fence remained in place until the Blunts paid Viking
to tear it out in December, 2011.
Serafine had more than 30 years of peaceable possession, with open,
notorious use.
When Serafine bought Lots 5 and 6, the property next door at 4013 was
owned by Mrs. Zelphia Davis. Edward and Susan Schrump purchased 4013 in
1994. 11.RR:275 (Edward Schrump). The Schrumps are the parents of
defendant Ashley Blunt. Ashley moved into the 4013 house as her parents’
tenant in 1994. 11.RR:163-64 (Ashley Blunt).
The 1994 Stearns survey was admitted into evidence. 11.RR:43. It was
addressed to the Schrumps, dated near their time of purchase—Aug. 29,
1994—and showed the chain link fence at Serafine’s north boundary extending
past the property line that Stearns drew, into the land at 4013. Blunt Ex. 34,
18.RR:172-174.
It is undisputed that Ashley and later both of the Blunts occupied the
Schrumps’ 4013 house next door to Serafine at various times during the 1990's
18
as tenants, and both occupied it again as tenants from 2005 to 2014, perhaps
purchasing it near the latter part of that period. No current deed of theirs was
produced at any time.
With Serafine’s north boundary marked in front with railroad ties along
the driveway by 1978, and marked in the backyard by the north fence since
before 1977, no one ever complained.
Edward and Susan Schrump and Alexander and Ashley Blunt owned or
occupied the property on the other side of Serafine’s north boundary for 17
years from 1994 until 2011 when, without Serafine’s consent, they paid Viking
to tear out her north boundary fence.
Serafine testified:
Q. (BY MR. BASS)
[] At any time up to this good day, do you know, has anyone ever
filed a lawsuit contesting your boundaries up to that fence?
A. Never, no.
9.RR:122-23.
Both Blunts confirmed they knew Serafine did not want the original
fence torn out. 11.RR:166-167, 170 (Ashley Blunt); 11.RR:97 (Alexander
Blunt: "She was against it.")
In a handwritten note to Serafine in mid-2008, Alexander Blunt described
the fence on Serafine’s north boundary as the fence “on our property line.”
19
Blunt Ex. 5, 18.RR:155-56. Ashley Blunt also testified the fence was “on our
property line.” 11.RR:192. This was a boundary fence.
About the same time, Serafine in a handwritten note informed the Blunts
(then tenants), "I'm not planning to have the existing fence between our yards
removed." 10.RR:52 .
In June, 2008—fully three and a half years before tearing out the
boundary fence—the Schrumps and Blunts all signed a letter and sent it to
Serafine, showing they knew Serafine was making an adverse possession claim
to the north boundary. Blunt Ex.8, 18.RR:161 (letter dated 6/23/2008).
All fencing and railroad ties on Serafine’s Lots 5 and 6 remained
undisturbed for more than 30 years.
Serafine’s tenants used Lots 5 and 6 as residential property, without moving
the fence or railroad ties.
It is undisputed that all the fencing (since 1977) and the railroad ties
(since at least Nov. 23, 1978) remained in exactly their original place until the
Viking tear-out of 2011.
Serafine and her partner lived at the 4011 house on Lots 5 and 6 from
1977 until 1981. When they separated and moved out in 1981, Serafine began
leasing it to tenants. She leased it until 2002 when she began a historic
restoration and when it was finished in 2004 she moved back in. See infra.
20
Serafine testified:
(Cross-examination by Mr. Peters, Blunts’ counsel)
Q. So you left in 1981, and then you started renting out the
property, correct?
A. That's correct.
Q. And your tenants used the property, correct?
A. Yes.
10.RR:44
Serafine testified she was aware of how the tenants used the property.
10.RR:44-45. In all cross-examinations by the Blunts, Lockhart, and Viking,
there was not even a suggestion that at any time Lots 5 and 6 were not used, or
that any tenant did not use Lots 5 and 6, or that any tenant used Lots 5 and 6
in any unusual way, used it for grazing animals, used it other than an ordinary
resident would, or changed anything in the yard or driveway that changed the
north boundary as it had been marked by the fence and railroad ties.
Ashley Blunt testified:
(By Mr. Peters, her counsel)
Q. Okay....she [Serafine] rented out the property. Did you ever
know any of her tenants?
A. I knew most of her tenants. Actually I think all of them when I
lived there, we were always friends.
Q. Okay. And did you ever have occasion to go inside the house
several times?
A. Yes, I went in there and -- when two women lived there that
21
were roommates, my brother dated one of them, we would have
parties, go over there and hang out. I went over there when a
neighbor I know lived over there, I would baby-sit his daughter
over there, so I was over there on many occasions.
11.RR:177.
Serafine’s last tenant “vacated” in 2002. 10.RR:45. She then began a
two-year historic restoration of the house, from 2002 to 2004, and was finally
able to move back in, in 2004. 9.RR:118, 10.RR:163-64, 10.RR:45 (Serafine).
Serafine’s last tenant Nils Juulhansen was called by the Blunts.
Juulhansen and his family lived on Serafine’s property until they moved next
door to 4013. 11.RR:256 (Juulhansen). Juulhansen did not testify that he or
anyone else, including Serafine’s property manager, made any changes in the
fencing or railroad ties or that he changed the use of the yard or driveway.
Serafine had a property manager who managed 4011. 10.RR.173. He
recommended to Serafine that she replace the foundation. 10.RR.173. When
Juulhansen moved next door in 2002, Serafine began the restoration, which
lasted to 2004. 10.RR:45. Serafine started with the foundation. Serafine
hired engineer Floyd Goodrich for this purpose. 10.RR:173. Goodrich made
inspections over some period of time. 10.RR:174. He then made his first of
22
three reports to Serafine on December 5, 2002. The Blunts offered
Goodrich’s firm’s reports as “Business Records of Aztec Associates.”
18.RR:177-190. The reports were admitted for specified purposes. 10.RR:104.
Goodrich and Aztec specified, supervised, and later certified repair work for
Serafine over more than a four-month period, ending in a report re-issued on
March 19, 2003. 18.RR:188. None of Goodrich’s recommendations called for
removing the railroad ties or any fencing. Id. Serafine followed all his
recommendations. 10.RR:174.
During Serafine’s remodeling from 2002 to 2004, Sam Archer was living
across the street from Serafine’s property. 11.RR:290 (Archer). He testified
that he saw the remodeling in progress. He saw the workers. 11.RR:291.
Archer is a friend of Alexander Blunt and testified for the Blunts. 11.RR:292.
He lived across the street from Serafine’s property continuously from 1999 to
2010. 11.RR:290 (Archer). Archer did not testify to anything unusual at
Serafine’s property, to any vacancies, to any changes in the use of the yard or
driveway, or to changes in the marking of the north boundary by Serafine’s
fence and railroad ties. The workers he saw were remodeling inside of 4011.
11.RR:291.
23
B. No relevant evidence contradicted these facts.
Defendants presented only irrelevancies.
To the extent they might have presented contradictory evidence, none
existed.
In addition to Serafine’s testimony, six witnesses were called by the
Blunts who were well familiar with how Serafine’s property was used during
the time it was leased to her tenants: Edward Schrump and Susan Schrump
(owned 4013 next door to Serafine’s Lots 5 and 6 and visitied 4013 frequently,
see supra); Sam Arhcer (lived across the street from Serafine’s property from
1999 to 2010, supra); Nils Juulhansen (lived at Serafine’s property until 2002,
then moved next door to 4013, supra); Ashley Blunt (lived at 4013 next door
to Serafine’s property in the 1990's, knew the residents of 4011 well and
visited them frequently, later lived at 4013 from 2005 until 2014); and
Alexander Blunt (lived at 4013 in the 1990's and again from 2005 to 2014). No
one ever testified that Serafine’s Lots 5 and 6 were not used at all times in an
ordinary residential manner, or testified that Serafine’s Lots 5 and 6 were
altered in any way to disrupt the fencing and railroad ties on the north
boundary, until Viking tore out the north boundary fence in 2011.
24
C. Grant’s Occupied Line Survey is accurate.
James Grant, LPLS was Serafine’s expert surveyor. He testified that
Hyde Park was platted in 1891 without artificial monuments. 9.RR:66. In the
case of Hyde Park, “there is not a note on the plat.” Ibid. “So there is no
explanation at all on the face of that subdivision plat that guides a ...modern
day surveyor....” 9.RR:67. Blunts’ surveyor Holt Carson confirmed that in
Hyde Park original monuments “just do not exist.” 12.RR:15.
Grant reconstructed Serafine’s original north boundary in an “occupied
line survey”—a map of “visible above ground improvements along or near a
line between two landowners. It could be a fence. It could be a rock wall. It
could even be a curve.” 9.RR:67. The map is at Viking Ex. 48. 18.RR:284-
85. The second page states metes and bounds describing Serafine’s claim.
Ibid. 2
Grant’s notes on the map show the points he used to reconstruct
Serafine’s original north boundary:
• “Calculated point on north edge of railroad ties”
• “Occupied Line follows north edge of railroad ties”
2
The same map, clarifying the right-hand portion expanded to show detail
is at 18.RR:286(Viking Ex. 53).
25
• “Middle of closed latch as gate used to close”
• “Old chain link fence/occupied line, reconstructed from records and
photograph”
• “Calculated corner”
This Court in Nabours v. Whiteley, 466 S.W.2d 62 (Tex.Civ.App.
—Austin 1971), held that
An axiom in boundary suits is that the footsteps of the original
surveyor must be followed, if ascertainable in locating the line. If,
however, there is insufficient evidence to establish the line
followed by the original surveyor, then ancient boundaries may
be proved by evidence of common reputation. (citing Stover v.
Gilbert, 247 S.W. 841 (Tex. 1923).
466 S.W.2d at 64(emphasis added).
Grant did exactly what Nabours, discussed supra, prescribes. He laid out
an Occupied Line Survey using the gate latch and other “ancient” “evidence of
common reputation.” Nabours, 466 S.W.2d at 84.
D. Serafine met the 5, 10, and 25-year statutes for limitations title.
This case is on all fours with the fence cases, Brohlin v. McMinn, 341
S.W.2d 420 (Tex. 1960) and Nabours v. Whiteley, 466 S.W.2d 62 (Tex.
App.—Austin 1971).
With the railroad ties in place for 37 years (1978 to trial time) and the
original matching fence in place for more than 33 years (before 1977 to tear-
26
out in 2011) , and with Serafine’s recorded deed and tax payments, Serafine
had met the five-year statute of limitations at the latest by November 23, 1983
(from 1978 to 1983). This was 28 years before Viking tore out the north
boundary fence in December, 2011. Thereafter, Serafine met the five-year
statute again, 46 times, considering every five-year time period beginning in
1979 (79 to 84), beginnign in 1980 (80 to 85), and beginning in 1981 (81 to
86), and so on.
Serafine met the ten-year statute of limitations—even if she had had no
deed and had not paid taxes (which she did)—at the latest by November 23,
1988 (from 1978 to 1988). This was fully 23 years before Viking tore out the
fence in December 2011. It was six years before the Schrumps even bought
the adjacent land in 1994. Serafine met the ten-year statute 24 more times,
with each ten-year period ending on November 23rd of 1989, 1990, 1991, and
so on, up to November 23rd of 2011—a few weeks before Viking tore out the
fence in December 2011.
As to the 25-year statute, Serafine had met this by November 23, 2003
(from 1978 to 2003). That is more than eight years before the tear-out.
Serafine met the 25-year statute again in 2004, 2005, 2006, et seq., calculating
each of those years as concluding a 25-year span of use, enjoyment, and
27
occupation.
The above are conservative calculations beginning with the latest
possible date of Serafine’s placing the railroad ties by Thanksgiving of 1978,
not counting her purchase and immediate use beginning on August 11, 1977.
With Serafine’s recorded deed, she may have met even the three-year
statute of limitations in any three-year period.
Because Serafine offered evidence that meets the elements of adverse
possession, and that evidence was uncontradicted at trial, the Court should
reverse and render judgment in her favor on legal sufficiency. Dow Chem. Co.
v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 241-42 (Tex. 2001). This would restore both
properties to the state they were in for over at least three decades.
Alternatively, because the verdict goes against the great weight and
preponderance of the evidence discussed above, the court should reverse and
remand for a new trial on factual-sufficiency grounds. Id. at 242.
28
II. The court erred in expunging the notice of lis pendens---
misconstruing Prop. Code §12.0071, defeating appellate jurisdiction
over the res, and ignoring statutory procedural requirements.
The question of whether the trial court correctly construed the “probable
validity” phrase in Prop. Code §12.0071 is a matter of statutory interpretation.
De novo review emphasizes the intent of the legislature and plain meaning of
the text. City of Houston v. Bates, 406 S.W.3d 539, 543-44 (2013).
The trial court expunged the lis pendens notice on November 13, 2015.
CRSuppVI:14-20 (order). Serafine filed a motion to withdraw or vacate it and
sought the hearing required by Prop. Code 12.0071(d). CR:838-851. No
hearing was held. The Blunts filed a response. CR:858-61. Serafine sought
a ruling on the motion, CR:1032-1036 and objected to the refusal to rule.
CR:1037-1039.
A. “Probable validity” means “legally cognizable.”
In its Conclusions of Law the court stated, “Plaintiff failed to establish
by a preponderance of the evidence the probable validity of a real property
claim in this case.” This recites the language of Prop. Code §12.0071.
CR:904.
In its Findings of Fact the court found that
• the chain-link fence was “on the property of [the Blunts];”
29
• the railroad ties “were temporary in nature;”
• the reconstruction method of Serafine’s surveyor Grant was “unreliable.”
These are substantive findings that would lead a trier of fact to render a take-
nothing judgment. CR:903. The court thus conflated a “valid claim” with a
“successful claim.” The term “probable validity” refers to the claim, not the
outcome. A claim can be valid and the outcome determined by fact-finders,
wrong.
Black’s Law Dictionary, 3 defines claim to include “an interest or remedy
recognized at law.” An earlier edition of Black’s 4 shows “valid” having
the  synonym  “legal.”    Black’s,  5th  ed.  at  803.    “Legal”  means
“[c]ognizable in courts of law.”  Id. at 463.  There is nothing about being
cognizable that implies a particular claim will succeed under the variable
circumstances of a trial.
The inquiry on the “probable validity” of a claim should be akin to that
of Federal Rule 12(b)(6). That rule emphasizes that a claim should have all the
necessary elements; not be comprised of bare conclusions; and is a cause of
action recognized by law. A truly invalid claim under 12.0071 could be one
3
Black’s Law Dictionary, Garner, B., ed., 10th Edition, 2014.
4
Black’s Law Dictionary, Black, H., ed. Fifth Edition (Abridged), 1983.
30
that is moot, defective, does not concern real property, makes statements
without laying a claim, or asserts a principle not cognizable to courts as we
know them, such as a wish or desire or fanciful assertion.
B. The expungement of a valid but rejected claim defeats appellate
jurisdiction over the res.
A claim rejected at trial, far from being rendered invalid, is rendered
appealable. The problem with interpreting “probable validity” of a claim as a
claim having a likelihood of success—and therefore having no validity if lost
at trial—is that it renders null appellate jurisdiction over the real property res.
Appellate courts’ judgments and remedies would be meaningless, difficult, or
expensive if the property has been sold out from under the court’s jurisdiction
to render relief. The legislature could not have intended to deprive appellate
courts of their jurisdiction to hear meaningful appeals in the real property area.
A lis pendens notice remains effective on appeal because a court that has
acquired jurisdiction is entitled to proceed to "final exercise" of its
jurisdiction. Texas Water Rights Commission v. Crow Iron Works, 582 S.W.2d
768, 771 (Tex. 1979).
C. The trial court ignored statutory procedure.
There was also a procedural defect in how the court expunged the lis
pendens.
31
Property Code subsection 12.0071(d) provides:
Notice of a motion to expunge under Subsection (a) must be served
on each affected party on or before the 20th day before the date of
the hearing on the motion.
Here, there was no motion, no notice of motion, no service of any kind,
no hearing, and no 20-day notice of a hearing. Section 12.0071 makes no
provision for a sua sponte order. 5
A trial court "err[s] in expunging [a] lis pendens sua sponte and without
proper notice to each affected party," and "if the trial court erred in expunging
the...lis pendens, it remains in effect." In re Estate of Francisco Julio Lerma
Sanchez, No. 04-11-00332-CV at. 6-7 (Tex. App.—San Antonio April 18,
2012).
This Court should vacate the expungement and clarify it is void
retroactively, in case there has already been a transfer.
5
Some months later, after appeal was filed, Serafine filed a lis pendens
notice of this appeal.
32
III. Declaring the Carson survey as the boundary was error.
The Carson survey, declared as the boundary, was not supported by the
court’s findings and conclusions, and was against the great weight and
preponderance of the evidence, which conclusively established that the Carson
survey was error.
Review of this issue should be limited to the court’s findings of fact and
conclusions of law. CR:901-904.
After the close of evidence, before charging the jury, the parties reserved
to the court a decision on the boundary, if the jury did not find adverse
possession. There was an expectation and some assurance from the court that
if this were necessary the court would hold a hearing to determine it.
12.RR:67.
The trial court, without a hearing, declared the Carson survey definitive.
CRSuppIII:122 (final judgment).
The court’s findings do not support Carson’s survey because they are
conclusory statements that the methods of plaintiff’s surveyor Grant were
“unreliable,” and that Carson’s methods were “detailed” and “specific,” while
the court concluded that Carson relied “on the recorded deed” of the Blunts.
CR:901-904¶¶10-11. There was no evidence Carson relied on any recorded
33
deed of the Blunts, and no evidence that, if he had, there had been no changes
in the intervening three years since his 2012 survey.
All of the remaining findings, while unrelated to the veracity of Carson’s
survey, are also in contradiction of Texas adverse possession doctrine. For
example the court found that the old fence was “on” the Blunts' property. This
is in favor, not against, Serafine’s adverse possession. Equally, that Serafine’s
surveyor Grant used lines of occupation, is not a ground that supports
Carson’s survey. Grant's doing so when the “priority of calls” fails is
supported by this Court’s decision in Nabours. See supra. That Serafine
allegedly “retracted” her claims is both false and irrelevant to how to survey
the boundary.
A. The Carson survey is untenable under any theory.
Several exhibits of photographs of the 2012 construction area were
admitted at trial. These showed where Carson had placed his stake marking the
boundary, at the place where his orange line (the right-hand one, of two lines)
marked the boundary separating the Serafine and Blunt properties.
Alexander Blunt testified to several of these exhibits.
Q. (BY MR. PETERS [Blunts’ counsel])
And Mr. Blunt, if we would look at -- if we could look at Blunts'
Exhibit 56, what does that picture depict, Mr. Blunt?
34
A. That is -- that stake with the orange flag on it shows the
property boundary as determined by Holt Carson.
11.RR:121.
Q. (BY MR. PETERS)
And if we could look at Blunts' Exhibit 62, and there's that stake
again, right?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. And if we scroll down a little, why are these lines painted
here?
A. Those were sprayed by the surveyor to demarcate the boundary
line.
11.RR:123-24.
One such Blunt exhibit is below, Blunts’ Ex. 79, 18.RR:233, which was
admitted at 11.RR:135.
35
Blunts’ Ex. 79, 18.RR:233.
Below is another Blunt exhibit, Blunts’ Ex. 56, 18.RR:213, admitted and
testified to by Blunt at 11.RR:121, as quoted above. The stake is shown in the
distance.
36
Blunts’ Ex. 56, 18.RR:213
37
Carson’s line plainly cuts through Serafine’s entry to her back yard.
Serafine’s gate is still standing there. The gate had closed against that
entry space for the previous 35 years, the photo being taken during the 2012
construction (1977 to 2012 is 35 years).
If Carson’s survey were correct, every time the gate closed, it would
close over part of Lot 4, the Blunts’ lot. If Carson’s survey were correct, every
time a person walked into Serafine’s back yard, they would walk onto Lot 4,
the Blunts’ lot. If Carson’s line were correct, people should enter Serafine’s
yard walking side-ways to fit through, if they did not wish to trespass. Indeed,
shortly after this Court’s mandate, which lifted the interlocutory stay, the
Blunts filed a counterclaim against Serafine alleging that “on many
occasions” Serafine trespassed onto their property. CR: 419-21 (9/11/2015).
Carson’s line is untenable. There is no set of facts sufficient to support
it. It is undisputed that Serafine’s gate and entry to her yard had been
undisturbed from 1977 until Viking’s tear-out of the gate-post and fence in
2011, a few months before these photos. It is undisputed the gate itself
remains today.
Viewed closely, Carson’s survey map shows that he ignored pre-existing
38
monuments marking three corners of the Blunt’s property. These three are
notated “iron rod not used.”
B. The trial court erred in finding Serafine’s surveyor Grant’s methods
“unreliable.”
Holt Carson testified that in locating the footsteps of the original
surveyor, in Hyde Park “there is no certainty as far as finding an original
monument. They just do not exist.” 12.RR:15. Likewise Serafine’s surveyor
James Grant testified that the 1891 plat was laid out without original
monuments notated. 9.RR:66. The trial court’s finding of fact that Grant’s
method was “unreliable” was error because his method was exactly that
prescribed in Nabours when original monuments do not exist.
C. The court erred by not holding a hearing on the boundary.
The Court issued Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law explaining its
decision to declare the Carson survey definitive. CR:901-904. The findings
state that “Holt Carson, surveyor and expert witness for [the Blunts] drew his
survey...by relying on the recorded deed of the Property in the Travis County
records.” CR:903(emphasis added). There was no evidence of this. Even if
there were, there was no evidence such reliance was confirmed between the
date of the survey, Jan. 18, 2012, and the time the court entered its order on
Nov. 13, 2015.
39
The court was not entitled to find controlling facts without a hearing.
About a week after trial Serafine moved for a hearing, suggesting facts on
which the court should ask the parties to submit evidence. CR:569-573
(motion of 10/23/2015). At the Nov. 10, 2015 hearing, formally noticed for
attorney’s fees, the court announced it had already decided the boundary
according to the Holt Carson survey. 13.RR:70,78. The court allowed
Serafine “five minutes” to argue, 13.RR:71, but erroneously held that all the
evidence necessary for its decision had been presented at trial. 13.RR:70.
40
IV. The court erred in granting the MSJs of Viking Ltd. and Viking GP
on (a) negligent training and supervision and (b) nuisance.
The claims should be remanded for trial. Viking’s motion is at CR:56-
79; Serafine’s opposition is at CR:82-123. The order is at CR:288-290.
A. The court erred in granting summary judgment on negligent
hiring, training, and supervision (“negligent supervision”).
1. The court erred in conflating negligent supervision
and ordinary negligence.
Viking relied on Rosell v. Central West Motor Stages, Inc., 89 S.W.3d
643 (Tex.App.—Dallas 2002, pet. denied). CR:64. Serafine had pled gross
negligence. CR:32-50¶¶111-114 (petition). Viking’s argument was: (1)
“Plaintiff’s gross negligence claim fails as a matter of law, therefore Plaintiff’s
remaining claims all sound in ordinary negligence making Plaintiff’s negligent
entrustment (sic) claim immaterial”; and (2) Viking “stipulated that Defendants
accept the liability of [its] independent contractors,” as Rosell would require.
CR:64-65. This is error because Rosell allows the claim not when gross
negligence is proved but when it is alleged. Second, Rosell is arguably
wrongly decided because negligent supervision is an inherently different claim
from ordinary negligence.
Serafine’s claims survived summary judgment on gross negligence
41
because it is undisputed Viking came onto Serafine’s property, destroyed some
of it, left it behind, and does not admit to any mistake. Second, Viking’s
"stipulation" evidence was its interrogatory response, improper as summary
judgment evidence. Yates v. Fisher, 988 S.W.2d 730, 731 (Tex. 1998).
CR:288-290 (ruling on objection), CR:124-128¶3 (objection). Moreover,
Viking’s live answer denied all liability.
2. Serafine raised a fact issue on each element.
“The elements of a claim for negligent supervision...are (1) the defendant
owed a legal duty; (2) the defendant breached it: (3) the plaintiff suffered
damages; and (4) the damages were proximately caused by the breach.”
Latimer v. Memorial Hermann Hospital Sys., No. 14-09-00925-CV
(Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Jan. 20, 2011). This applies to independent
contractors. King v. Associates Commercial Corp., 744 S.W.2d 209, 211
(Tex.App.—Texarkana 1987).
Viking raised no objection to any part of Serafine’s evidence.
Duty. A master has a duty to the public. LaBella v. Charlie Thomas,
Inc., 942 S.W.2d 127,137 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1997). Viking had a duty to
not interfere with Serafine’s as well as others people’s property rights, as
Serafine pled. CR:32-50 (petition).
42
Clanin knew in his first contact with Blunt that he had a dispute with
Serafine about the fence. CR:107. Clanin passed Serafine’s door on every site
visit without stopping to inquire. CR:99. During construction Perez told
Clanin there was a “problem,” but Clanin told Perez, “stay away from it.”
CR:107-108(Perez). Clanin and Perez both did “final inspections” and noticed
or should have noticed the damage, but did nothing. CR:101.
Breach of duty. Viking provides no training or supervision to ensure
their employees have an understanding of other people’s property rights.
Salvador Chavarria runs Viking and has weekly meetings with the“sales
dealers,” Jimmy Clanin’s position. Chavarria testified, “I've owned the
company for eight years and that's close to 400 meetings.” CR:205.
He testified at deposition:
Q· ··Have you had any meetings recently about what
the standards are for building a fence so that it doesn't
approach-- encroach on adjoining land?
A We have not.
Q· ··I was asking if you had recently.··Have you ever
had such a meeting in your knowledge involving
Viking's standards for building a fence so that it does
not encroach on adjoining land?
[]
A [] I'm sure at some point we've discussed property
line situations. We are not a survey company.
Our contract with our customers defines that we have
43
no responsibility to property line disputes. And,
basically, we build fences where people tell us to
build fences.
CR:111(emphasis added).
Viking’s “Fence Proposal” to its customers states, “Viking is relieved of
all liability related to fence location and property lines.” CR:197.
Chavarria testified that the proposals—“Some have drawings of where
the fence goes, some don't. This one doesn't.” CR:204.
Q: Okay. When they don't have a drawing attached, how does the
fence erector know where the fence is supposed to go?
A: Based on discussions with the customer.
Q: Is that all?
A: For the most part.
CR:204 (Chavarria deposition).
Mr. Clanin testified at deposition:
Q· [] ·How would you know it was-- it was on the
property line?
[]
A Okay. That's not really for me to decide. I'm not a
surveyor.
[]
Q. Does the customer normally delineate the
line?
A Yes.
Q· ··How do they do it?
A Based on existing landmarks or us going and
standing at the points.
Q· .. standing at a point and then you just remember
44
that point?
A Well, I might have-- I might have marked it. [ ]
CR:110; CR:219-220.
Clanin testified that when the new fence went up, there were no lines
painted on the ground. CR:110. The actual fence erector or “crew,” Mr. Perez,
also confirmed there was nothing to mark any line. No paint, string, or “little
flags.” CR:110; CR:238. Perez didn’t want to be pressed further:
“Jimmy [Clanin], he told me where the fence-- where the fence
goes, and that's it.”
CR:109; CR:238.
Mr. Clanin was asked: “Do your crews have any training or certification
from the AFA [American Fence Association] that you know of?” He answered,
“I don't know the answer to that.” CR:115.
Injury proximately caused by the breach
It is undisputed that without Serafine’s consent Viking tore out the
original 50-foot fence and installed another one. It is undisputed that before
Viking’s work the Pecan tree was on Serafine’s property, CR:104, and after
Viking’s work the same tree was mostly on Blunts’ property. CR:105. Viking
moved the effective boundary, immediately depriving Serafine of possession.
The summary judgment evidence included two declarations by Serafine
45
detailing her title by limitations by 1988 and certainly by 2003, up to the
original fence that Viking tore out, and running along her driveway marked by
railroad ties lined up with the fence and curb cuts. CR:103 (photo); CR:157-
175 ( Serafine verified petition); CR:120-123 (Serafine declaration).
Photographs below were presented to the court as evidence without objection.
The orig in al f ence was a
boundary fence because
nothing else separated the two
properties. CR:94.
46
Viking’s replacement jutted into Serafine’s yard at the end of her driveway.
CR:95.
47
Serafine’s gate entering her yard (far left) had had for 34 years a matching gate
post, which Viking tore out. CR:98.
Close examination shows the gate’s right hinges attach to identical
fencing that directly meets Serafine’s house. The same fencing then continues
immediately from the other side of Serafine’s house. CR:97. All of this
matched identically the boundary fence that Viking tore out. Serafine’s yard
was enclosed on all four sides.
48
Viking’s workers knocked out a panel from Serafine’s east fence along the
alley, allowing the new fence to intrude more deeply into Serafine’s yard.
CR:106.
They also bolted Serafine’s fence to the new one, without consent.
49
Wide pools of concrete were embedded into Serafine’s soil, CR:102 (SJ
photo), and the new fence is cemented into the soil at a depth of 2 feet. CR:225
(Clanin deposition).
B. The court erred in granting summary judgment favorable to Viking
on Serafine’s nuisance claims.
Serafine’s case against Viking was for interference with property rights.
Viking’s defense is that their customer told Viking to tear out the chain link
fence, and the fence was not worth much.
On Viking’s theory, the right of property in Texas reduces to this: If a
boundary fence already looks old, and someone pays you to rip it out, to leave
the matching gate hanging there, and to put a better fence in a different place,
it is okay to do it without adjoining landowner’s consent.
Mr. Clanin testified:
Q: And you would just assume that it would be okay with
them?
A: The assumption is that the two neighbors have communicated.
That's the assumption.
CR:108 (emphasis added).
Defendants do not admit they made a mistake. They adamantly claim
the right to destroy property and re-locate boundaries if they are hired to do
50
so.
Viking’s pattern and practice—and its claim to a right to continue—is a
public nuisance. Most members of the public would be reasonably annoyed
and disturbed by coming home and finding their fencing and gate post gone,
as was Serafine. This was adequately pled. 6 The Texas Supreme Court has
recently decided Crosstex North Texas Pipeline, L.P. v. Gardiner, No. 15-0049
(Tex. June 24, 2016). Texas law now defines nuisance as a “legal injury–the
interference with the use and enjoyment of property.” Id. at ¶23. The focus
is neither defendant’s conduct nor the resulting damage. Rather, the questions
is whether there has been “an invasion of a plaintiff’s legal rights” Id. at ¶22.
At least one other supreme court has similarly sought to protect private
property rights. 7
The evidence above was sufficient to raise a fact issue on public and
private nuisance. It was sufficient to send to the jury the question of nuisance:
6
Serafine pled:
“A trespass to land is a substantial harm”—not to mention the destruction of
property—and people have the right “to know it is safe from unpermitted
intrusion.” Petition, CR:32-50 at ¶¶95-102.
7
Jacque v. Steenberg Homes, Inc., 563 N.W.2d 154 (Wis. 1997) faced
an equally adamant trespasser. The Wisconsin court reasoned that without serious
consequences to intentional interference with property rights, there is simply no
right of property.
51
whether Viking substantially interfered with plaintiff’s use and enjoyment of
residential property by entering upon it, destroying fixtures, tearing out an
existing boundary fence, and re-arranging the boundary in a different location.
Crosstex, Id. at ¶24.
V. The trial court engaged in prevailing-party fee-shifting unauthorized
by any statute, by fashioning an unwarranted $10,000 sanction.
Viking failed in its offer-of-settlement fee-shifting because it failed to
file the required declaration. After trial it could not collect anyway
because plaintiff had made no recovery. The rule, TRCP 167, allows
collection only up the amount of a judgment in plaintiff’s favor. The
trial court entered sanctions against Serafine to replace Viking's failed fee-
shifting. Viking moved for sanctions—openly admitting it did so to replace
its offer-of-settlement plea. But the court awarded sanctions on grounds
different than what Viking moved—without a hearing, order to show
cause, or any evidence except the exact amount of money Viking was
" for fee-shifting.
seeking
This violates the "American Rule." Wein v. Sherman, No.
03-10-00499-CV (Tex.App.—Austin Aug. 23, 2013).
52
The final judgment of December 3, 2015 ordered that
Defendants (sic) Viking Fence Company, Ltd. recover from
Plaintiff Mary Louise Serafine the amount of $10,000.00, pursuant
to the Court's Order on Defendant Viking Fence Company, Ltd.'s
Motion for Sanctions....
CRSuppIII:94-129,96(emphasis added).
The court sanctioned Serafine under TRCP 13 and CPRC Chapter 10.
CRSuppIII:94-129.
The ground was that ten months earlier Serafine had briefly added
Salvador Chavarria and Jennifer Chavarria—the members of the LLC that is
the general partner of Viking Ltd.—under a veil-piercing theory, after
depositions and discovery. Ibid. The Chavarrias' MSJ on statute of
limitations ground was granted in June, 2015. CRSuppV:128¶7; CR:80-81.
Thus, there was never a merits decision on the claims against them.
The Chavarrias did not move for sanctions at any time. Well before trial
they were no longer parties.
The sanctions order claims to grant Viking's motion for sanctions, but the
supposed offense was against the Chavarrias. Viking's motion did not mention
the Chavarrias or any grounds stated in the order. CR:574-580 (Viking
motion).
Serafine was sanctioned for pleading that the Chavarrias were the alter
53
ego of Viking. But the court sanctioned this supposed offense against the
Chavarrias by awarding the money to Viking. This treats them as one and the
same, as Serafine had pled.
The Court calculated the $10,000 amount from combining fees for the
Chavarrias’ SOL dismissal with fees for Viking’s dismissed claims.
The court specifically sought out this figure at a hearing, from the
attorney representing Viking and the Chavarrias:
THE COURT: And just to clarify, 50 percent related to those
causes of action, which were dismissed by the Court, or those
individuals who were removed from the case through summary
judgment?
WITNESS (Mr. Otto): Correct. I would say a fair estimate of that
would be 50 percent of the $20,000, would be fair.
13.RR:61-62 (hearing, 11/10/2015).
None of the evidence had anything to do with any sanctionable conduct.
Serafine objected at the hearing and was overruled. Even so, it bears repeating
that the sanctions actually entered had nothing to do with either Viking’s
motion or the hearing.
Courts do not have discretion to fashion prevailing-party fee-shifting
through sanctions, particularly by awarding fees to one defendant because of
54
supposed offenses against another, never complained of at the time. The trial
court here decided to fee-shift 50% of $20,000 to cover the cost of all the
claims dismissed in the June, 2015 MSJs plus “discovery,” for Viking Ltd.,
Viking GP, and Salvador and Jennifer Chavarria all together.
It bears repeating that Viking was denied summary judgment as to
negligence, gross negligence, and conversion.
There was no evidence the Chavarrias answered any discovery, and they
did not.
A. The conduct in question was unsanctionable.
It is important to emphasize that (1) no ruling on the merits of Serafine’s
claims against the individuals was ever made; and (2) the sanctions order
misrepresents that Serafine’s claims against the Chavarrias caused "drafting
and arguing of two separate motions for summary judgment" plus “discovery.”
CR:128 (emphasis added). The sanction taxes Serafine for all of this. But the
Chavarrias were not movants in Viking’s MSJ. CR:288-290 (order,
6/25/2016). Likewise the order’s statement that the Chavarrias had to answer
“discovery.” There was simply no evidence they did, and they did not do so.
Below are the trial court’s findings as the basis for sanctions:
1. the statute of limitations had run;
55
2. "[i]n order to recover ...[Serafine] was required to specifically plead and
prove, within the applicable statute of limitations" that two veils needed
to be pierced—from Viking Fence Ltd. down to Viking GP, LLC, and
from there down to GP's sole shareholders, the Chavarrias;
3. the petition makes "vague references to a variety of agency, alter ego,
and corporate veil theories....";
4. Serafine failed to allege "any independent duty of care to Plaintiff;"
5. "[t]he creation of affiliated corporations to limit liability and the hiring
of independent contractors is commonplace and a legally approved
business practice in Texas;" and
6. "Plaintiff failed to allege how the use of a corporate fiction was used as
a means to evade an existing obligation...."
CRSuppIII:127-128.
Findings at Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 6 are at most pleading flaws to which the
Chavarrias could have taken special exceptions or a TRCP 91a motion to
dismiss, but did not. Even so, Texas requires only "‘fair notice' pleading" in
veil-piercing. Metromedia Restaurant Services, Inc. v. Strayhorn, 188 S.W.3d
282, 290 (Tex. App.—Austin 2006).
Yet Serafine pled details. Viking defended a fake insurance document
before the court that nowhere contained the word “Viking.” Viking would not
testify to having any assets. Viking insisted until late in the game that
everyone was the independent contractor of the level above—a four-level
hierarchy. CR:34-35¶¶11-22.
56
Findings Nos. 1, 4, and 5 are debatable legal issues as to which Serafine
disagreed with the court in motions and argument. The order does not even
find Serafine's positions were objectively frivolous or that subjectively
Serafine disbelieved them.
As to Finding No. 1, on the SOL having passed: Serafine urged relation
back doctrine and the discovery rule, both established doctrines.
CRSuppVII:4-56.
As to Finding No. 4 on failure to allege “Duty of care”: This is irrelevant
in veil-piercing.
As to Finding No. 5, that Texas approves of Viking’s “hiring
independent contractors, etc.”: This shows how groundless the trial court’s
sanction was. Not only is “misclassification fraud” widely known. But the
trial court requested Serafine to produce an MSJ on the issue on four days’
notice, because the court wished to decide that issue without bringing it to the
jury. Serafine’s MSJ is at CRSuppVII:57-82. Serafine presented Viking
deposition excerpts and IRS, U.S. Department of Labor, and Texas Workforce
Commission rules plus the lengthy 2011 “Critical Health” opinion from this
Court—authority well supporting Viking’s misclassification. That the MSJ
was denied is not complained of. CR:287(denial of MSJ). But that a sanction
57
would rest on a court’s unrelated, erroneous legal opinion of what Texas
“approves” of, is arbitrary.
B. The purpose of the sanction was improper---to replace Viking's
failed fee-shifting under the offer-of-settlement rule.
The Chavarrias never sought fee-shifting, or sanctions.
The Viking entities pled only the offer-of-settlement rule in TRCP 167
and CPRC Ch.42. CR:422-425 (Viking answer, 9/11/2015). But Viking’s
motion for sanctions openly stated that its purpose was fee-shifting: 8
[G]iven the take-nothing judgment, and no judgment to offset,
Viking Defendants are not pursuing attorney fees under the Offer
of Settlement rule.
CR:578¶19 (Viking motion for sanctions).
The purpose of Viking’s sanction motion is an open attempt to evade the
legislature's protection of plaintiffs in the offer-of-settlement rule, as Serafine
said in her response. CR: 585-663. The rule's purpose is to cap fee-shifting
in defendant’s favor at the amount of a plaintiff's award. That is to preserve
the American rule so that plaintiffs will not be chilled in coming to court.
To allow evasion of the rule after trial would be exactly that: chilling the
8
Viking’s counsel emailed that rationale to the court, but the email was
eexcluded by the Judge’s Bill of Exception. The Judge’s Bill explains, Serafine
“did not offer the [email]...into evidence at trial.” CRSuppV:448-50(Judge’s Bill).
But the email was unrelated to trial and written long after it.
58
plaintiff's coming to court. Serafine's response in the trial court urged that this
is also what the legislature sought to discourage in its broad definition of
"action" in the Citizen's Participation Act. Later Serafine modified her
opposition only to the extent of urging the arguments without invoking the
Act's procedural mechanisms. (The court's order mis-states that she withdrew
it entirely.) Serafine met the court’s deadline for additional briefing.
CR:744-833.
C. Viking's sanctions motion was based on a substantive error of law.
It is the same error embraced by the judge and which Viking argued at
trial. The theory is that Serafine purportedly "knew" the new "fence was
entirely within the Blunt's (sic) deeded property." CR:574¶11 (Viking
sanctions motion). Even assuming the Blunts had proved up any deeded
property—which they did not—this would not undo Serafine's adverse
possession claim.
Adverse possession doctrine is intended to do what Serafine claims: it
allots ownership by use and occupation that is obvious on the ground for a
long time, after which surveys are moot.
In a sanctions motion, the moving party must overcome the presumption
that pleadings are filed in good faith. Nath v. Tex. Children's Hosp., 446
59
S.W.3d 355, 361 (Tex. 2014). Viking’s motion did not overcome that
presumption because its grounds, in substance, were error. The trial court
made the same error and also did not overcome this presumption.
TransAmerican Natural Gas Corp. v. Powell, 811 S.W.2d 913, 917 (Tex.
1991)( trial court has no discretion in determining what the law is or applying
the law to the facts).
D. The court acted arbitrarily by surmising sanctionable conduct,
without finding it.
The order states:
Based on all of the foregoing, there can be no other reasonable
conclusion but that Plaintiff's allegations against Salvador
Chavarria and Jennifer Chavarria were made: (1) in bad faith; (2)
with full-knowledge that her claims against the individual LLC
members were groundless; and (3) for the purpose of harassment.
CR:128(emphasis added).
This order concedes surmise. It misleadingly states that on November 10,
2015 a hearing was held on Viking's motion. But at that hearing, no evidence
whatsoever was taken on any matter contained in the order, except the
amount of Viking’s fees. The sanctions order rests on concepts concerning
"alter ego" and "independent contractor." These words do not even occur in
Viking's sanctions motion, CR:574-579, or in the hearing transcript. RR,
60
Vol.13. There was no evidence of “bad faith” or improper conduct or motive
on Serafine’s part.
The November 10th hearing was not noticed for sanctions. 13.RR:48-
55(colloquy, Serafine’s objection). The only notice of hearing was that of
October 22, 2015, CRSuppV:766, when Viking’s only live request was its
offer-of settlement plea. Its sanctions motion was filed two weeks after the
notice.
The standard for TRCP 13 is that it should be used only "in those
egregious situations where the worst of the bar" acts outside "guiding
principles of the law." Tarrant Cnty. v. Chancey, 942 S.W.2d 151, 154-55
(Tex.App.—Fort Worth 1997, no writ)(internal quotations omitted). The
record does not support that here.
VI. The trial court erred in awarding Serafine $0 in fees and sanctions
under the Citizen’s Participation Act, or alternative law.
Review of this issue should be limited to the court’s findings of fact and
conclusions of law. CR:901-904.
Following this Court’s opinion in Serafine v. Blunt, 466 S.W.3d 352
(Tex. App.—Austin 2015, no pet.), Serafine filed a motion seeking damages
and sanctions under CPRC §27.009. CR:291-332. Subsequently, depositions
disclosed that the Blunts’ interference counterclaim based on threats and
61
harassment was groundless. Still, even after depositions, Alexander Blunt
continued to file false affidavits swearing to “personal knowledge” that
Serafine “continually harassed” and “stalked” Lockhart’s employees “to the
point [they] would no longer continue work” and Blunt “had to settle for a sub-
standard solution.”9 CR:386-399(Blunt affidavit filed on 8/28/2015 at CR:391).
Serafine sought sanctions for this false testimony at the hearing on Sept.
25, 2015 on her Chapter 27 award, and then in several filings. CR:719-
739(supplement to motion under Chapter 27); CR870-900(motion to modify
judgment or for new trial); CR905-939 (request for additional findings of fact
and conclusions of law). She also moved that sanctions should be awarded
under TRCP 13. Ibid.
The final judgment made no award to Serafine of either fees or sanctions
9
Yet an email suggests Blunt thought the system worked perfectly as early
as July 16, 2012. CR:386-399 (Blunts’ Exhibit 60).
The Blunts answered an interrogatory asking who received threats from Serafine
and when:
RESPONSE: Objection, this request is vague, compound, ambiguious
(sic), and overbroad. Further, the phrase “you contend are relevant to
this lawsuit" calls for a legal conclusion.
CRSuppEx.: 6.
62
under the TCPA. CRSuppIII:94-129¶¶14-15. In the same papers Serafine
requested the same relief under TRCP 13 which was also denied.
A. The court was required to award Serafine’s fees under Sullivan.
Under CPRC §27.009(a)(1), attorney’s fees that are reasonable must be
awarded, not merely a discretionary amount that is “equitable and just.”
Sullivan v. Abraham, 488 S.W.3d 294,300 (Tex. 2016).
B. The trial court was required to award sanctions.
The Supreme Court has not analyzed the sanctions provision of section
27.009(a)(2). However, it would be anomalous to interpret “shall” as
mandatory when applied to subsection (a)(1), but discretionary when applied
to (a)(2). Section (a)(2) presumes a need to deter. The legislature could have
added “if necessary” or similar terms, but did not do so.
The Court should remand for an award of sanctions sufficient to deter.
The factual predicate is two-fold: (1) as a “mixed claim” where the severed or
residual portion was later dismissed on summary judgment—in this case a no-
evidence summary judgment, CR:511—relief should be awarded for both
parts of the severed “mixed claim”; and (2) where false testimony undergirded
the severed or residual portion, relief should be awarded for both parts of the
severed “mixed claim.”
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1. Fees and sanctions should have been awarded because the severed
portion of the “mixed claim” had no evidence.
This court in Neyland v. Thompson, No. 03-13-00643-CV (Tex.
App.—Austin Apr. 7, 2015) and in the instant case was faced with a “mixed
claim” SLAPP. A mixed claim involves “combining allegations of protected
and non-protected activity under the label of one.” Salma v. Capon, 161
Cal. App. 4th 1275, 1287 (2008).
The Texas Supreme Court has not addressed the issue of whether—as
California jurisprudence has put it—“the purposes of the [anti-]SLAPP statute”
are frustrated when such pleading is used. Salma v. Capon, 161 Cal. App. 4th
1275, 1287 (2008).
Plaintiff moved by oral motion in the trial court that additional fees and
sanctions should be awarded —thus re-combining the two parts of the
interference counterclaim—because she was successful on a no-evidence MSJ
in defeating the residual portion. 13.RR:83-84. The trial court rejected this.
Serafine moved the same in her motion to modify or for new trial, CR870-900,
which was overruled by operation of law.
This Court should hold that when the severed portion of a mixed claim
goes forward, and it is ultimately dismissed on summary judgment on no-
evidence grounds, then that portion should be re-combined with the dismissed,
64
First Amendment violations, for purposes of Chapter 27 relief. If
“camouflage” claims can be added to SLAPPs (a misnomer), the purpose of the
statute is defeated.
2. Sanctions were warranted on the SLAPP claims on traditional
grounds—false testimony and a subsequent frivolous counterclaim.
Blunt’s repeated filing of sworn affidavits with the same false testimony
should have been sanctioned. See Metzger v. Sebek, 892 S.W.2d 20, 52-53
(Tex. App.—Houston 1994)(lying in affidavit claiming to have personal
knowledge, when there is none, is sanctionable under TCRP 13 exists, but
million dollar sanction for one affidavit is too much).
At the hearing on Serafine’s motion for Chapter 27 relief, the court
terminated plaintiff’s counsel Mr. Bass’ examination of Alexander Blunt.
7.RR:12-19. Mr. Bass intended to show that the residual part of the tortious
interference claim was groundless, because depositions failed to turn up a
single instance of threat that caused Lockhart to stop work. 7.RR:12-19.
The court would not let Mr. Bass proceed because (1) Mr. Blunt was not
a corporation; and (2) the “likelihood” of similar future filings by the Blunts
could not be shown, thus sanctions to deter would not be necessary. 7.RR:13-
14. Mr. Bass summarized after lengthy colloquy:
65
MR. BASS: I understand. And I guess for the record, our position
is evidence that this case was brought for the sole purpose of
shutting down the plaintiff's lawsuit, and there was really no basis
in fact for those counterclaims would be that's --
THE COURT: Sanctionable. That's your position....
7.RR:18
Nothing in Chapter 27 limits the (a)(2) sanctions provision to
corporations. To the extent the court conceived Chapter 27 to be limited to
corporate attempts to quell public speech, the Supreme Court has rejected this
in Lippincott v. Whisenhunt, 462 S.W.3d 507,508 (Tex. 2015)(reversing Court
of Appeals because TCPA is not limited in scope to only communications in
“public form”).
The court’s findings and conclusions are non-specific, except for the
statement that Serafine “retracted” any claim she might have had, but sued
anyway. CR:903.
Even if this were true, which it is not, it is irrelevant to whether the Blunts’
counterclaims are groundless. The court was required to apply Chapter 27 as
it is written. Even assuming the term “justice and equity” applied to the fee
determination —which it does not—“justice and equity” never allows judges
to take their own free-floating impressions and carry them to entirely different
claims, then somehow balance them against each other. This is a recipe for an
66
unpredictable, result-oriented judiciary.
The next day after this Court’s mandate issued on Sept. 10, 2015, the
Blunts filed a new counterclaim containing only three sentences, no facts, and
the allegation that Serafine had trespassed onto their property on “many
occasions.” CR:419-421. The trial court apparently did not take account of
this bogus claim, although it was brought to the court’s attention. CR:498-503.
The court dismissed the claim on a no-evidence MSJ as to which the Blunts
did not even bother to file a response. The court minimized the seriousness
of this frivolous filing, however, by concluding it was a only a “mirror image”
claim that plaintiff should have expected and abided. RRSupp:76.
Because plaintiff was not permitted to develop the evidence of Blunt’s
false testimony and the impact of the subsequent frivolous trespass filing, the
Court should reverse and remand for further proceedings.
C. In addition, the Court should render judgment in the amount of
$53,525 in attorney’s fees to Serafine.
At a minimum, Serafine should be awarded $38,325 for Mr. Bass’
attorney’s fees, 7.RR:67, and $15,200 for Mr. Hargrove’s attorney’s fees
($19,000 reduced by 20%). 7.RR:42. Serafine also requested fees for her own
work, which should be remanded. Beckstrom v. Gilmore, 886 S.W.2d 845, 847
(Tex. App.—Eastland 1994)(granting statutory award to prevailing attorney,
67
analogizing self-represented attorney to in-house counsel representing business
entity).
VIIa. Errors in the trial court require a new trial.
First, “case resolution [cannot be condoned] where one side has been
denied all opportunity to offer rebuttal.” Beard Family Partnership v.
Commercial Indem. Ins. Co., 116 S.W.3d 839, 851 (Tex. App.—Austin
2003)(Puryear, J. dissenting in part). Here, the trial court denied all rebuttal
and held that plaintiff should have divined defendants’ defense, then put into
her case in chief her responses to whatever their defense was going to be. See
infra.
Second, eliminating virtually all of plaintiff’s exhibits as an evidentiary
sanction four days before trial was too harsh.
Third, Alexander Blunt testified over objection that after a “mediation
attempt” he offered to just give Serafine the land she claimed, but she
continued to litigate anyway. Aside from violating principles of evidence,
there was never a mediation or settlement offer.
Finally, loss of lateral support should have gone to the jury because it
was fully pled and there was evidence to support it. The court erred as a
matter of law in believing defense counsel’s assertions that no such cause of
68
action exists in Texas. The judge denied the lateral support instruction and
erroneously held that loss of lateral support “fall[s] under negligence.”
11.RR:80. This deprived plaintiff of a major claim since the start of the case.
A. Plaintiff was denied rebuttal.
Defendants rested. This colloquy followed:
MR. BASS: We have some rebuttal we'd like to offer.
THE COURT: Okay. And what exactly is the rebuttal?
MR. BASS: I'm sorry?
THE COURT: Are you planning to call another witness?
MR. BASS: Yes, Ms. Serafine in rebuttal.
THE COURT: Okay. Any objection?
MR. OTTO: [] I object -- I thought we took care of that by
allowing additional questioning and the second taking of the stand
by Ms. Serafine earlier in the trial. So it seems duplicitous,
cumulative and repetitive.
MR. PETERS: That's what I thought, Your Honor. That's...why I
didn't save any for rebuttal [].
THE COURT: That was my understanding as well. For what
purpose are you seeking --
MR. BASS: To rebut some of the matters that were brought up by
witnesses of the defendants that were not addressed in the
plaintiff's case in chief.
12.RR:32-33.
To the contrary, there had been no prior ruling that Serafine, having been
called to the stand to answer a couple of left-over questions in her case in
69
chief, was thereby providing rebuttal to the defense case. The defense case had
not even been put on yet. Earlier, Viking’s counsel had advised the judge that
recalling the plaintiff in her case in chief was the same as rebuttal. Plaintiff’s
counsel Mr. Bass countered that it would not be rebuttal. 11.RR:55-57. The
court adopted Viking’s view. 12.RR:32-33.
As an additional ground, the court reasoned that because Nils
Juulhansen’s testimony about dilapidation at Serafine’s house was limited to
2002, a full decade before Lockhart’s 2012 construction, Serafine’s own
testimony about what she did later was beyond the scope. The court
explained this in the Judge’s Bill of Exception: “Serafine requested to offer
rebuttal testimony that she made repairs to and/or remodeled portions of her
home in 2004 and 2005,
in attempt to rebut the testimony of Nils Hanson (sic) that her
home was dilapidated. The Court exercised its discretion to
exclude this evidence because it was beyond the scope of proper
rebuttal testimony.”
CRSuppV:448 (emphasis added).
The court also reasoned that if disclosure had been made of a witness’
name and phone number—again, that of Nils Juulhansen—then plaintiff should
have anticipated what Nils’ testimony would be and included it in her case in
chief. The court asked plaintiff’s counsel Mr. Bass, “Are you suggesting that
70
they weren't disclosed to you during the discovery process so you were not
aware that it was going to be presented at trial?” 12.RR:33. Colloquy
concluded:
MR. BASS: But as I understand, the Court will not permit us to discuss
and show photographs of remodeling that was done after 2002.
THE COURT: No, because that would go outside the scope of
simply rebutting what was presented during their case, which was
not anticipated previously.
12.RR:40 (emphasis added).
10
Rebuttal is “contradiction of an adverse party’s evidence.” If the
adverse evidence has not been put on yet, there can be no meaningful rebuttal.
This is a ruling that requires plaintiff to be clairvoyant, assumes that a
deposition would be effective in uncovering what the witness will say at trial
when the adverse lawyer is asking the questions, and thus denies plaintiff the
opportunity to rebut false evidence and impressions in defendants’ case in
chief.
Harm analysis
The Blunts had put on Nils Juulhandsen, who testified to all manner of
problems in Serafine’s house when he lived there ten years before Lockhart’s
10
Black’s Law Dictionary, 10th ed., Garner, B., ed. (2004).
71
construction. In Serafine’s house, he testified, you couldn’t even take a
shower and wash the dishes at the same time. 11.RR:156. In fact, he testified,
“that's why we moved...next door.” 11.RR:156. Serafine’s house had the
“smell of gas.” There were cracks and “slopes” inside and out. Ibid.
This evidence was central, probably resulting in an improper verdict,
because it portrayed that Serafine’s house was always falling apart, she perhaps
caused it herself, and this was a bogus lawsuit. Serafine could have testified
on rebuttal—but it would be largely irrelevant to her case in chief—that
Serafine paid a property manager who would have taken care of Nils’
complaints. She would have showed photos of damage that occurred only since
the 2012 construction and “before and after” photos—but the judge excluded
them (see below).
When Viking’s Jimmy Clanin testified, Mr. Otto showed him a picture
of Serafine’s run-down fence along the alley and asked Clanin, “Have you ever
heard anybody refer to that kind of fence like Ms. Serafine has, right there on
the alley as a historical fence?” 11.RR:40. Mr. Clanin said, “No, sir.” Ibid.
This evidence gave the false impression that Serafine claimed this was a
“historical” fence, that she did not replace it when it was clearly needed, and
so this was probably a bogus lawsuit. Serafine would have corrected this
72
misinformation. She did not claim the old alley fence was “historical.” In
attempting to remove it, Serafine discovered Viking had bolted it as a support
for the Blunts’ fence, by which time litigation was contentious. None of this
would have gone into Serafine’s case in chief. Failure to get rebuttal went
against Serafine on damages and negligence.
Clanin also testified to the effect that Serafine could have called Viking
to get the concrete off her property. 11.RR:52-53. Serafine would have
rebutted that Blunts’ lawyer would not disclose who built the fence; Viking
knew of the problem since Day One and long before litigation never offered
assistance. Serafine did not and would not have put this in her case in chief.
Failure to get rebuttal went to the merits of Serafine’s claim generally and to
negligence and damages. What damages, a juror might question, can there be
over a run-down fence?
The Blunts were allowed over objection, to testify that there was a
“mediation attempt” and they made a settlement offer to just “give” Serafine
the land, but she refused it. 11.RR:145. Serafine would have rebutted that
there was no offer and no mediation. Such “evidence” went to the heart of why
Serafine was forced to bring the case. It probably resulted in the improper
verdict that Serafine take nothing.
73
The Blunts were allowed testify over objection that their attorney wrote
letters to Serafine asking her to produce a survey and she refused. 11.RR:114.
Serafine would have rebutted with the phone calls and verbal communication
at the time, but would not have put such evidence in her case in chief. The
harm is that both the jury and judge believed erroneously that this case was
decided by surveys and that Serafine herself conceded that.
Ashley Blunt testified that, before Viking tore out the fence, Serafine
knew about it and approved of it. In fact, she and Ms. Serafine walked around
the neighborhood selecting fences, Mrs. Blunt testified. 11.RR:167-168.
Serafine would have rebutted this, as it was false. There would be no reason
in Serafine case in chief to testify that she and Mrs. Blunt did not walk around
the neighborhood. Even aggressive cross would not un-do it.
Sam Archer, a real estate agent and Mr. Blunt’s friend, testified for the
Blunts that Serafine’s house is more valuable as a result of defendants’
construction. 11.RR:286. Serafine, as the owner of her house, would have
rebutted Archer’s opinions and and testified to its value. This harm went to
damages and the merits of the case.
That these were important issues is shown by all defendants’ closing
arguments. The Blunts’ first point was:
74
I again submit to you my clients made one mistake and one mistake
only. That was purchasing and trying to maintain and improve
property next to this plaintiff.
12.RR:97.
Lockhart’s counsel emphasized Serafine did not take care of her
property. 12.RR:138.
B. In a “death penalty” sanction the trial court excluded plaintiff’s trial
exhibits on controlling issues.
Five days before trial, on October 8, 2015, Viking filed against plaintiff
a motion for evidentiary sanction, or motion to compel, after hours.
CRSuppIII:80-91. Although elsewhere plaintiff’s counsel Mr. Bass could not
get rulings on his filed and emailed objections to trial exhibits because, the
court explained, “here in Travis County, we do have this wonderful electronic
filing system, but sometimes it takes two days for it to actually make it into the
system,” 9.RR:8, in the case of Viking’s after-hours sanctions motion the court
filed an order by 11:53 a.m. the next morning. CR:558-59.    It  had  two
rulings.
First,  the  court  limited  plaintiff’s  exhibits  to  100  in  number
without limiting defendants’.  CR:558‐59.  The Blunts had designated
88  exhibits.    RRSupp:16  (Mr.  Peters).      Viking  had  designated  “67ʺ
75
exhibits each containing 20, 40, or over 200 documents, for a total of
over 500 documents.  CR:512‐518.
Only plaintiff was limited.
Second, the court excluded all of plaintiff’s exhibits from being
introduced at trial, except those that could be personally presented to
the judge in court, listed in the columnar format ordered, in two hours.
CR:558‐59.   The order  read:
“The Court FINDS that Plaintiffs exhibit list is insufficient
and does not comply with the Travis County Standing Order
requiring that the exhibit list identify documents reasonably
anticipated to be offered in evidence.
Plaintiff  is  therefore  ORDERED  to  identify  no  more  than
100 exhibits to be introduced at trial in the following format
on or before 2:00 p.m. on October 9, 2015.   Any exhibit that
is not identified in the format below will not be introduced
at trial.”
CR:558‐59.
The rule in question requires a list. It does not require a list in any
particular form. However the court ordered a chart in the format attached to
the order. CR:559.
In relevant part Rule 3.2 of the Travis County “Amended Standing
76
Pretrial Scheduling Order...” provides that 12 days before trial,
Counsel shall exchange a list of exhibits that each reasonably
anticipates  will  be  offered  in  evidence.  Exhibits  not  listed
will not be admitted unless good cause is shown. (emphasis
added).
Serafine engaged in no flagrant violation or callous disregard of the rule.
Plaintiff and Viking both complied with the 12‐day deadline.  Plaintiff’s
exhibit  list  that  the  court  found  non‐compliant  is  shown  at
CRSuppIV:84‐89.   It listed categories of documents and photographs
(deed documents, “old chain link fence” etc.).   Viking’s exhibit list is
shown at CR:512‐518.  It too listed categories of exhibits—each category
containing 20, 40, or some 200 individual documents.
There was no substantial difference between the two lists.  The
only difference is that Viking used large Bates number ranges.  No rule
anywhere  requires  Bates  numbers.    But  as  Serafine  explained  to  the
court  when  the  parties  appeared  later  that  day,  plaintiff’s  Bates
numbers would be confusing for designation because she had three sets
of Bates numbers—separately for the 12‐1270 case (served on Lockhart
77
and  Blunts),  the  13‐4023  case  (served  on  Viking),  and  for  the
consolidated case (served on all defendants).  RRSupp:6.   There was no
way  to  match  up  the  Bates  numbers,  and  in  any  case  a  particular
document  would  confusingly  bear  at  least  two  if  not  three  different
numbers.
Finally, defendants were not prejudiced in any way.  All parties
had received Serafine’s documents and had been familiar with them for
years.
When  the  court  issued  its  sanctions  order  at  11:53  a.m.,  Ms.
Serafine  and  Mr.  Bass  were  meeting  at  his  office  in  Georgetown.
Plaintiff  appeared  in  court  at  2:00  p.m.  and  served  and  filed  the
handwritten list on the following page.  CR:555‐557.
This  filing  hastily  listed  as  many  exhibits  as  possible  from
depositions and expert reports,  thereby clearly identifying them for
defendants.  In fact, however, defendants claimed they had not been
provided  with  those  particular  exhibits,  and  thus  many  listed  were
excluded at trial anyway.   9.RR:67; 9.RR:126‐128.
78
79
CR: 555‐57.
80
Before  the  order  issued  there  was  (1)  no  notice,  (2)  no  order  to
show cause; (3) no hearing; and (4) no lesser sanction.  TransAmerican
Nat’l Gas Corp. v. Powell, 811 S.W.2d 913, 917 (Tex. 1991)(“courts must
consider the availability of less stringent sanctions and whether [they]
would fully promote compliance”).  See also Brookshire Bros., Ltd. v.
Aldridge, 438  S.W.3d 9, 24 (Tex. 2014)(sanctions so severe as to inhibit
the presentation of the merits must be reserved for “flagrant bad faith”
or “counsel’s callous disregard…”)(citation omitted); In re Patton, 47
S.W.3d 825, 828 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001, orig. proceeding) (finding
abuse of discretion to exclude trial exhibits without lesser sanction).
Harm analysis
Controlling issues in this case included how and when Serafine’s
tenants used Lots 5 and 6; whether Serafine’s house was damaged by
the 2012 construction, as she’d claimed; whether scientifically‐collected
soil samples had been collected by her expert; whether, in fact, the back
building  was  intended  to  be  used  as  an  office  as  Serafine  claimed;
whether, in fact, Serafine had done a re‐model in 2002 to 2004 and how
81
it looked inside.
Elimination of plaintiff’s exhibits prevented her from showing the
jury the evidence in plaintiff’s Exhibit 106 at 17.RR and 18.RR, which
was  excluded,  but  which  at  trial  Mr.  Bass  offered  for  a  later  bill  of
exception  and  the  court  approved  but  later  refused.    10.RR:29.    (Mr.
Bass used the term “offer of proof,” but it is clear he intended a formal
bill of exception for the excluded exhibits, as he had done previously.)
The documents excluded by the order on Oct. 9, 2015 included:
• telephone book pages from the Austin History Center showing the
tenants at 4011 listed each year;
•  photographs Serafine took of large cracks, dry wall breakages,
and  a  threshhold  that  had  shifted  toward  the  next  room—all
damage that developed throughout Serafine’s house only since the
2012 construction;
• photographs Serafine took of the soil sample collection to provide
the  jury  with  an  understanding  of  why  samples  were  collected
down to 17 feet;
82
• architectural  sketches  completed  for  the  back  building  that
Serafine claimed she was turning into an office;
• the appraisal and photographs from 1977 showing the backyard
was fenced on all four sides;
• estimates obtained for repairing the damage;
• fee bills for attorneys and experts;
• photographs of typical, vintage chain‐link throughout Hyde Park
that was similar to what Serafine lost;
• photographs of the interior re‐model/restoration Serafine did in
2002‐2004;
• photographs  of  the  trenching  Lockhart  did  along  the  side  of
Serafine’s driveway (which defendants denied doing);
Not putting this before the jury prevented Serafine from putting
on her case.  ʺAn error in the exclusion of evidence requires reversal if
it is both controlling on a material issue and not cumulative.ʺ Mentis v.
Barnard, 870 S.W.2d 14, 16 (Tex.1994).
Serafine  took  every  step  to  present  this  evidence  on  appeal.
83
Serafine’s formal bill of exception contained this evidence, which the
trial court erroneously refused.  Serafine filed a motion in this Court to
include it in the appellate record.
C. Admitting a purported mediation and settlement offer was
harmful error.
Defendant Blunt was allowed to testify to mediation results and
a purported settlement offer.  Contrary to Tex. R. Evid. 408, Alexander
Blunt testified as follows over plaintiff’s objection:
(By Mr. Peters, Bluntsʹ counsel:)
Q:    At  some  point  in  time,  did  you  offer  just  to  give  the
property to Ms. Serafine?
MR.  BASS:  And  again,  I  object  to  the  reasons  previously
stated, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Okay. Overruled.
Q. (BY MR. PETERS) You may answer the question.
A. Yes, after mediation attempt ‐‐
Q. No, no.
A. Yes, I offered to give her the land up to the fence.
Q. Okay. And donʹt talk about ‐‐ just say why you offered to
give it to her.
A. I wanted this thing to stop and to go away.
Q. Thank you, Mr. Blunt.
11.RR:145.
Admission of this evidence contrary to Tex. R. Evid. 408 put before the jur a
84
one-sided, prejudicial view of evidence they should never have heard: who said
what in trying to settle. Again, Serafine had no opportunity to rebut. In
addition there was neither a mediation nor settlement offer. Any settlement
offers by Serafine were not put before the jury.
D. The court erred in refusing a lateral support instruction.
The trial court concluded at the charge conference that “the Court's charge
is not going to include a submission for loss of lateral support. That will have
to fall under negligence....” 11.RR:80. This was not because there was no
evidence of it. Rather, it was because Blunts’ counsel advised, “There’s no
such cause of action as a lateral support” and it was essentially negligence.
11.RR:79-80. Lockhart’s counsel agreed there was no such cause. 11.RR:77.
Plaintiff’s counsel disagreed. 11.RR:78. The court accepted defendants’
advice.
This Court’s opinion in Simon continues to be the law:
By the weight of authority it is a well-settled rule of the common
law that an owner of land has an absolute right to the lateral support
of adjoining land. In other words, he has the right to have his land
remain as it was in a state of nature, and neither the adjoining
landowner, nor any one else, can rightfully remove from the
boundaries of the land the supports which hold it in its natural
position. Therefore, if the adjoining proprietor constructs a ditch
or other excavation in such a manner as causes the soil of the
complainant to cave in, slough off, or wash away, such adjoining
proprietor is liable for damages, and, in a proper case, may be
85
restrained by injunction. The right of lateral support of the soil is
absolute, and does not depend upon the question of due care or
negligence.
Simon v. Nance, 100 S.W. 1038, 1040 (Tex. Civ. App.—Austin 1907, no
writ)(emphasis added).
Serafine’s engineering expert, David Price, had testified:
[B]ecause if you dig a really deep ditch and you don't support it,
basically the ditch over time, especially in those type of soils, will
essentially cave in. Think slow motion. And then that causes what's
called a lateral unsupported situation, []
10.RR:226-227.
Blunts’ Exhibit 56, supra, is a photograph of a boarded up trench. Mr. Blunt
was asked about the scene and the boards. He testified, “We had trenched along
that property line a few years earlier.” This was “air spading” along plaintiff’s
driveway. 11.RR:121-122.
Plaintiff’s Exhibit 2D is a photo of the trenching just over the property
line. 17.RR:7, admitted at 9.RR:130.
Plaintiff’s live petition pled:
Cause of Action Against Mr. and Mrs. Blunt
Interference with Lateral Support
Plaintiff has and had an absolute right to lateral support of her land.
Defendant Blunts interfered with Plaintiff's lateral support by
digging a trench, approximately I4 feet long, only a few inches
away from her land, by digging a deep sump pit only a few feet
from her land....
86
CR:23.
The elements of negligence include duty and breach of duty, which under
Simon are explicitly not elements of interference with lateral support. The court
erred and Serafine should have been able to take the question to the jury.
VIIb. The trial court prevented appeal within the meaning of TRAP
44.1(a)(2).
This Court can only guess at what the evidence would have been if the
trial court had not excluded or refused to hear evidence on (1) the boundary; (2)
the egregiousness of Alexander Blunt’s fabrication of the
“threats”counterclaim; and (3) plaintiff’s rebuttal at trial.
Serafine was precluded from appealing that 10 hours was too short to try
this consolidated case and two months too short a time to prepare it after a two-
year stay. The Judge’s Bill recites Serafine’s objection, but omits the
evidence from Serafine’s formal bill to appeal the harm. CRSuppV:449.
These errors meet the harm standard of TRAP 44.1(a)(2) and Ford
Motor Company v. Castillo, 279 S.W.3d 656 (Tex. 2009)(when...evidence does
not appear in record, it is impossible to determine harm and party is prevented
from properly presenting case on appeal).
87
PRAYER
The Court should reverse and render judgment: (1) that Serafine
conclusively established Serafine’s adverse possession and limitations title to
the disputed area; (2) that Serafine recover $53,525.00 in attorney’s fees under
TCRP Chapter 27; (3) that the boundary be declared as described by Grant’s
Occupied Line Survey and metes and bounds; and (4) that the $10,000 sanctions
award to Viking be vacated. The Court should also reverse and remand for a
new trial on (1) all of Serafine’s claims against Viking and Lockhart; and (2)
an award of sanctions “sufficient to deter” as provided by Chapter 27, and for
fees and sanctions for the Blunts’ “threats” mixed counterclaim.
In the alternative, the Court should remand for a new trial on all claims.
The Court should vacate the order expunging the lis pendens notice.
Respectfully submitted,
By: S
Mary Louise Serafine
State Bar No. 24048301
P O. Box 4342, Austin, Texas 78765
Telephone: (512) 220-5452
Email: mlserafine@gmail.com
Appellant and Attorney for Appellant
88
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE WITH RULE 9.4(e)
1. This brief complies with the type-volume limitation of Tex. R. App. P.
9.4(e)(i)(2)(B) because it was produced using Word Perfect software and
contains 14,986 words, as determined by the software's word-count
function, excluding the sections of the document listed in Texas Rule of
Appellate Procedure 9.4(e)(i)(1).
2. This brief complies with the typeface requirements of Tex. R. App. P.
9.4(e) because it has been prepared in a proportionally spaced typeface
using Word Perfect software in Times New Roman 14 point font in the
main text and no smaller than Times New Roman 12 point font in
footnotes.
By: S
MARY LOUISE SERAFINE
State Bar No. 24048301
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
By my signature below, I certify that a true and correct copy of the foregoing
document has been delivered via e-service through the Court's electronic filing
system on the counsel below, on this the 26th day of September, 2016.
The Raydon Firm, LLC
Two Riverway, Suite 845, Houston, TX 77056
Ronald Max Raydon, Esq. (ron@raydonlaw.com)
Attorney For Scott Lockhart and Austin Drainage & Foundation, LLC
Thompson, Coe, Cousins & Irons, L.L.P.
701 Brazos, # 1500, Austin, TX 78701
Sara B. Churchin, Esq., schurchin@thompsoncoe.com;
Wade C. Crosnoe, Esq., wcrosnoe@thompsoncoe;
Jeff D. Otto, Esq., jotto@thompsoncoe.com;
Melissa J Ackie, Esq., mackie@thompsoncoe com.
Attorneys for Viking Fence Company, Ltd. and Viking GP, LLC.
Martens, Todd, Leonard, Taylor & Ahlrich
301 Congress Ave., # 1950, Austin, Texas 78701
Amanda Taylor, Esq., ataylor@textaxlaw.com
Attorneys for Alexander and Ashley Blunt
By: S
MARY LOUISE SERAFINE
State Bar No. 24048301
90
APPELLANT’S APPENDIX
Trial Court Orders
Final Judgment, including charge, verdict,
order on boundary, monetary sanctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 1
Order setting boundary, expungement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 2
Findings of fact & conclusions of law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 3
Order granting Viking MSJs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 4
Order consolidating cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 5
Directed verdict on Lockhart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 6
Order excluding plaintiff’s expert Hilts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 7
Evidentiary sanction excluding plaintiff’s exhibits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 8
Judge’s bill of Exception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 9
Pleadings
Petition in 12-1270 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 10
Petition in 13-4023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 11
First supplement to petitions, both cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 12
Second supplement to petitions, both cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 13
Blunts’ counterclaims for interference and fraudulent lien . . . . . . . . . . Tab 14
Blunts’ counterclaim for trespass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 15
91
Motion
Plaintiff’s supplement to motion for Chapter 27 relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 16
Statutes and Rules
Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code sec. 27.009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 17
Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code sec. 16.034 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 18
Prop Code sec. 12.0071 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 19
Tex. R. Civ. P. 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 20
Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 21
Tex. R. Civ. P. 265 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 22
Tex. R. civ. P. 266 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 23
Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code secs. 16.021 to 16.030 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab 24
92
Fiicd in The District Court
of Travis County, Texas
TAB 1
DEC -3 2015
CAUSE NO. D-1-GN-12-001270 At SS9 J?M.
Velva L. Price, District tlirk
MARY LOUISE SERAFINE § IN THE DISTRICT COURT
Plaintiff, §
§
v. §
§ OF TRAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS
ALEXANDER BLUNT, ASHLEY BLUNT, §
SCOTT LOCKHART dba AUSTIN §
DRAINAGE AND FOUNDATIOl\, LLC, §
VIKING FENCE COMPANY, LTD., and §
VIKING GP, LLC, § 200th JUDICIAL DISTRICT
Defendants. §
FINAL JUDGMENT
On October 13, 2015, this case was called to trial. Plaintiff Mary Louise Serafine, an
attorney, appeared Pro Se and through her attorney Ray Bass. Defendants Alexander Blunt and
Ashley Blunt appeared through in person and their attorney, Doran Peters, and announced ready
for trial. Scott Lockhart, Austin Drainage and Foundation, LLC d/b/a Austin Drainage and
Landscape Development appeared in person and through attorney, Ronald Raydon, and
announced ready for trial. Viking Fence Company, Ltd. and Viking GP appeared in person and
through their attorneys, Jeff D. Ot':o and Melissa Ackie, and announced ready for trial. The
record of testimony was duly reported by Della Rothermel, the court reporter for the 250th
Judicial District Court.
On October 13, 2015, the Court impaneled and swore the jury, which heard the evidence
and arguments of counsel. After the close of the evidence, the Court submitted definitions,
instructions, and questions to the jury as set forth in The Court's Charge. In response, the jury,
on October 16, 20 15, made findings that the Court received, filed, and entered of record. The
Court's Charge submitted to the jury, and the jury's findings, are attached as Exhibit "A" and
incorporated by reference.
Final Judgment 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
Pagelof3 ~~
004333407 '~
94
During the trial, the parties agreed to submit the contested boundary line determination
and the issue of attorney fees to the Court by post-verdict submission and hearing. The Court,
through its inherent and exclusive power to settle land titles and disputes, and in response to
Plaintiffs trespass to try title allegations filed in the above captioned and styled cause, signed an
Order Declaring Boundary on November 13, 2015. The Ordc:r finds that Holt Carson's Survey,
sealed on January 18, 2012 and attached hereto as Exhibit "B," correctly and finally establishes
the boundary line between lot 5 of Block 33 of Hyde Park Addition No. 1, also known as 4011
Avenue D, Austin, Texas 78751, and Lot 4 of Block 33 of Hyde Park Addition No. 1, also
known as 4013 Avenue D, Austin, Texas 78751.
Prior to trial, on Septembe:r 25, 2015, the Court considered Plaintiffs "Motion for
Damages and Sanctions Under Chapter 27, Civil Practice & Remedies Code" against Defendants
Alexander Blunt and Ashley Blunt. As justice and equity do not require that costs, fees, or
expenses be awarded and no sanctions are needed to deter Defendants Alexander Blunt and
Ashley Blunt from bringing similar actions, IT IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED
that Plaintiffs requests for attorney's fees and sanctions against Defendants Alexander Blunt and
Ashley Blunt are DENIED.
Based on the jury's verdict, and further supplemented by the Court's additional orders,
this Court renders judgment as follows:
IT IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that Plaintiff take nothing on all claims
against Alexander Blunt, Ashley B1.unt, Scott Lockhart, Austin Drainage and Foundation, LLC
d/b/a Austin Drainage and Landsc2.pe Development, Viking Fence Company, Ltd. and Viking
GP, LLC.
Page 2 of3
Final Judgment
95
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED that Defendants Viking
Fence Company, Ltd. recover from Plaintiff Mary Louise: Serafine the amount of $10,000.00,
pursuant to the Court's Order on Defendant Viking Fence Company, Ltd.'s Motion for
Sanctions, attached hereto as Exhibi": "C."
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED each party shall be
responsible for their respective attorney's fees, expenses, and costs incurred as a result of legal
representation in this case.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED that all writs and processes
for the enforcement and collection of this Final Judgment may issue as necessary.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that all relief requested by
any party not specifically addressed in this Final Judgment is DENIED.
This Judgment is intended to finally dispose of all claims, causes of action, and all
parties, and is therefore, final.
rd
SIGNED this Jr day of December 2015.
Page 3 of3
Final Judgment
96
EXHIBIT A
97
o: BK15299 PG88
ORIGINAL
CAUSE NO. D-1-GN-12-001270
MARY LOUISE SERAFINE § IN THE DISTRICT COURT
Plaintiff §
§
~ §
§
ALEXANDER BLUNT, ASHLEY BLUNT, §
SCOTT LOCKHART dba AUSTIN §
DRAINAGE AND FOUNDATION, LLC § 200th JUDICIAL DISTRICT
dba AUSTIN DRAINAGE §
AND LANDSCAPE DEVELOPME\J"T, §
VIKING FENCE COMPANY, LTD .. AND §
VIKING GP, LLC §
§
Defendants § TRAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS
CHARGE OF THE COURT
LADIES AND GENTLEMEN OF THE JURY:
After the closing arguments, you will go to the jury room to decide the case, answer the
questions that are attached, and reach a verdict. You may discuss the case with other jurors only
when you are all together in the jury room.
Remember my previous instmctions: Do not discuss the case with anyone else, either in
person or by any other means. Do not do any independent investigation about the case or
conduct any research. Do not look up any words in dictionaries or on the Internet. Do not post
information about the case on the Ir,temet. Do not share any special knowledge or experiences
with the other jurors. Do not use your phone or any other electronic device during your
deliberations for any reason.
Any notes you have taken an! for your own personal use. You may take your notes back
into the jury room and consult them during deliberations, but do not show or read your notes to
your fellow jurors during your deliberations. Your notes are not evidence. Each of you should
rely on your independent recollection of the evidence and not be influenced by the fact that
another juror has or has not taken notes.
You must leave your notes with the Court Operations Officer when you are not
deliberating. The Court Operations Officer will give your notes to me promptly after collecting
them from you. I will make sure they are kept in a safe, secure location and not disclosed to
anyone. When you are released from jury duty, the Court Operations Officer will promptly
destroy your notes so that nobody can read what you wrote.
Here are the instructions for answering the questions:
FilEd in The District Court Filed in The District Court
of Travis County, Texas of Travis County, Texas
OCT 1 6 2015 fA OCT 1 6 2015 I
Court's Charge to the Jury At j. ·5'f. f M.
Velva L. Price, District Clerk
At 3: oS eM.
Velva l. Price, District C!erk
98
oc; BK15299 PG89
1. Do not let bias, pn~judice, or sympathy play any part in your decision.
2. Base your answer:; only on the evidence admitted in court and on the law that
is in these instructions and questions. Do not consider or discuss any evidence
that was not admitted in the courtroom.
3. You are to make up your own minds about th(~ facts. You are the sole judges
of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to give their testimony. But
on matters of law, you must follow all ofmy instructions.
4. If my instruction:; use a word in a way that is different from its ordinary
meaning, use the meaning I give you, which will be a proper legal definition.
5. All the questions and answers are important. No one should say that any
question or answer is not important.
6. Answer "yes" or "no" to all questions unless you are told otherwise. A "yes"
answer must be based on a preponderance of the evidence unless you are told
otherwise. Whenever a question requires an answer other than "yes" or "no,"
your answer must be based on a preponderance of the evidence unless you are
told otherwise.
The term "preponderance of the evidence" means the greater weight of
credible evidence presented in this case. If you do not find that a
preponderance of the evidence supports a "yes" answer, then answer "no." A
preponderance of the evidence is not measured by the number of witnesses or
by the number of documents admitted in evide:nce. For a fact to be proved by
a preponderance of the evidence, you must find that the tact is more likely
true than not true.
7. Do not decide who you think should win before you answer the questions and
then just answer the questions to match your decision. Answer each question
carefully without considering who will win. Do not discuss or consider the
effect your answers will have.
8. Do not answer qu~stions by drawing straws or by any method of chance.
9. Some questions might ask you for a dollar amount. Do not agree in advance
to decide on a dollar amount by adding up each juror's amount and then
figuring the average.
10. Do not trade your answers. For example, do not say, "I will answer this
question your wa:r if you answer another question my way."
11. Unless otherwise instructed, the answers to the questions must be based on the
decision of at lea:;t ten of the jurors. The same ten jurors must agree on every
Court's Charge to the Jury 2
99
DC BK15299 PGSO
answer. Do not agree to be bound by a vote of anything less than ten jurors,
even if it would be a majority.
12. A fact may be established by direct evidence or by circumstantial evidence or
both. A fact is established by direct evidence when proved by documentary
evidence or by witnesses who saw the act done or heard the words spoken. A
fact is established by circumstantial evidence when it may be fairly and
reasonably inferred from other facts proved.
13. You are the sole jt dges of the credibility or believability of each witness and
the weight to be given to his or her testimony. In weighing the testimony of a
witness you should consider his or her relationship to the Plaintiff or to the
Defendant; his or her interest, if any, in the outcome of the case; his or her
demeanor or mann:::r of testifying; his or her opportunity to observe or acquire
knowledge conceming the facts about which he~ or she has testified; his or her
candor, fairness ard intelligence; and the extent to which he or she has been
supported or contradicted by other credible evidence. You may, in short,
accept or reject the testimony of any witness in whole or in part.
As I have said before, if you do not follow these instructions, you will be guilty of juror
misconduct, and I might have to order a new trial and start this process over again. This would
waste your time and the parties' money, and would require the taxpayers of this county to pay for
another trial. If a juror breaks any of these rules, tell that person to stop and report it to me
immediately.
Additional Definitions:
1. Lot 4 refers to Alexander and Ashley Blunts' real property at 4013 Avenue D, Austin,
Texas, 78751.
2. Lot 5 refers to Mary Louise Serafine's real property at 4011 Avenue D, Austin, Texas
78751.
3. "Market value" means the anount that would be paid in cash by a willing buyer who
desires to buy, but is not required to buy, to a willing sdler who desires to sell, but is
under no necessity of selling.
Additional Definitions for Adverse Possession:
4. "Adverse possession" means an actual and visible appropnat10n of real property,
commenced and continued under a "claim of right" that is inconsistent with and is
"hostile" to the rights of the owner ofthe real property.
5. Adverse possession does nc,t need to continue in the same person, but there must be
privity of estate between each holder and his successor.
Court's Charge to the Jury 3
100
BK15299 PG91
6. "Claim of right" means the claimant's intention to appropriate or claim the land as his or
her own.
7. "Hostile" means the acts performed by the claimant of the real property and the use made
of the real property were of such nature and character as to reasonably notify the owner
of the real property that a hostile claim to the property was being asserted.
Additional Definitions for Negligence:
8. "Negligence" means failure to use ordinary care, that is, f::liling to do that which a person
of ordinary prudence would have done under the same or similar circumstances or doing
that which a person of ordinary prudence would not have done under the same or similar
circumstances.
9. "Ordinary care" means that degree of care that would be used by a person of ordinary
prudence under the same or similar circumstances.
I 0. "Proximate cause" means a cause that was a substantial factor in bringing about an
occurrence, and without which cause such occurrence would not have occurred. In order
to be a proximate cause, the act or omission complained of must be such that a person
using ordinary care would have foreseen that the occurrence, or some similar occurrence,
might reasonably result therefrom. There may be more than one proximate cause of an
occurrence.
Court's Charge to the Jury 4
101
o: BK15299 PG92
Question No.1- Adverse Possession- 25 Year Statute
Do you find that Mary Louise Serafine held the disputed area between Lot 4 and Lot 5 in adverse
possession for a continuous and uninterrupted period of twenty-five (25) years?
To establish adverse possession, Mary Louise Serafine must have cultivated, used, or enjoyed the
property.
Answer "Yes" or "No"
Answer: --'N_O__
Court's Charge to the Jury 5
102
o:: BK15299 PG93
If you answered "No" to Question No. 1, then Answer Question No. 2. Otherwise, do not
answer Question No. 2.
Question No.2- Adverse Possession -10 Year Statute
Do you find that Mary Louise Serafine held the disputed area between Lot 4 and Lot 5 in adverse
possession for a continuous and uninterrupted period of ten ( 10) years?
To establish adverse possession, Mary Louise Serafine must have cultivated, used, or enjoyed the
property.
Answer "Yes" or "No"
Answer: NQ
Court's Charge to the Jury 6
103
DC BK15299 PG94
If you answered "No" to Question Nm:. 1 and 2, then Answer Question No.3. Otherwise, do not
answer Question No.3.
Question No. 3- Adverse Possession -Five Year Statute
Do you find that Mary Louise Serafine held the disputed area between Lot 4 and Lot 5 in adverse
possession for a continuous and uninterrupted period of five (5) years?
To establish adverse possession under the five year statute, Mary Louise Serafine must have: (1)
cultivated, used, or enjoyed the property; (2) paid applicable taxes on the property; and (3)
claimed the property under a duly registered deed.
Answer "Yes" or "No"
Answer: NO
7
Court's Charge to the Jury
104
DC BK15299 PG95
If you answered "No" to Question Nos. 1, 2, and 3, then Answer Question No. 4. Otherwise, do
not answer Question No. 4.
Question No. 4- Adverse Possession- Three Year Statute
Do you find that Mary Louise Serafine held the disputed area between Lot 4 and Lot 5 in adverse
possession under title or color of ti1le for a continuous and uninterrupted period of three (3)
years?
"Title" means a regular chain of transfers of real property from or under the sovereignty of the
soil.
"Color of title" means a consecutive chain of transfers to the person in possession that:
(A) is not regular because of a document or record that is not properly recorded or
is only in writing or because of a similar defect that dm:~s not want of intrinsic
fairness or honesty; or
(B) is based on a certificate of headright, land warrant, or land scrip.
Answer "Yes" or "No"
Answer: NO
8
Court's Charge to the Jury
105
DG BK15299 PG96
If you answered "Yes" to Question Nos. I, 2, 3, or 4, then Answer Question No. 5. Otherwise,
do not answer Question No. 5.
Question No. 5 -Trespass
Did a party listed below trespass on Mary Louise Serafine's property?
"Trespasser" means one who enters on the property of another without having
consent of the person who owns or possesses the property. To constitute a
trespass, entry upon another's property need not be in person but may be made by
causing or permitting a thing to cross the boundary of the premises.
Answer "Yes" or "No" for each of the following:
a. Alexander Blunt
b. Viking Fence Company
Court's Charge to the Jury 9
106
o: BK15299 PG97
If you answered "Yes" to Question No. 5 for Alexander Blunt then Answer Question No. 6.
Otherwise, do not answer Question No. 6.
Question No. 6- Actual Damages for Trespass
What sum of money, if any, do you find would fairly and reasonably compensate Mary Louise
Serafine for the trespass, if any, by .A.lexander Blunt on her property?
You are instructed to consider the bllowing elements of damages and no other. Consider each
element separately and do not include amounts for one element in the other element. Do not
include interest on any damages you find:
Answer in dollars and cents for damages, if any.
Answer: -----------------------------------
Court's Charge to the Jury 10
107
o: BK15299 PG98
If you answered "Yes" to Question No.5 for Viking Fence Company, then Answer Question No.
7. Otherwise, do not answer Question No.7.
Question No. 7- Actual Damages for Trespass
What sum of money, if any, do you find would fairly and reasonably compensate Mary Louise
Serafine for the trespass, if any, by Viking Fence Company on her property?
You are instructed to consider the following elements of damages and no other. Consider each
element separately and do not include amounts for one element in the other element. Do not
include interest on any damages you :ind:
Answer in dollars and cents for damages, if any.
Answer:
Court's Charge to the Jury II
108
DC BK15299 PG99
Question No. 8- Negligence- Fence between Lot 4 and Lot 5
With regard to the replacement of the fence between Lot 4 and Lot 5, did the negligence, if any,
of those named below proximately caJse any property damage to Mary Louise Serafine?
Answer "Yes" or "No" for each of the following:
a. Alexander Blunt hiD
b. Ashley Blunt _ _ _\1---''J 0 ____
c. Viking Fence Company ('JO
---- ·----
d. Mary Louise Serafine ___t-._JC__ I - -
12
Court's Charge to the Jury
109
DC BK15299 PG100
If you answered "Yes" to Question No. 8 for more than one: of the persons or company listed
below, then answer Question No.9 with respect to those persons or company. Otherwise, do not
answer Question No.9.
Question No. 9- Comparative Responsibility for Negligem:e
For each person you found caused or contributed to cause the property damage to Mary Louise
Serafine, find the percentage of responsibility attributable to each.
Assign percentages of responsibility only to those you found caused damage to Plaintiff's
property in replacing the fence. The percentages you find must total 100 percent. The
percentages must be expressed in whole numbers. The perce:ntage of responsibility attributable
to a person or company is not necessarily measured by the number of acts or omissions found.
The percentage attributable to anyone need not be the same percentage attributed to that one in
answering another question.
a. Alexander Blunt %
b. Ashley Blunt o;o
c. Viking Fence Company o;o
d. Mary Louise Serafine o/o
Total 100 o;o
Court's Charge to the Jury 13
110
DC BK15299 PG101
Answer Question No. 10 if you answered "Yes" for anyone to Question No. 8. Otherwise, do
not answer Question No. 10.
Question No. 10- Market Value Damages for Negligence
What is the reduction in the market value, if any, in Travis County, Texas, of the Serafine
Property immediately before and immediately after the fence was installed in December 2011?
Do not reduce the amount, if any, in your answer because of the negligence, if any, of any party.
Any recovery will be determined by the Court when it applies the Jaw to your answers at the time
of judgment.
Answer in dollars and cents for damages, if any.
Answer: -----------------------------------
14
Court's Charge to the Jury
111
DC BK15299 PG102
Question No. 11- Negligence- Drainage System
With regard to the installation of th~ drainage system on Lot 4,. did the negligence, if any, of
those named below proximately caus·~ damage to Plaintiffs property?
Answer "Yes" or "No" for each of the following:
a. Alexander Blunt ND
b. Ashley Blunt ---+-N-"'-':o__
c. Austin Drainage and Foundation ----'~"L...;':~--
d. Mary Louise Serafine
15
Court's Charge to the Jury
112
DC BK15299 PG103
If you answered "Yes" to Question No. 11 for more than one of the persons or company listed
below, then answer Question No. 12 with respect to those persons or company. Otherwise, do
not answer Question No. 12.
Question No. 12- Comparative Responsibility for Negligence
For each person you found caused or contributed to cause damage to Plaintiffs property in
installing the drainage system, find the percentage of responsibility attributable to each.
Assign percentages of responsibility only to those you found caused damage to Plaintiffs
property in installing the drainage sy:;tem. The percentages you find must total I 00 percent. The
percentages must be expressed in whole numbers. The percentage of responsibility attributable
to a person or company is not necessarily measured by the number of acts or omissions found.
The percentage attributable to anyone need not be the same percentage attributed to that one in
answering another question.
0
a. Alexander Blunt /o
0
b. Ashley Blunt /o
0
c. Austin Drainage and Found,ation /o
0
d. Mary Louise Serafine - /o
Total wo 0
/o
Court's Charge to the Jury 16
113
DC BK15299 PG104
If you answered "Yes" for anyone to Question No. 11, then answe:r Question No. 13. Otherwise,
do not answer Question No. 13.
Question No. 13- Market Value D~tmages for Negligence
What is the amount of any reduction in market value in Travis County, Texas, of the Serafine
Property immediately before and immediately after the installation of the drainage system on Lot
4?
Do not reduce the amount, if any, in your answer because of the negligence, if any, of any party.
Any recovery will be determined by the court when it applies the law to your answers at the time
of judgment.
Answer in dollars and cents for damages, if any.
Answer:$___________________
Court's Charge to the Jury 17
114
DC BK15299 PG105
If you answered "Yes" for anyone to Question No. 11, then answ{:r Question No. 14. Otherwise,
do not answer Question No. 14.
Question No. 14- Cost of Repair Damages for Negligence
What sum of money, if paid now in ::ash, would fairly and reasonably compensate Mary Louise
Serafine for her damages, if any, to restore the property to the condition it was in immediately
before the installation of the drainage system?
Consider the elements of damage> listed below and none other. Consider each element
separately. Do not award any sum o:: money on any element if you have otherwise, under some
other element, awarded a sum of money for the same loss. That is, do not compensate twice for
the same loss, if any. Do not include interest on any amount of damages you find.
Do not reduce the amount, if any, in your answers because of the negligence, if any of any party.
Any recovery will be detem1ined by the Court when it applies the law to your answers at the time
of judgment.
Answer in dollars and cents for damages, if any.
Answer:$____________
18
Court's Charge to the Jury
115
DC BK15299 PG106
Question No. 15- Nuisance
Do you find that Austin Drainage and Foundation created a private nuisance?
A private nuisance is a condition that substantially interferes with the use and enjoyment of land
by causing unreasonable discomfort or annoyance to persons of ordinary sensibilities attempting
to use and enjoy their property.
Answer: "Yes" or "No"
NO
19
Court's Charge to the Jury
116
DC BK15299 PG107
If you answered "Yes" to Question No. 15, then answer Question No. 16. Otherwise, do not
answer Question No. 16.
uestion No. es for Nuis~
What sum of money, if paid now in cash, do you find would fairly and reasonably compensate
Mary Louise Serafine for the damages, if any, that were proximately caused by the private
nuisance?
You are instructed to consider the following elements of damages and no other. Consider each
element separately and do not include amounts for one element in the other element. Do not
include interest on any damages you fmd:
If you determine that that there are property damages, you may consider the loss of market value
or the cost of repairs, but not both. "Market value" means the amount that would be paid in cash
by a willing buyer who desires to buy, but is not required to buy, to a willing seller who desires
to sell, but is under no necessity of selling. The "cost of repairs" is the reasonable cost in Travis
County, Texas, to restore the prop·~rty to the condition it was in immediately before the
occurrence in question.
Answer in dollars and cents for damages, if any.
Answer:
Court's Charge to the Jury 20
117
DC BK15299 PG108
.PRESIDING JUROR
When you go into the jury ro::>m to answer the questions, the first thing you will need to
do is choose a presiding juror.
The presiding juror has these duties:
1. Have the complete chmge read aloud if it will be helpful to your deliberations;
2. Preside over your deliberations, meaning manage the discussions, and see that
you follow these instmctions;
3. Give written questior.s or comments to the Comt Operations Officer who will
give them to the judge;
4. Write down the answers you agree on;
5. Get the signatures for the verdict certificate; and
6. Notify the Court Operations Officer that you have reached a verdict.
Do you understand the duties of the presiding juror? If you do not, please tell me now.
Instruction for Signing the Verdict Certificate
Unless otherwise instructed, you may answer the questions on a vote of ten jurors. The
same ten jurors must agree on every answer in the charge. This means you may not have one
group of ten jurors agree on one answer and a different group of ten jurors agree on another
answer.
If ten jurors agree on every answer, those ten jurors sign the verdict.
If eleven jurors agree on every answer, those eleven jurors sign the verdict.
If all twelve of you agree 011 every answer, you are unanimous and only the presiding
juror signs the verdict.
All jurors should deliberate on every question. You may end up with all twelve of you
agreeing on some answers, while o11ly ten or eleven of you agree on other answers. But when
you sign the verdict, only those ten who agree on every answer will sign the verdict.
Submitted to the jury the +i ':y of October, 2015, at A. ·-v~lock ttDII .. >PIL' IDIIIlC (VIIIIPUnOIPc:ll
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HOI. 1 CMSON, INC.
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Au1th, Tez11 71714
WEST 40th STREET 160 'I
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122
EXHIBITC
123
Filed in The District Court
of Travis County, Texas
DEC - 3 2015 ?zJ
CAUSE NO. D-1-GN-12-001270 At_ ~ /LO
'o~ · o· . f-:-M.
I
Velva
§ IN THE DISTRICT CO ~e, lstrrct lerk
MARY LOUISE SERAFINE
Plaintiff, §
§
v. §
§ OF TRAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS
ALEXANDER BLUNT, ASHLEY BLUNT, §
SCOTT LOCKHART dba AUSTIN §
DRAINAGE AND FOUNDATION, LLC, §
VIKING FENCE COMPANY, LTD., and §
VIKING GP, LLC, § 2.00th JUDICIAL DISTRICT
Defendants. §
ORDER ON DEFENDANT VIKING FENCE COMPANY, LTD.'S
MOTION FOR SANCTION~
On November 10, 2015, the Court heard Defendant Viking Fence Company, Ltd.'s
("Viking") Motion for Sanctions (the "Motion") against Plaintiff Mary Louise Serafine pursuant
to Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 13 and Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code, Chapter 10, in
the above-styled and numbered cause.
Defendant Viking appeared through its attorney of record, Jeff D. Otto. Plaintiff Mary
Louise Serafine, attorney of record, appeared pro se, on her own behalf. The record of testimony
was duly reported by Della Rothermel, the court reporter for the 250th Judicial District Court.
Background
1. On or about December 18, 2011, Defendant Viking Fence Company, Ltd. installed a privacy
fence for a home in Hyde Park. Plaintiff, an adjacent landowner, believed the newly installed
fence encroached on her property rights.
2. On April 29, 2012, Plaintiff filed this suit against Alexander and Ashley Blunt for installing
the fence.
3. On November 13, 2013, Plaintiff, an attorney licensed i[n Texas and proceeding ProSe, filed
a suit against Defendant Viking Fence Company, Ltd.:, in D-1-GN-13-004023, styled Mary
Page 1 of6
ORDER ON DEFENDANT VIKING FENCE COMPANY. LTD.'S MOTION FOR SANCTIONS
124
Louise Serafine v. Viking Fence Company, Ltd. eta/, in tht:: 126th Judicial District Court of
Travis County, Texas (the "Viking Suit").
4. On July 6, 2014, Plaintiff addt::d Defendant Viking GP, LLC, the general partner of
Defendant Viking Fence Company, Ltd, as a defendant in the Viking Suit.
5. On February 10, 2015, Plaintiff filed her Third Amended Petition in the Viking Suit, which
added Salvador Chavarria and Jennifer Chavarria, a man:led couple, who were the sole
shareholders and members ofDefi~ndant Viking GP, LLC, as defendants in the Viking Suit.
6. In her Third Amended Petition, Plaintiff alleged the following:
a. "Defendants Salvador Chavarria and Jennifer Chavarria engaged in a single business
enterprise and that Defendants Viking Fence, Viking GP, and Salvador and Jennifer
Chavarria are the alter egos of each other." Third Amended Petition at p. 3.
b. "Defendants do business under an unlawful scheme in which Salvador and Jennifer
Chavarria purport to be protected by an entity, inside another entity, which is
designed to create the appearance, solely for the purpose of escaping liability, of
multiple layers of inc.ependent-contractor agn:ements. This scheme is a
misrepresentation to defer1dants' customers, the public at large, the state and federal
agencies to whom defendants owe duties, and to their ostensible or actual agents or
employees- the purported independent contractors.''' /d. at pp. 3-4.
c. "Viking Fence, Viking GP, and Salvador and J~~nnifer Chavarria have engaged in an
unlawful scheme to shidd themselves from Hability from their wrongful acts by
erecting this web of entities and purported 'independent contractor' agreements." /d.
at p. 4.
Page2of6
ORDER ON DEFENDANT VIKING FENCE COMPo\NY, LTD.'S MOTION FOR SANCTIONS
125
d. "Defendants Viking Fence, Viking GP, and Salvador and Jennifer Chavarria are
engaged in a hiring scheme that is contrary to state and federal law and exploits the
personnel who are engaged by them." !d. at p. 5.
7. On May 28, 2015, the Court considered the First Amended Traditional Motion for Summary
Judgment on the Affirmative Defense of Statute of Limitations filed by Defendants Viking
GP, LLC, Salvador Chavarria, Je1mifer Chavarria, and Jam<~s Clanin. On June 12, 2015, the
Court granted Defendants' motion for summary judgment on the affirmative defense of
statute of limitations, in part, and dismissed with prejudic4;! all of Plaintiff's claims against
Defendants Salvador Chavarria and Jennifer Chavarria.
8. On August 24, 2015, the Court, by agreement of the parties, consolidated D-1-GN-13-
004023 (the "Viking Suit") into this action.
9. On October 16, 2015, a jury of twelve agreed to each and every answer in the Court's Charge
to the Jury, which found that Mary Louise Serafine take nothing by her claims against
Defendants Viking Fence and Viking GP.
10. On November 3, 2015, Defendant Viking filed a Motion for Sanctions against Plaintiff Mary
Louise Serafine.
11. On November 9, 2015, Plaintiff filed an Opposition to Deftmdant's Motion for Sanctions and
a Motion to Dismiss under Chapter 27, Civil Practice & Remedies Code.
12. On November 10, 2015, the Court held a hearing on attorney's fees and Defendant's Motion
for Sanctions.
13. On November 20, 2015, Plainti1I withdrew her Motion to Dismiss under Chapter 27, Civil
Practice & Remedies Code against Defendant Viking.
Page3 of6
ORDER ON DEFENDANT VIKING FENCE COMP.\NY, LTD.'S MOTION FOR SANCTIONS
126
Findings
After considering Defendant'~; Motion, Plaintiff's Response, the pleadings on file, the
evidence admitted at the hearing, the live testimony of Jeff D. Otto, the arguments of counsel and
applicable law, the Court FINDS as follows:
1. Although the statute of limitations expired in December 2013, Plaintiff did not file suit
against Defendants Salvador Chavarria and Jennifer Chavarria until February 10, 2015.
2. In order to recover against Defendants Salvador Chavarria and Jennifer Chavarria, Plaintiff
was required to specifically plead and prove, within the applicable statute of limitations, that:
(a) the corporate form of Defendant Viking Fence, Ltd. should be disregarded to hold
Defendant Viking GP, LLC liablt:; and (b) the liability shield of Defendant Viking GP, LLC
should be pierced to hold its sole shareholders, Salvador Chavarria and Jennifer Chavarria,
liable.
3. In her Third Amended Petition, Plaintiff made vague refen:mces to a variety of agency, alter
ego, and corporate veil theories, including the allegation that Defendants Salvador Chavarria
and Jennifer Chavarria were t:ngaged in a "scheme" to make misrepresentations to
"defendants' customers, the public at large, the state and federal agencies to whom
defendants owe duties." Third Amended Petition at pp . .3-4 .
4. Plaintiff, however, made no allegation that Defendants Salvador Chavarria and Jennifer
Chavarria owed any indepenc,ent duty of care to Plaintiff. Absent extraordinary
circumstances, a member or marmger of an LLC is not liable for the debts, obligations or
liabilities of a limited liability company. See Tex. Bus. Orgs. Code§ 101.114
5. Plaintiff alleged nothing wrongful, improper, or illegal about Defendant Viking Fence
Company, Ltd.'s business organization. The creation of affiliated corporations to limit
Page4 of6
ORDER ON DEFENDANT VIKING FENCE COMPANY, LTO. 'S MOTION FOR SANCTIONS
127
liability and the hiring of independent contractors is commonplace and a legally approved
business practice in Texas.
6. Plaintiff failed to allege how the use of a corporate fiction was used as a means to evade an
existing obligation or how Defendants Salvador Chavarria and Jennifer Chavarria relied on a
corporate fiction as a protection o:f crime or to perpetuate: a fraud. Plaintiff provided no basis
to demonstrate that Salvador Chavarria and Jennifer Chavarria were necessary parties to
prevent injustice.
Based on all of the foregoing, there can be no other reasonable conclusion but that
Plaintiff's allegations against Salvador Chavarria and Jennifer Chavarria were made: (1) in bad
faith; (2) with full-knowledge that her claims against the individual LLC members were
groundless; and (3) for the purpose of harassment. Accordingly, there is good cause to sanction
Plaintiff under Texas Rule of Civil f'rocedure 13 and Texas Cilvil Practice and Remedies Code,
Chapter 10. The Court finds that an appropriate remedy is an award of$1 0,000.00.
There is a direct relationship between the sanction and the offensive conduct by Plaintiff.
The testimony and evidence admitted at the hearing established that in the month of June 2015,
Defendant Viking Fence Company, Ltd. incurred reasonable and necessary fees in defending
against Plaintiff's allegations regarding the claims against Salvador Chavarria and Jennifer
Chavarria. The amount of sanction of $10,000.00 is tied to the fees and expenses incurred on
behalf of Salvador Chavarria and Jennifer Chavarria, including responding to discovery and the
drafting and arguing of two separate motions for summary judgment.
The sanction of $10,000.00 is no more severe than necessary. This amount will
adequately sanction Plaintiff for signing pleadings that wt:re groundless and harassing, as well
deter repetition of the conduct or comparable conduct by others similarly situated.
PageS of6
ORDER ON DEFENDANT VIKING FENCE COMPANY, LTD.'S MOTION FOR SANCTIONS
128
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Defendant Viking Fence Company, Ltd.'s Motion
for Sanctions is GRANTED as set out above.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the amount of $10,000.00 is awarded to Defendant
Viking Fence Company, Ltd. as an award of sanctions against Plaintiff Mary Louise Serafine.
All relief not expressly granted herein is denied.
rJ
SIGNED this___:}!!_ day of December 2015.
Page6of6
ORDER ON DEFENDANT VIKING FENCE COMPANY, LTD.'S MOTION FOR SANCTIONS
129
DC BK15320 PG1307 Filed in The District Court
of Travis County, Texas
TAB 2 NOV 13 2015
CAUSE NO. D-1-GN-12-001270
At cr/ 9'~ 4 ,.,..
Velva L. Price, District tlerk
MARY LOUISE SERAFINE § IN THE DISTRICT COURT
Plaintiff, §
§
v. §
§ OF TRAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS
ALEXANDER BLUNT, ASHLEY BLUNT, §
SCOTT LOCKHART dba AUSTIN §
DRAINAGE AND FOUNDATION, LLC, §
VIKING FENCE COMPANY, LTD., and §
VIKING GP, LLC, § 200th JUDICIAL DISTRICT
Defendants. §
ORDER EXPUNGING NOTICE OF LIS PENDENS
On October 16, 2015, a jury of twelve agreed to each and every answer in the Court's
Charge to the Jury, which found that Mary Louise Serafine take nothing by her claims against
Alexander and Ashley Blunt. Accordingly, Plaintiff Mary Louise Serafine has failed to establish
by a preponderance of the evidence the probable validity of a real property claim as it relates to
4013 Avenue D, Austin, Texas, 78751.
The Court resolved all remaining real property disputes by determining the boundary line
between Lot 5 of Block 33 of Hyde Park Addition No. 1, also known as 4011 Avenue D, Austin,
Texas 78751, and Lot 4 of Block 33 of Hyde Park Addition No.1, also known as 4013 Avenue
D, Austin, Texas 78751. A copy of the Court's Order Declaring Boundary is attached hereto as
Exhibit "1."
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the Notice of Lis
Pendens, filed by Mary Louise Serafine on June 19, 2012, and recorded as Instrument Number
2012097859 in the Deed of Records of Travis County, Texas, is hereby EXPUNGED.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Notice of Lis Pendens, filed by Mary Louise
Serafine on June 19, 2012, and recorded as Instrument Number 2012097859 in the Deed of
Records of Travis County, Texas, does not:
ORDER EXPUNGING NOTICE OF LIS PENDENS
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
004308144 14
DC BK15320 PG1308
(A) constitute constructive or actual notice of any matter contained in the notice or of any
matter relating to the proceeding;
(B) create any duty of inquiry in a person with respect to the property described in the
notice; or
(C) affect the validity of a conveyance to a purchaser for value or of a mortgage to a
lender for value.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Notice of Lis Pendens, filed by Mary Louise
Serafine on June 19, 2012, and recorded as Instrument Number 2012097859 in the Deed of
Records of Travis County, Texas, is not enforceable against a purchaser or lender described by
purchaser for value or of a mortgage to a lender for value, regardless of whether the purchaser or
lender knew of the lis pendens action.
-rY
SIGNED this /;).. day ofNovember 2015.
Page 2 of2
ORDER EXPUNGING NOTICE OF LIS PENDENS
15
DC BK15320 PG1309
EXHIBIT ''1 ''
16
DC BK15320 PG131 0
CAUSE NO. D-1-GN-·12-001270
MARY LOUISE SERAFINE §
Plaintiff, §
§
v. §
§
ALEXANDER BLUNT, ASHLEY BLUNT, OF TRAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS
§
SCOTT LOCKHART dba AUSTIN §
DRAINAGE AND FOUNDATION, LLC, §
VIKING FENCE COMPANY, LTD., and §
VIKING GP, LLC, § 200th JUDICIAL DISTRICT
Defendants. §
ORDER DECLARING BOUNDARY
All parties in this cause agreed to submit the contested boundary line determination to the
Court after the conclusion of evidence and a final determination ofth(~ facts by a trial by jury.
On October 16, 2015, a jury of twelve agreed to each and every answer in the Court's
Charge to the Jury, which found that Mary Louise Serafine take nothing by her claims against
Alexander and Ashley Blunt. After review of the pleadings, the evidence submitted at trial, the
trial record, the Court's Charge to the Jury, the jury's findings, Plaintiff's briefing, and the
applicable law, the Court rules as follows:
The Court, through its inherent and exclusive power to settle land titles and disputes, and
in response to Plaintiffs trespass to try title allegations filed in the above captioned and styled
cause, FINDS that the survey of Holt Carson (herein referred to as the "Holt Carson Survey"),
sealed on January 18, 2012, admitted during trial as "Blunt Exhibit 35," and attached hereto as
Exhibit "A," correctly and finally establishes the boundary line between Lot 5 of Block 33 of
Hyde Park Addition No. 1, also known as 4011 Avenue D, Austin, Texas 78751, and Lot 4 of
Block 33 ofHyde Park Addition No. 1, also known as 4013 Avenue D, Austin, Texas 78751.
ORDER DECLARING BOUNDARY Page I of2
17
DC BK15320 PG1311
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the Holt Carson
Survey, sealed on January 18, 2012 and attached hereto as Exhibit "A," correctly and finally
establishes the boundary line between Lot 5 of Block 33 of Hyde Park Addition No. 1,
commonly known as 4011 Avenue D, Austin, Texas 78751, and Lot 4 of Block 33 of Hyde Park
Addition No. 1, commonly known as 4013 Avenue D, Austin, Texas 78751.
All relief not expressly granted herein is denied.
~
SIGNED this ---/.-.J::day ofNovember 2015.
-------
Page 2 of2
ORDER DECLARING BOUNDARY
18
DC BK15320 PG1312
EXHIBIT ''A''
19
DC BK15320 PG1313
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Filed in The District Court
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TAB 3
JAN 12 2016 0\\f
CAUSE NO. D-1-GN-12-001270 At_ :oo . M.
Velva L. Price, Distric Clerk
MARY LOUISE SERAFINE § IN THE DISTRICT COURT
Plaintiff, §
§
v. § OF TRAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS
§
ALEXANDER BLUNT, ASHLEY BLUNT, §
SCOTT LOCKHART dba AUSTIN §
DRAINAGE AND FOUNDATION, LLC, § 200th ~rUDICIAL DISTRICT
VIKING FENCE COMPANY, LTD., and §
VIKING GP, LLC, §
Defendants. §
FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
On October 13, 2015, the Court called this case for jury trial. Plaintiff Mary Louise
Serafine, an attorney, appeared Pro Se and through her attorney Ray Bass. Defendants
Alexander Blunt and Ashley Blunt appeared through in person and their attorney, Doran Peters,
and announced ready for trial. Scott Lockhart, Austin Drainag'e and Foundation, LLC d/b/a
Austin Drainage and Landscape Development appeared in person and through attorney, Ronald
Raydon, and announced ready for trial. Viking Fence Company, Ltd. and Viking GP appeared in
person and through their attorneys, Jeff D. Otto and Melissa Ackie, and announced ready for
trial. The record of testimony was duly reported by Della Rothermel, the court reporter for the
250th Judicial District Court.
On October 13,2015, the Court impaneled and swore the jury, which heard the evidence
and arguments of counsel. After the close of the evidence, tht~ Court submitted definitions,
instructions, and questions to the jury as set forth in the Court's Charge. On October 16, 2015,
the jury signed the Court's Charge, which the Court received, accepted, filed, and entered into
the record. The parties agreed to submit the contested boundary line determination and the issue
of attorney fees to the Court by post-verdict submission and hearing.
FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
P•golof4 ~
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
004384272 901
On November 13, 2015, the Court signed the Order Declaring Boundary and the Order
Expunging Notice of Lis Pendens. On December 3, 2015, the Court signed the Order on
Defendant Viking Fence Company, Ltd's Motion for Sanctions and the Final Judgment. The
Final Judgment orders that each party shall be responsible for their respective attorney's fees,
expenses and costs incurred as a result of legal representation in this case.
Plaintiff sought findings of fact and conclusions of law concerning the Court's denial of
an award to plaintiff of damages and sanctions against defendants Alexander Blunt and Ashley
Blunt under section 27.009 of the Civil Practice & Remedies Code. Plaintiff also requested that
the Court file findings of fact and conclusions of law concerning the Court's Order Declaring
Boundary and Order Expunging Notice of Lis Pendens.
In response to Plaintiffs requests, the Court issues the following findings of fact and
conclusions of law:
FINDINGS OF FACT
1. On October 16, 2015, the jury made findings that the Court received, accepted, filed, and
entered into the record.
2. By agreement, the Court, through its inherent and exclusive power to settle land titles and
disputes, and in response to Plaintiffs trespass to try title allegations, determined the
boundary of the property in dispute between lot 5 of Block 33 of Hyde Park Addition No.
1, also known as 4011 Avenue D, Austin, Texas 78751, and Lot 4 of Block 33 of Hyde
Park Addition No. 1, also known as 4013 Avenue D, Austin, Texas 78751 (the
"Property").
3. The jury found that Plaintiff take nothing by her four claims for adverse possession
against Defendants Alexander and Ashley Blunt.
Page 2 of 4
FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
902
4. Despite the jury's findings, Plaintiff urged the Court, under the doctrine of adverse
possession, to determine the boundary of the Property in accordance with the boundary
survey that Plaintiff offered during trial and submitted to the jury through evidence.
5. The chain-link fence along the Property existed at the time that Plaintiff purchased her
property.
6. There was no evidence concerning the purpose of construction of the chain-link fence by
Plaintiff's predecessor in title.
7. The chain-link fence along the Property was a casual fence .
8. The chain-link fence along the Property was on the property of Alexander Blunt and
Ashley Blunt at all time relevant to this trial.
9. The railroad ties installed by Plaintiff on the property of Alexander Blunt and Ashley
Blunt were temporary in nature and not permanent.
10. The method of survey by Plaintiff's expert, surveyor James Marvin Grant, was unreliable
because it did not follow the "priority of calls."
11. Holt Carson, surveyor and expert witness for Defendants Alexander and Ashley Blunt,
drew his survey, sealed on January 18, 2012 and identified in the Court's Order Declaring
Boundary, by relying on the recorded deed of the Property in the Travis County records
and the "priority of calls." Mr. Carson's method of survey was specific, detailed and
definite.
12. On or about June 27, 2008, Plaintiff sent a signed letter to Defendants Alexander and
Ashley Blunt expressly retracting any potential claim or demand she may have had to the
Property.
Page 3 of 4
FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
903
13. On April 29, 2012, Plaintiff sued Defendants Alexander and Ashley Blunt in this cause
after Plaintiff expressly withdrew any potential claim or demand she may have had.
14. Justice and equity do not require that costs, fees, or expenses be awarded to Plaintiff for
the dismissal of counterclaims of Defendants Alexander Blunt and Ashley Blunt under
section 27.009 of the Civil Practice & Remedies Code.
15. No sanctions are necessary to deter Defendants Alexander Blunt and Ashley Blunt from
bringing similar claims/counterclaims that were subject of Plaintiffs Motion to Dismiss
under section 27.009 of the Civil Practice & Remedies Code.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
1. Holt Carson's Survey correctly and finally establishes the boundary line between lot 5 of
Block 33 of Hyde Park Addition No. 1, also known as 4011 Avenue D, Austin, Texas
78751, and Lot 4 of Block 33 of Hyde Park Addition No.1, also known as 4013 Avenue
D, Austin, Texas 78751.
2. Plaintiff failed to establish by a preponderance of the evidence the probable validity of a
real property claim in this case.
3. Plaintiff failed to demonstrate that justice and equity require that costs, fees, or expenses
be awarded to her.
4. Plaintiff failed to demonstrate that sanctions against Defendants Alexander Blunt and
Ashley Blunt would be necessary to deter Defendants Alexander Blunt and Ashley Blunt
from bringing similar claims/counterclaims that were subject of Plaintiffs Motion to
Dismiss unde~ion 27.009 of the Civil Practice & Reme~
SIGNED this _M day of January 2016.
Page 4 of4
FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
904
DC BK15177 PG801
Filed in The o· .
of Tra . rstnct Court
VIS County 7i
TAB 4 , exas
JUN 2 5 2015
CAUSE NO. D-1-GN-13-004023 At ~?c:) V
V~M.
MARY LOUISE SERAFINE § IN THE DISTRICT COURt Drstnct Clerk
Plaintiff, §
§
§
v. § OF TRAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS
§
§
§
VIKING FENCE COMPANY, LTD., D/B/A/ §
VIKING FENCE CO., VIKING GP, LLC § 126th JUDICIAL DISTRICT
Defendants. §
ORDER ON DEFENDANTS' PARTIAL TRADITIONAL MOTION FOR SUMMARY
JUDGMENT AND NO-EVIDENCE MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
On June 23, 2015, the Court considered Defendants Viking Fence Company, Ltd., d/b/a
Viking Fence Co. and Viking GP, LLC's Partial Traditional Motion for Summary Judgment and
No-Evidence Motion for Summary Judgment (the "Motion"). Having reviewed the Motion,
Plaintiffs Response, Defendants' Reply brief, the pleadings on file, the summary judgment
evidence and objections thereto, and the arguments of counsel, the Court rules as follows:
1. Plaintiff's Objections to Defendants' Summary Judgment Evidence:
a. Plaintiffs objections to the testimony of Mr. Clanin are overruled.
b. Plaintiffs objections to the first two paragraphs ofpage 8 of Defendants' Motion are
sustained.
c. Plaintiffs objection to Defendants' Exhibit A is sustained.
d. Plaintiffs objection to the testimony of Mr. Chavarria quoted at pages 18-19 of
Defendants' Motion is overruled.
e. Plaintiffs objection to the first paragraph on page 20 of Defendants' Motion is
sustained.
ORDER ON DEFENDANTS' MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT (SERAFINE V. VIKING FENCE)
Page 1 of 3 fijJ')
1111111111111111111111 11111111111111111111 IIIII 1111 1111 288
004090640
DC BK15177 PG802
2. Defendants' Partial Traditional Motion for Summary Judgment and No-Evidence
Motion for Summary Judgment:
a. The Court DENIES Defendants' Motion regarding Plaintiff's Negligence cause of
action.
b. The Court DENIES Defendants' Motion regarding Plaintiff's Gross Negligence cause
of action.
c. The Court GRANTS Defendants' Motion regarding Plaintiff's cause of action for
Negligent Hiring, Retention, Training, and Supervision. Accordingly, Plaintiff's
cause of action against Defendants for Negligent Hiring, Retention, Training, and
Supervision is dismissed with prejudice.
d. The Court GRANTS Defendants' Motion regarding Plaintiff's Private Nuisance
cause of action. Accordingly, Plaintiff's Private Nuisance cause of action against
Defendants is dismissed with prejudice.
e. The Court GRANTS Defendants' Motion regarding Plaintiff's Public Nuisance cause
of action. Accordingly, Plaintiff's Public Nuisance cause of action against
Defendants is dismissed with prejudice.
f. The Court GRANTS Defendants' Motion regarding Plaintiff's Defective Installment
of a Fence cause of action. Accordingly, Plaintiff's Defective Installment of a Fence
cause of action against Defendants is dismissed with prejudice.
g. The Court DENIES Defendants' Motion regarding Plaintiff's Conversion cause of
action.
Page 2 of3
ORDER ON DEFENDANTS' MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT (SERAFINE V. VIKING FENCE)
289
DC BK15177 PG803
All relief not expressly granted herein is denied.
--rv-
SIGNED this ___2§_ day of~=74:W~~:::::::::__, 2015.
Page 3 of3
ORDER ON DEFENDANTS" MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT (SERAFINE V. VIKING FENCE)
290
DC BK15279 PG998
TAB 5
Mary Louise
Plaintiff §
§
v. §
§
A1exander and Ashley Blunt, § 200th jUDtCIAL DlSTRtCI
Scott Lockhart, Austin Drainage §
and Foundation, §
Austin and §
Foundation LLC dba Austin §
and Landscape § TRAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS
Uev"f'fm'Hner~t. Defendmts
MARY LOUISE SERAFINE, § IN THE DISTRICT COURT
Plaintiff, §
§
v. §
§
VIKING FENCE COMPANY, §
LTD., d/b/a/ VIKING FENCE CO., § 126th JUDICIAL DISTRICT
VIKING LLC, SALVADOR §
CHAVARRIA, an individual, §
JENNIFER CHAVARRIA, an §
individual, and JAMES CLANIN, §
an individual, Defendants §
§ TRAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS
CONSOLIDATING CASES AND SETTING TRIAL
36
DC BK15279 PG999
It is ~!!e ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that Serafine P.
Viking Fence Company et al., Cause No. D-1-GN-13-004023, be and hereby is
orders the clerk to note on the docket sheets in both cases that the cases were
consolidated under Cause No. D-1-GN-12-001270. So consolidated, the case shall
be set for trial on October 12, 2015 and shall remain in this Court for all pre-trial,
trial, and post-judgment puq,1oses.
2
37
DC BK15279 PG1 000
APPROVED AS TO FORM:
on
Law Office of Ronald Max Raydon
1718 Fry Road, Suite 450
Houston, Texas 77084
Telephone 281-398-6402, facsimile 281-398-6403
Email rm:~~m!:llirl~Qill
3
38
DC BK15279 PG1 001
APPROVED
39
DC BK15279 PG1 002
APPROVED AS TO FORM:
HAJJAR PETERS LLP
3144 Bee Caves Road
Austin, Texas 78746
Telephone
Email Ql2~~~~!llil~~ill!l
5
40
DC BK15279 PG1 003
APPROVED AS TO FORM:
Mary Louise State Bar No. 24048301
P,n Bo:x 4342
Austin, Texas 78765
Telephone: 512- 220-5452
Email: mlserafine®.gmail. com
Ray Bass, Attorney
SBN 01884000
120 West 8th Street
Georgetown, Texas 78626
Telephone Facsimile 512-869-5090
Email:
6
41
DC BK15296 PG2500 Filed in The District Court
.. "" . of Travis County, Texas
TAB 6 OCT 16 2015 '(1.
CAUSE NO. D-1-GN-12-001270 At 'f, /0 /:J,M.
Velva L. Price, District drerk
MARY LOUISE SERAFINE § IN THE DISTRICT COURT
Plaintiff §
§
V. §
§
ALEXANDER BLUNT, ASHLEY BLUNT, §
SCOTT LOCKHART dba AUSTIN §
DRAINAGE AND FOUNDATION, LLC § 200th JUDICIAL DISTRICT
dba AUSTIN DRAINAGE §
AND LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT, §
VIKING FENCE COMPANY, LTD., AND §
VIKING GP, LLC §
§
Defendants § TRAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS
ORDER ON DEFENDANTS AUSTIN DRAINAGE AND FOUNDATION, LLC AND
SCOTT LOCKHART'S MOTION FOR DIRECTED VERDICT
On the 15 1h day of October, 2015, Defendants Scott Lockhart and Austin Drainage and
Foundation, LLC, after Plaintiff presented all ofher evidence and announced that she rested, orally
moved for directed verdict. The Court, after reviewing same and after hearing presentation of
argument and evidence, rules as follows:
Defendant Scott Lockhart moved for directed verdict as to all claims against him as Plaintiff has
failed to provide any evidence that he at any time acted in his individual capacity. The Court
GRANTED Defendant Scott Lockhart's Motion as to all causes of action. IT IS THEREFORE
ORDERED that Plaintiffs claims against Defendant Scott Lockhart in his individual capacity are
dismissed and Plaintiff take nothing from Defendant Scott Lockhart.. All taxable costs are assessed
against Plaintiff.
Defendant Austin Drainage and Foundation, LLC moved for directed verdict on the following
causes of action and the Court ruled as follows:
Order on Directed Verdict
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
004265Ei97
92
DC BK15296 PG2501
.. '
1. Negligence Granted Denied X
2. Negligence Per Se Granted -X- Denied
3. Lateral Support Granted X Denied
4. Nuisance Granted Denied X
5. Trespass Granted -X- Denied
6. Exemplary Damages/Gross Negligence Granted-X-Denied
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Plaintiffs causes of action for Negligence Per Se,
Lateral Support, Trespass, and Exemplary Damages/Gross Negligence are hereby dismissed with
prejudice.
~
SIGNED on this ik. day of October, 2015.
2
93
DC BK15271 PG2026 Filed in The District Court
of Travis County, Texas
TAB 7 SEP 2 5 2015
CAUSE NO. D-1-GN-12-001270
At_ Lf:t2- f M.
Velva L. Price, District Clerk
MARY LOUISE SERAFINE § IN THE DISTRICT COURT
Plaintiff, §
§
v. §
§ OF TRAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS
ALEXANDER BLUNT, ASHLEY BLUNT, §
SCOTT LOCKHART dba AUSTIN §
DRAINAGE AND FOUNDATION, LLC, §
VIKING FENCE COMPANY, LTD., and §
VIKING GP, LLC, § 200th JUDICIAL DISTRICT
Defendants. §
ORDER ON DEFENDANTS VIKING FENCE COMPANY, LTD. D/B/A VIKING FENCE
CO. AND VIKING GP, LLC'S MOTION TO EXCLUDE PLAINTIFF'S EXPERT
SHEILA T. HILTS
On September 22, 2015, the Court considered Defendants Viking Fence, Ltd. And Viking
GP, LLC's Motion to Exclude Plaintiffs Expert Sheila T. Hilts (the "Motion"). After
considering the Motion, Plaintiffs response, the arguments of counsel, and applicable law, the
Court is of the opinion that the Motion should be and is hereby GRANTED.
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Defendants Viking Fence, Ltd. And Viking GP,
LLC's Motion to Exclude Plaintiffs Expert Sheila T. Hilts is GRANTED. Accordingly, Ms.
Sheila T. Hilts's testimony is excluded from trial.
All relief not expressly granted herein is denied.
I \IIIII IIIII IIIII IIIII \\1111111111111111111111111111111
004232245
484
Filed in The District Court
of Travis County, Texas
TAB 8 OCT - 9 2015 1(3
At jj/Z{_a kr~~.
Velva L. Price, District Clerk
KARIN CRUMP DELLA ROTHERMEL
250TH DISTRICT COURT Official Reporter
Judge HEMAN MARION SWEATT (512) 854-9321
(512) 854-9312
TRAVIS COUNTY COURTHOUSE
P. 0. BOX 1748 ELIZABETH MEDINA
VASUBEHARA Court Clerk
Staff Attorney AUSTIN, TEXAS 78767
(512) 854-9010
(512) 854-9903 I:Ax (512) 854-2469
GRACE MCGEE
Court Operations Officer
(512) 854-4807
October 9, 2015
Mr. Jeff Otto Ms. Mary Louise Serafine
Ms. Melissa J. Ackie Attorney and Counselor at Law
Thompson, Coe, Cousins & Irons, L.L.P. P.O. Box 4342
701 Brazos, Suite 1500 Austin, Texas 78765
Austin, Texas 78701 VIA E-MAIL: mlserafine@gmail.com
VIA E-MAIL: mackie(ii)jhompsoncoe. com
Mr. Ronald M. Raydon
Mr. Doran Peters The Raydon Firm, LLC
Hajjar Peters LLP One Riverway, Suite 1747
3 144 Bee Caves Road Houston, Texas 77056
Austin, Texas 78746 VIA E-MAIL: ron@raydonlaw.com
VIA E-MAIL: service@Jegalstrategv.com
Mr. Ray Bass
120 West 81h Street
Georgetown, Texas 78626
VIA E-MAIL: ray@raybass.com
Re: Cause No. D-1-GN-12-001270; Mary Louise Serafine vs. Viking Fence
Company, Ltd. d/b/a Viking Fence Co., et al.; in the 1261h Judicial District,
Travis County, Texas.
Dear Counsel:
The Court has reviewed the parties' respective exhibit lists.
The Court FINDS that Plaintiffs exhibit list is insufficient and does not comply with
the Travis County Standing Order requiring that the exhibit list identify documents
reasonably anticipated to be offered in evidence. Plaintiff is therefore ORDERED to identify
no more than 100 exhibits to be introduced at trial in the following format on or before 2:00
p.m. on October 9, 2015. Any exhibit that is not identified in the format below will not be
introduced at trial.
\\11\\\11\\\11\\\1\1\1\\11\ I\\I\ \\1\1\1\1\1\\\11\\\ \II\
0042519!56
558
Cause No. D-1-GN-12-001270
October 9, 2015
Page 2 of2
Case Name/Number: D-1-GN- 12-001270
Exhibi Description Referem:e Offered Objection Admitted/Denied
tNo.
Pursuant to the Travis County Local Rules, the parties are reminded to stipulate, to
the extent possible, to the authenticity and admissibility of all exhibits to be used at trial.
Sincerely,
KC/gm
Original: Velva L. Price, District Clerk
559
Filed in The District Court
of Travis County, Texas r--
TAB 9
JUL 2 8 20i!6 1Jir
CAUSE NO. D-1-GN-12-001270 At 2 :.~ LM.
Velva L. Price, District Clerk
MARY LOUISE SERAFINE, § IN THE DISTRICT COURT
§
Plaintiff, §
§
V. §
§
ALEXANDER BLUNT, ASHLEY § TRAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS
BLUNT, SCOTT LOCKHART dba §
AUSTIN DRAINAGE AND §
FOUNDATION, LLC, VIKING FENCE §
COMPANY, LTD., and VIKING GP, §
LLC., §
§
Defendants. § 200th JUDICIAL DISTRICT
JUDGE'S BILL OF EXCEPTION
~\.vrI, pd\1, I
On tll.is say, the Court considered Plaintiff Mary Louise Serafine's First Amended
Formal Bill of Exception. Having considered the First Amended Formal Bill of Exception, th(:
Response, the Reply, and the arguments of counsel, as well as all other papers properly on fik
in this matter, the Court REFUSEfl)Plaintiffs First Amended Formal Bill ofException 1 and
hereby issues the following Judge's Bill of Exception pursuant to Texas Rule of Appellatt:
Procedure 33.2(c)(2)(C). In Court's opinion, the following accurately reflects the proceedings
in the trial court:
Exception A: Serafine's Rebuttal Testimony
Judge's Bill of Exception: Serafine requested to offer rebuttal testimony that she
made repairs to and/or remodeled portions of her home in 2004 and2005, in attempt
to rebut the testimony of Nils Hanson that her home was dilapidated. The Court
exercised its discretion to exclude this evidence because it was beyond the scope of
proper rebuttal testimony.
1 After
Plaintiff Serafine would not agree to the corrections suggested by the Court pursuant to Texas Rule of Appellate
Procedure 33.2(c)(2)(B), the Court returned the bill to Serafine with the Court's written refusal on it. See Tex. R.
App. P. 33.2 (setting forth the procedure governing the contents of a bill of exception).
Proposed Judge's Bill Page 1 of 4
~)
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
004708975
448
Exception B: Serafine's Exhibit 106 (280 pages)
Judge's Bill of Exception: Serafine requested to offer the entirety of Plaintiffs
Exhibit 106 (a 280-page document) into the record for no specific purpose. The Court
exercised its discretion to exclude the evidence but allowed the entirety of Exhibit I 06
to be included as an offer of proof for the appellate court to review in connection with
that evidentiary ruling. Thereafter, Serafine's counsel stated that some, unidentified
portion of Exhibit 106 would support Serafine's rebuttal testimony regarding home
repairs, but did not make a specific offer of those alleged portions of the exhibit. The
Court maintained its decision to exclude the evidence.
Exception D: Additional Evidentiary Hearing on Boundary I Testimony of James
Grant
Judge's Bill of Exception: Serafine and all Defendants agreed in open court that the
boundary dispute would be resolved by the trial court as fact-finder rather than the
jury. Serafine and all Defendants had a full opportunity to present testimony and
exhibits related to the boundary dispute through examination and cross-examination
of their respective experts and the parties. Serafin<: made no request before the retum
of the jury's verdict to re-open the evidence to pn:sent additional, rebuttal testimony
of her expert surveyor, James Grant, on the controversial matter of the proper
boundary.
Exceptions E-F: Evidence Related to Civil Practice & Remedies Code Chapter 27
Relief
Judge's Bill of Exception: The Court cannot determine from Exception E what
testimony or other evidence Serafine claims was improperly excluded from the record
of the September 25,2015 hearing. None of the documents attached as Exhibit E(b)-
(i) were offered or ruled upon at that hearing. The documents attached as Exhibit E(a)
is already included in the record for offer of proof purposes, and the documents
attached as Exhibit F(a)-(c) are otherwise already included in the record.
Proposed Judge's Bill Page 2 of 4
449
Exception G: General Complaint Regarding Trial Time and Denial of
Continuance
Judge's Bill of Exception: Serafine twice moved for a continuance of the trial and
for more time than the ten hours the Court allotted her to present her case. The Court
exercised its inherent authority and wide discretion to control its docket and refuse
Serafine's motions for continuance and overrule her objections to the ten-hour limit
imposed by the Court on Serafine's presentation of her case.
Exception H: Serafine's Exhibit 3A-James Grant's Metes and Bounds
Description
Judge's Bill of Exception: Serafine's request is refused because it is duplicative of
evidence already included in the record via a bill of exception Serafine made during
trial.
Exception 1: Evidence Regarding Viking's Sanctions Order
Judge's Bill of Exception: Serafine's request is refused. She did not offer th(:
documents attached as Exhibit I into evidence at trial, and this Court did not rule on
the admissibility of that evidence. The evidence therefore cannot be added into the
record now via Serafine's formal bill of exception.
Exception J: Serafine's Ex. 105 -Handwritten Estimates of Damages and Fees
Judge's Bill of Exception: Serafine's request is refused. Exhibit J is already
contained in Volume 17 of the Reporter's Record in this case by way of an offer of
proof made at trial.
Signed on July ..2g, 2016.
IIO~EK~CRUMP
Proposed Judge's Bill Page 3 of 4
450
Filed
12 November 7 A9:28
Amalia Rodriguez-Mendoza
TAB 10 District Clerk
Travis District
D-1-GN-12-001270
NUMBER D1GN12001270
MARY LOUISE SERAFINE § IN THE DISTRICT COURT
Plaintiff §
§
v. §
§
ALEXANDER BLUNT, ASHLEY § 200™ JUDICIAL DISTRICT
BLUNT, SCOTT LOCKHART, AND §
AUSTIN DRAINAGE AND §
FOUNDATION LLC d/b/a AUSTIN §
DRAINAGE AND LANDSCAPE §
DEVELOPMENT, § TRAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS
Defendants §
PLAINTIFF'S FOURTH AMENDED PETITION
TO THE JUDGE AND JURY OF SAID COURT:
Comes now Plaintiff Mary Louise Serafine and files her Fourth Amended Petition,
and in support of all allegations contained herein, would show the Court:
I.
Discovery
Plaintiff elects Level 3 discovery pursuant to Texas Rule of Civil Procedure
190.4. A Scheduling Order is in place.
II.
Parties
Plaintiff Mary Louise Serafine has owned for 35 years and resides
permanently in the Craftsman bungalow at 4011 Avenue D in Austin, Texas. She is
among the longest-standing owners in the Hyde Park Historic District.
Defendants Alexander and Ashley Blunt are a married couple and have
been married at all relevant times. They reside next door to Plaintiff at 4013 Avenue D in
Austin, Texas. Mr. Blunt purchased the property on or about October 29, 2009. The
Blunts have been served and have appeared in this matter.
15
Defendant Austin Drainage and Foundation LLC d/b/a Austin Drainage and
Landscape Development is a Texas Limited Liability Company with the business address
PO Box 4511, Austin, TX 78765-4511. Austin Drainage and Foundation LLC was served
and has appeared in this action.
Defendant Scott Lockhart does business in Travis County and is a
contractor hired by Mr. and Mrs. Blunt. Mr. Lockhart holds himself out as a soil moisture
expert and in the past as a foundation expert. He is not a licensed engineer. Mr. Lockhart
appears to be the sole owner of Austin Drainage and Foundation LLC (collectively, the
"Lockhart Defendants").
III.
Jurisdiction and Venue
The Court has jurisdiction over this matter and venue is proper in Travis
County because the named parties reside in or do business in Travis County, Texas, and
the real property at issue and affected by this case is located in Travis County, Texas.
IV:
Factual Allegations
Title by Limitations
1. In 1977 Plaintiff purchased the land and bungalow at Lots 5 and 6, Block
33 of the Hyde Park Addition No. 1 in Travis County, Texas, also known as 4011 Avenue
D in Austin, Texas. At all times since, and up to and including the present, for a period of
35 years, Plaintiff has owned, used, enjoyed, possessed, and timely paid all taxes on said
land and improvements. Plaintiff's Deed of Trust and Warranty Deed with Vendor's
Lien were duly filed in the property records of Travis County, Texas shortly after they
were executed in 1977. The Release of Lien was duly filed in 1987 when Plaintiff paid
off her loan.
2. Upon purchasing her property in 1977, then and there, Plaintiff took and
treated as her own all of the land enclosed by the then-existing fencing that, taken
together, completely enclosed Plaintiff's back yard, including the chain link fence that
marked the boundary between Lot 5 (Plaintiff's) and the adjacent Lot 4 (now owned by
Defendant Blunts). By means of a gate that still exists today and that then latched
securely against the chain link fence, Plaintiff excluded all others from entry into her
completely-fenced backyard, except by her permission. The chain link fence and its gate
were installed by Plaintiff's predecessors in interest. ·
3. In addition, upon purchasing her property in 1977, then and there, Plaintiff
took and treated as her own all of the then-existing driveway on her property, including
16
the portion of it that extended onto Lot 4. In or about 1977, Plaintiff purchased and
installed, and embedded into the ground five (5) railroad ties, weighing about 200 pounds
each, to mark permanently the boundary separating her driveway (on Lot 5) from the
front yard of the adjacent Lot 4 (now owned by Defendant Blunts). At that time, then and
there, Plaintiff claimed and treated as her own the all of the land under and marked off by
the railroad ties. Plaintiff placed the railroad ties in a manner consistent with the curb
cuts at the entrance to her driveway and the backyard, chain link fence.
4. In simple words, the boundary marked off by the old chain link fence and
the railroad ties separated Plaintiff's Lot 5 from the adjacent Lot 4, and this boundary
was, by all relevant persons, considered to be and was treated as the boundary of
Plaintiff's lot, for about 35 years. During this time, Plaintiff used, enjoyed, and
cultivated the property she now claims.
5. Thus, for about 35 years, Plaintiff has owned and possessed all of Lots 5
and 6, including that strip of land-approximately 120 square feet-that she now claims
in this action. That strip of land is described at Page One of Exhibit A, entitled "Metes
and Bounds Description" (hereinafter, the "Strip of Land").
6. For about 35 years, Plaintiff has been, under claim of right and under title
or color of title, in actual, visible, open, continuous, notorious, exclusive, and peaceable
possession of said Strip of Land in a manner that is adverse and hostile to the claims of
any other. Even prior to Plaintiff's adverse possession of said Strip of Land, Plaintiff's
predecessors in interest had held the same Strip of Land.
7. Page Two of Exhibit A, entitled "Occupied Line Survey," shows all of
Plaintiff's property, Lots 5 and 6, including the Strip of Land, which additionally is
shown in detail at the right-hand side of said page.
8. Defendants Mr. and Mrs. Blunt, and all of their predecessors in interest
acknowledged and acquiesced to the fact that Plaintiff owned the Strip of Land marked
by the chain link fence.
9. Under the applicable three-year statute of limitations, Plaintiff had acquired
good and sufficient title to the Strip of Land by adverse possession and such title had
vested in Plaintiff by 1980.
10. Under the applicable five-year statute of limitations, Plaintiff had acquired
good and sufficient title to the Strip of Land by adverse possession and such title had
vested in Plaintiffby 1982
11. Under the applicable ten-year statute of limitations, Plaintiff had acquired
good and sufficient title to the Strip of Land by adverse possession and such title had
17
vested in Plaintiff by 1987.
12. Under the applicable 25-year statute of limitations, Plaintiff had acquired
good and sufficient title to the Strip of Land by adverse possession and such title had
vested in Plaintiff by 2002.
13. At no time ever, including up to the present time, did anyone, including
Defendants Mr. and Mrs. Blunt, bring a trespass to try title action, or any other action or
claim, to recover any land from Plaintiff.
14. At no time ever did Defendants Mr. and Mrs. Blunt or any of their
predecessors offer or give Plaintiff any license, easement, permission, or other right to
use or occupy the Strip of Land.
15. To the extent, if any, that Defendants Mr. and Mrs. Blunt could have raised
any objection to Plaintiff's possession-which they did not-the statute of limitations
within which they could have done so has passed.
16. Defendants Mr. and Mrs. Blunt had had actual knowledge of Plaintiff's
possession of and claim on the Strip of Land for at least 4 or 5 years before they
purchased their lot, because the Blunts had leased and lived as tenants on the lot adjacent
to Plaintiff's for 4 or 5 years prior to purchasing it.
Construction Damage
17. Beginning in or about March 2012, Defendants planned a major
construction project that involved digging a long, wide, and deep trench that would
encircle 3 sides of their house (encroaching in part on Plaintiff's land), with the trench
then cutting at an angle across the land on the fourth (front) side of their house, and
exiting out into the street. Defendants dug most of the trench, plus a very deep "sump
pit" near the back (southeast) corner of the Blunts' house, immediately near Plaintiff's
land. Based on Defendant Blunts' and their attorney's information to Plaintiff in this
lawsuit, Defendants intend to fmish digging the remaining 43 feet of trench on and
abutting Plaintiff's driveway, at a location parallel to and only I 0 feet from the north wall
of Plaintiff's house. During this lawsuit, Defendants began to dig about 14 feet of that
trench.
18. Deep into the trenches around the Blunts' house, Defendants installed an
underground water-collection and water-transporting apparatus, run by an electrical
pump, that is completely invisible today. In fact Defendant Blunts have built a deck or
patio over most of it.
19. Defendants' construction harmed Plaintiff's property in a continuing and
18
permanent manner because it removed soil, created underground voids, did and continues
to remove ground and surface moisture in a manner harmful to nearby land and
structures, and, at the same time, created a flood risk and other risks from long-term
malfunction, deterioration, and lack of maintenance of the system. A flood risk, in
particular, arises from the sump pit.
20. Among other factors, during periods when the system works as designed, it
will dry out the soil within a zone of influence that encompasses at least some of the
Plaintiff's property. This has caused and will cause, in all reasonable engineering
probability, changes in the land and soil that, now and over time, will interfere with
lateral support, will diminish the weight-bearing capacity of the soil, will cause
movement of the soil around Plaintiff's foundation, and, in so doing, will damage
Plaintiff's land, house, trees, and a small building on her property she intended to turn
into an office.
21. The Lockhart Defendants sold the system to the Blunts, performed the
work, and designed and installed the system.
22. Regardless of whether Defendants' construction is, wholly or in part, on or
abutting Plaintiff's land, Defendants' project has caused injury and also poses an
unreasonable risk of future, irreparable injury to Plaintiff's land, trees, house, and small
building.
23. As a result of the harm and potential harm-which Plaintiff will disclose
and will be required to disclose to any buyer-Plaintiff has suffered great diminution in
the value of her property. In addition, as a result of the Historic District zoning, Plaintiff
is greatly restricted in removing, replacing, or altering the house.
24. In this endeavor, Defendants had no plans, no specs, no drawings, no
analysis of the clay soil in the area, and no competent engineering input or supervision.
25. Defendant Lockhart, by virtue of his experience and expertise as a
contractor, and for other reasons, is not a mere instrumentality of the Blunts, but rather
had an independent duty to Plaintiff. He also acquired a duty to Plaintiff in the course of
his conduct toward and assurances to her, before the work was started.
26. The harm done to Plaintiff's property is determinable and predictable at this
time, and the Court should award prospective damages.
19
v.
Cause of Action Against Mr. and Mrs. Blunt
Trespass to Try Title and Title by Limitations
All of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference, as though repeated
here in its entirety.
In December, 2011, Defendant Blunts wrongfully constructed a fence in
Plaintiff's back yard that permanently trespassed upon and encroached upon Plaintiff's
above-described Strip of Land, and wrongfully dispossessed Plaintiff of the same. The
Blunts' new fence mostly enclosed onto their land a large pecan tree that previously had
been entirely on Plaintiff's land and was therefore Plaintiff's. Defendant Blunts are now
in unlawful possession of Plaintiff's land, and the Blunts' fence is hostile to and
constitutes a cloud on Plaintiff's title.Plaintiff has brought this action to recover her land
within the applicable statute of limitations.
VI.
Cause of Action Against Mr. and Mrs. Blunt
Fraud and Fraud by Non-Disclosure
All of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference, as though repeated
here in its entirety.
On or about October 29,2009, Mr. Blunt, or Mr. and Mrs. Blunt, purchased
the property at 4013 Avenue D, adjacent to Plaintiff's. At that time, Plaintiff was
unaware of their purchase. At all relevant times, Defendant Blunts knew of,
acknowledged, and acquiesced to Plaintiff's claim to the Strip of Land. On Sunday,
December 11, 2011, at about 4:30 p.m., Mr. Blunt phoned Plaintiff and told her that he
intended to install a new fence early the next morning. Mr. Blunt placed the call in order
to generate the appearance of Plaintiff's consent, and for this purpose he audio-recorded
the call. Mr. Blunt assured Plaintiff that there would be no encroachment onto her land,
and made other assurances.
In fact, Mr. Blunt's statement was intentionally false and intentionally
failed to disclose material facts to Plaintiff that he had a duty to disclose-namely, that
the Blunts intended to construct a fence on Plaintiff's Strip of Land. As the Blunts knew
and intended, Plaintiff remained ignorant of the true facts, did not have an equal
opportunity to discover the facts, and did not have time to take lawful action that would
have protected her property. That was exactly what Mr. Blunt intended to accomplish-
to prevent Plaintiff from taking action or to induce Plaintiff to refrain from taking action
to protect her property. The facts were material in that, if Plaintiff had known the truth
about Defendants' intentions, she would have taken lawful steps to prevent construction
20
of the fence on her land and would have immediately moved to adjudicate the boundary.
Instead, what the Blunts had long declined to determine peaceably and lawfully, they
sought now to accomplish by deception. As a result, Plaintiff was injured and was forced,
at great expense, to bring this lawsuit.
Thereafter Plaintiff sent letters to the Blunts in December and March that
were never answered.
VII.
Cause of Action Against Mr. and Mrs. Blunt
Agreed Boundary
All of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference, as though repeated
here in its entirety.
In the alternative, Plaintiff pleads that the boundary marked off by the old
chain link fence and the railroad ties separating Plaintiff's Lot 5 from the adjacent Lot 4
represented an agreed boundary. Over many years, there has been uncertainty as to the
true boundary line between Lot 5 (Plaintiff's) and Lot 4 (now owned by the Blunts).
Nevertheless, over decades, the owners of these lots agreed on and acted as though the
boundary existed along Plaintiff's railroad ties and the old chain link fence. This
boundary line was affirmed by the respective owners of those lots for many decades.
Under the agreed-boundary doctrine, that boundary should now be formalized by the
Court, and Plaintiff should have title to the Strip of Land.
VIII.
Cause of Action Against Mr. and Mrs. Blunt
Easement
All of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference, as though repeated
here in its entirety.
In the alternative, Plaintiff claims an easement by implication, easement by
prescription, or other easement to which Plaintiff may be entitled, in connection with the
Strip of Land.
21
IX.
Cause of Action Against Mr. and Mrs. Blunt
Conversion
All of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference, as though repeated
here in its entirety.
Defendants Mr. and Mrs. Blunt, themselves or through their agents, cut off
and tore out a part of Plaintiff's wood fence at the back of her yard that separates her yard
from the alley.
X.
Cause of Action Against All Defendants
Negligence
All of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference, as though repeated
here in its entirety.
All defendants had a duty to Plaintiff to exercise reasonable care in
planning and carrying out their construction without injury to Plaintiff's property and
property value. Defendants knew or should have known that the underground
construction project they planned, implemented, and are still planning to implement,
would damage Plaintiff's land, house, and trees. Defendants acted negligently and, as a
result and cause of their negligence, Plaintiff has been damaged.
XI.
Cause of Action Against Lockhart Defendants
Negligence Per Se (Unauthorized Practice of Engineering)
All of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference, as though repeated
here in its entirety.
The Lockhart Defendants had a duty to Plaintiff to exercise reasonable care
in planning and carrying out their construction without injury to Plaintiff's property and
property value. Under the Texas Engineering Practice Act, Occupations Code sections
1001.001 et seq., the Lockhart Defendants, or one of them, was engaged in the
unauthorized practice of engineering. Among other reasons, the Lockhart Defendants
engaged in planning the use or alteration of land or water, or the design or analysis of
works or systems for the use or alteration of land or water, and such action by the
Lockhart Defendant required an engineering license, which none of them had. By law, the
Lockhart Defendants acted negligently. As a direct result and cause, Plaintiff sustained
and continues to suffer injury to her property and property value.
22
XII.
Cause of Action Against Lockhart Defendants
Negligence Per Se (Unauthorized Practice of Landscape Architecture)
All of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference, as though repeated
here in its entirety.
The Lockhart Defendants had a duty to Plaintiff to exercise reasonable care
in planning and carrying out their construction without injury to Plaintiff's property and
property value. Under the Texas Occupations Code sections I 05I.OO I et seq., which
governs landscape architects, the Lockhart Defendants, or one of them, was engaged in
the unauthorized practice of landscape architecture. Among other reasons, the Lockhart
Defendants engaged in landscape development involving environmental and physical
considerations related to land use and nearby buildings, and involved landscape grading
and drainage. By law, the Lockhart Defendants acted negligently. As a direct result and
cause, Plaintiff sustained and continues to suffer injury to her property and property
value.
XIII.
Cause of Action Against Mr. and Mrs. Blfunt
Interference with Lateral Support
All of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference, as though repeated
here in its entirety.
Plaintiff has and had an absolute right to lateral support of her land.
Defendant Blunts interfered with Plaintiff's lateral support by digging a trench,
approximately I4 feet long, only a few inches away from her land, by digging a deep
sump pit only a few feet from her land, and by intending and threatening to dig a trench
that will stretch for 43 feet on and abutting Plaintiff's unpaved driveway.
XIV.
Cause of Action Against Mr. and Mrs. Blfunt
Violation of Water Code section 11.086
All of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference, as though repeated
here in its entirety.
Defendants, jointly and separately, are strictly liable to Plaintiff for
diverting and impounding the natural flow of surface water-and continuing the same-
23
in a manner that has damaged Plaintiff's property by overflow.
XV.
Cause of Action against Defendants Mr. and Mrs. Blunt
Negligent Hiring
All of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference, as though repeated
here in its entirety.
As adjoining landowners to their immediate neighbors, Defendant Blunts
had a duty to exercise reasonable care in planning and carrying out their construction
without injury to the property and property values of others. Defendant Blunts knew or
should have known that the project they were about to undertake required design and
supervision by a licensed engineer. In hiring the Lockhart Defendants, none of whom
were licensed engineers, the Blunts breached that duty, and Plaintiff was thereby
damaged as a result.
XVI.
Cause of Action Against All Defendants
Permanent or Temporary Nuisance
All of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference, as though repeated
here in its entirety.
Defendants' actions were and, if not prevented, will be, abnormal under the
circumstances. They interfere with Plaintiff's use and enjoyment of her property in a
manner that is substantial, permanent, and continuing because, in addition to future
damage, Plaintiff is forced continuously to anticipate and monitor the slow accretion of
damage to her land, house, and trees. Plaintiff's monitoring of her land and structures will
be costly to her, requiring professional engineering measurements and studies to
document the current condition of the house and land, and further to document changes in
those measurements and studies on a regular basis going forward.
XVII.
Cause of Action Against All Defendants
Trespass
All of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference, as though repeated
here in its entirety.
24
Defendants entered, and caused or encouraged others to enter, Plaintiff's
property in a manner that was intentional, physical, and voluntary, without justification or
Plaintiff's permission, thereby interfering with Plaintiff's possessory interest.
Additionally, Defendants Mr. and Mrs. Blunt, by the erection of their fence, have
physically, intentionally, and voluntarily entered upon Plaintiff's land, without
justification and without Plaintiff's permission, constituting an invasion of Plaintiff's
possessory interest in her land.
XVIII.
Cause of Action Against All Defendants
Equitable Relief
All of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference, as though repeated
here in its entirety.
The Court should issue a prohibitory injunction to enjoin the Blunts from
the future, additional trenching they have threatened, and installation thereon of
additional, underground moisture-removal apparatus, on and abutting Plaintiff's
driveway.
The Court should issue a mandatory injunction requiring the Blunts to take
steps to prevent further damage to Plaintiff's trees.
Concerning Plaintiff's American Elm tree, the roots of which were cut by
the Blunts, and the branches of which mostly overhang the roof of the Blunts' house,
Plaintiff disclaims liability for any future damage to the Blunts' or their successors as a
result of the tree becoming destabilized.
Plaintiff's injury will be irreparable because once soil is disturbed, a house
"shifts," or a tree dies, the same cannot reasonably be "put back" in the same state or
position it once occupied.
The benefit of issuing the injunctions requested by Plaintiff will outweigh
any harm to Defendants and there will be no harm to the public. Thus Plaintiff is entitled
to injunctive relief.
The Court should issue any other mandatory or prohibitory injunction
necessary to prevent additional future harm to any of Plaintiff's property.
25
XIX.
Cause of Action Against All Defendants
Exemplary Damages
All of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference, as though repeated
here in its entirety.
Defendants, jointly or separately, throughout the events described herein,
acted in a manner that was reckless, willful, deceptive, and without regard to Plaintiff.
XX.
Measure of Damages and "Plea for Special Damages
As a result of the conduct described above, Plaintiff Mary Louise Serafme
has suffered and will continue to suffer monetary damages unless remediation efforts are
undertaken. Specifically, she has suffered damages in the form of the costs that must be
expended to mitigate or mediate the moisture loss to her property. According to an
licensed professional engineer who she has been required to retain, such a
remediation/mitigation is probably possible, but it would cost at least $82,522.00.
Plaintiff Serafine has also suffered stigma damages. Specifically, her real
property has suffered a diminution in value whether or not the remediation is performed
and successful. If remediation is performed and successful, Serafine's damages (including
the costs of remediation) amount to at least $164,522.00. If remediation is not possible,
Serafme's damages amount to at least $196,800.00.
Plaintiff has suffered additional monetary damages in connection with
additional work that will now be necessary to create a deeper foundation for a small
building on her property which she intends to convert into an office.
The land and water alterations completed at the Blunts' property, which was
designed to permanently alter the water drainage patterns between these too extremely
close houses, are a permanent harm to Serafine's house, and they will cause it a
diminution in value whatever happens going forward.
XXI.
Conditions Precedent
In connection with all of the foregoing, all conditions precedent have been
performed or have occurred.
26
PRAYER FOR RELIEZ
WHEREFORE, Plaintiff prays, upon final trial, that she be awarded judgment
against Defendants for all causes of action pled above, and all other causes of action that
may be proved at trial; and that the Court award to Plaintiff:
1. record title to the Strip of Land;
2. monetary damages;
3. special damages, including costs of remediation and for stigma and diminution in
market value; mandatory and prohibitive injunctive relief;
4. costs of court;
5. attorneys' fees under CPRC 16.034 and under equity prejudgment and
postjudgment interest;
6. exemplary and punitive damages; and
7. all other relief in law and equity to which Plaintiff may be entitled.
RESPECTFULLY SUBMITTED
Ray Bass, Attorney
SBN 01884000
120 West 8th Street
Georgetown, Texas 78626
Tel: 512-863-8788
Fax: 512-869-5090
Email: ray@raybass.com
ATTORNEY FOR PLAINTIFF
27
~
v. §
§ 200th JUDICIAL DISTRICT
ALEXANDER AND ASHLEY BLUNT,
SCOTT LOCKHART, AND AUSTIN
DRAlNAGE AND FOUNDATION LLC §
d/b/a AUSTIN DRAINAGE AND
LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT,
Defendants. § TRAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS
DECLARATION AND VERIFICATION OF PLAINTIFF MARY LOUISE SERAFINE
My name is Mary Louise Serafine, I am over the age of 18, and my address is 40 ll
AvenueD in Austin, Texas 78751.
I am of sound mind and capable of making this declaration. I have read the foregoing
document, PLAINTIFF,S FOURTH AMENDED PETITION.
I declare under penalty ofpeljury that the facts stated therein are true and correct.
Executed in Travis County, Texas on November 6, 2012.
. j1(/ )4/'/.
_______________ r~
______________
Mary Louise Serafine
28
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I hereby certify that a true and correct copy of the foregoing PLAINTIFF'S FOURTH
AMENDED PETITION has been served via the method indicated below, pursuant to the
Texas Rules of Civil Procedure 21 and 21 a, to the person( s) noted below on this, the 7th
day ofNovember, 2012.
By: /~8~
Ray Bass
Doran D. Peters
HAJJAR, SUTHERLAND, PETERS & WASHMON, LLP
1205 Rio Grande Street
Austin, Texas 78701
Via facsimile (512) 637-4958
Mary Schaerdel Dietz
Cox Smith Matthews, Inc.
Ill Congress Avenue, Suite 2800
Austin, Texas 78703
Via facsimile (512) 703-6399
Ronald Max Raydon
Law Office of Ronald Max Raydon
1718 Fry Road, Suite 450
Houston, Texas 77084
Via facsimile (281) 398-6403
29
2/10/2015 3:45:54 PM
TAB 11 Velva L. Price
0-1-GN-12-001270 District Clerk
Travis County
D-1-GN-13-004023
Cause No..-·D 1 6~( 13-004023
MARY LOUISE SERAFINE, § IN THE DISTRICT COURT
Plaintiff, §
§
V. §
§ 126th JUDICIAL DISTRICT
VIKING FENCE COMPANY, §
LTD., d/b/a/ VIKING FENCE §
CO., §
VIKING GP, LLC, SALVADOR § TRAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS
CHAVARRIA, an individual,
JENNIFER CHAVARRIA, an
individual, and JAMES CLANIN,
an individual,
Defendants
THIRD AMENDED PETITION
TO THE HONORABLE COURT:
Comes now Plaintiff Mary Louise Serafine and, files this Third Amended Petition, and
in support thereof would show the Court:
1. A Level 3 Docket Control Order already governs this case.
Parties
Parties vet to be served:
2. Defendants Salvador Chavarria and Jennifer Chavarria, a married couple, are
individuals who own some or all of Viking GP and/or Viking Fence Company,
Ltd. They have yet to be served in this case. They may likely be served at their
place ofbusiness at 9602 Gray Blvd.or 9601 Beck Circle, Austin, Texas 78758.
They may also be served elsewhere. On information and belief, they reside in
Austin, Texas. At the time of service, a copy of the Docket Control Order in this
case will be provided to them.
3. Mr. Clanin has yet to be served in this case. He may likely be served at his place
1
32
of business at 9602 Gray Blvd., Austin, Texas 78758. He may also be served
elsewhere. On information and belief, he resides in or near Travis County, Texas.
At the time of service, a copy of the Docket Control Order in this case will be
provided to him.
Parties already served to the extent necessary:
4. Defendant Viking GP, LLC ("Viking GP") is a Texas limited liability company
organized in or about 2004. Its sole members are Salvador and Jennifer Chavarria.
Viking GP does business at 9601 Beck Circle or 9602 Gray Blvd., which are only
about 100 feet from each other in Austin, Texas 78758. Defendant Viking GP has
previously been served at the office of its registered agent for service of process,
Salvador Chavarria, at 9602 Gray Blvd., Austin, Texas 78758
5. Defendant Viking GP is the sole general partner of a Texas limited partnership
known as Viking Fence Co., Ltd. Defendant Viking Fence Company, Ltd.
("Viking Fence") does business at 9602 Gray Blvd., Austin, Texas 78758.
Defendant Viking Fence has previously been served at the office of its registered
agent for service of process, James Rial III. Defendant Viking Fence does
business under two assumed names, "Viking Fence Co." and "Viking Fence and
Cedar Supply."
6. Plaintiff Mary Louise Serafine resides at and has owned for more than 35 years
the property located at 4011 Avenue D in Austin, Texas, legally described as Lots
5 and 6 of Block 33 in Hyde Park Addition No. 1.
7. Plaintiff is unaware of the true names of defendants Does 1 to 10, or whether
defendants are individuals or business entities.
Request for Disclosure
8. Under Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 194, plaintiff requests that defendants
Salvador and Jennifer Chavarria and James Clanin disclose, within 50 days of the
service of this request, the information or material described in Rule 194.2.
Jurisdiction and Venue
9. The Court has jurisdiction over this matter and venue is proper in Travis County
because the named parties reside in or do business in Travis County, Texas, and
the real property at issue and affected by this case is located in Travis County,
2
33
Texas.
Factual Allegations
Background
10. All of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference, as though repeated here in
its entirety.
11. Defendants do business in Travis County, Texas and defendants Viking Fence and
Viking GP, and Salvador and Jennifer Chavarria advertise as fence-builders,
fence-installers, and makers offence materials, and generally as fence contractors
doing business as "Viking Fence Co."
12. All defendants are engaged in a single business enterprise. Defendants Viking
Fence, Viking GP, and Salvador and Jennifer Chavarria are the alter egos of each
other.
13. At all relevant times, Defendants or their actual or ostensible agents or employees
employ tools and instruments of force.
14. On information and belief, Defendant James Clanin is an individual who is an
actual or ostensible agent or employee of Viking Fence and/or Viking GP and of
Salvador and Jennifer Chavarria. In the alternative Mr. Clanin is a "sub-
contractor" or his exact relationship to Viking Fence is unknown. Mr. Clanin has
testified that he is either an employee or independent contractor of Viking Fence.
To the extent defendants Viking Fence, Viking GP, or Salvador or Jennifer
Chavarria succeed in disclaiming responsibility for their own wrongful acts by
claiming that the acts and omissions of Mr. Clanin were committed on his own
behalf, instead of on behalf of any or all of the remaining defendants, then Mr.
Clanin bears responsibility himself.
15. All defendants are responsible in an actionable manner for the harms and injuries
alleged herein. These defendants are fully aware of the wrongfulness of their acts
and that the business practices in which they are engaged, as described below, are
unlawful.
16. In the alternative, all defendants except Mr. Clanin know and should know that
their business practices as described more particularly below, are unlawful.
17. Defendants do business under an unlawful scheme in which Salvador and Jennifer
3
34
Chavarria purport to be protected by an entity, inside another entity, which is
designed to create the appearance, solely for the purpose of escaping liability, of
multiple layers of independent-contractor agreements. This scheme is a
misrepresentation to defendants' customers, the public at large, the state and
federal agencies to whom defendants owe duties, and to their ostensible or actual
agents or employees-the purported "independent contractors." This Court
should find that these "independent contractors" are employees or, at the least,
ostensible or actual agents ofViking Fence and/or Viking GP and Salvador and
Jennifer Chavarria.
18. Viking Fence, Viking GP, and Salvador and Jennifer Chavarria have engaged in
an unlawful scheme to shield themselves from liability for their wrongful acts by
erecting this web of entities and purported "independent contractor" agreements.
19. In the scheme created by Viking Fence, Viking GP, and Salvador and Jennifer
Chavarria, and carried out by Mr. Clanin, the independent contractors purport to
hire other independent contractors. Those independent contractors hire other
independent contractors. This Court should find that these purported independent
contractors are in reality employees and have been employees for many years.
Viking Fence has advertised as, and has caused the public to believe, that these
purported "independent contractors" are employees of Viking Fence, or otherwise
act for and represent Viking Fence. The customers believe they are hiring Viking
Fence.
20. Viking Fence Co., Ltd. and Viking GP, LLC are undercapitalized and/or
uninsured or underinsured. During discovery and depositions, Viking Fence Co.,
Ltd. produced, testified to (by interrogatory), and defended before this Court a
false or at best incomplete insurance document that Viking Fence knew or should
have known failed to include the word "Viking" anywhere in its many pages. It
was a ruse. Similarly, targeted discovery reveals there is no evidence of the
existence of any assets belonging to Viking Fence.
21. Viking Fence and Viking GP apparently share the same location and are neither
separate from each other nor from their individual owners. Their only purpose is
to purport to provide a shield for the individual owners or members.
22. This Court should pierce the veil of intertwined individuals and business entities
where, as here, the entities are used to justifY wrong and work injustice, thereby
shifting to members of the public, such as plaintiff, defendants' own liabilities and
losses resulting from their wrongful conduct, meanwhile advancing a scheme for
4
35
their own profit.
23. Defendants know and understand the legal ramifications of constructing a
permanent fence on a boundary that divides real property-namely, that such a
fence, especially, as here, in a residential context, permanently appears to allocate
possession, use, and enjoyment of land and, eventually, by limitations, title.
Defendants are in a better position to know and understand these ramifications
than is the public, including, in the events leading up to this case, Plaintiff and
Defendants' customers, and therefore Defendants should bear liability for all of
the costs and injuries occasioned by Defendants' acts.
24. Defendants' construction practices, as in the instant case, entailed erecting
between adjoining lands a steel-and-wood barrier that weighs many hundreds of
pounds, is cemented permanently into the ground to a depth of about 2 feet, is 6 or
more feet high, and extends for more than 50 feet.
25. Defendants know and understand that construction of a fence entails digging
deeply into the ground, with attendant risks to underground public facilities and
tree roots. Defendants are in a better position to know and understand these facts
than is the public, including, in the events leading up to this case, Plaintiff and
Defendants' customers. Defendants therefore should bear liability for all of the
costs and injuries occasioned by Defendants' acts.
26. In the instant case, Defendants' construction practices entailed the digging of
wide, deep holes on or partly on Plaintiffs land and filling them with concrete.
These acts damaged Plaintiffs land, making pockets of it unusable, and damaging
or impairing the roots of 2 or possibly 3 large, near-by trees, within the critical
root zone of each tree.
27. Defendants take no care, and in the instant case took no care, to avoid installing a
fence on or partly on Plaintiffs land, and did install it on or partly on Plaintiffs
land. They took no care to comply with any state or local codes or laws.
28. Defendants Viking Fence, Viking GP, and Salvador and Jennifer Chavarria are
engaged in a hiring scheme that is contrary to state and federal law and exploits
the personnel who are engaged by them.
29. As a pattern and practice, Defendants install fences, as in the instant case, without
adjoining landowner consent, without respect to boundaries, and without any
standards, specs, procedures, or compliance with applicable law, including law for
5
36
protection of tree roots and underground public facilities .. Defendants' ostensible
or actual agents or employees are, and were in the instant case, untrained,
unsupervised, and uninformed of relevant standards and applicable law. It is
Defendants' business policy, and pattern and practice, to operate in this way, for
the purpose of their own profit at the expense of the public, including Plaintiff.
30. Defendants know their acts are wrongful. Defendants' work orders self-proclaim
that Defendants are "relieved" of responsibility for their acts.
31. In the instant case, the damage to Plaintiffs property, and the still-continuing
invasion of Plaintiffs possessory interest, was caused directly by Defendants' acts
and routine practice, of sending out unsupervised, untrained, and
unknowledgeable persons whose profit-making depends on quick work and
moving on to the next job-and in this case, destroying Plaintiffs existing fence
without her consent or effective consent, and erecting a new, unwanted fence on or
partly on her land.
32. In the instant case, Defendants wrongfully and defectively installed the fence.
Defendants knew and had to know they had no idea where to place the fence in
relation to the boundary; no idea what codes or regulations applied; and no idea
how to comply with neighboring property rights-as here, Plaintiffs rights.
3 3. It is Defendants' routine practice to install fences wrongfully and defectively in
this manner.
34. The facts of the instant case and Defendants' own testimony shows that
Defendants have no policies of any kind to prevent injury to the rights or property
of third parties, such as Plaintiff, and, unlike most contractors, no policies to
ensure compliance with local codes, such as those regarding fence-height, permits,
and tree-root damage.
35. In the instant case, and under their ordinary policies and typical practice,
Defendants made and ordinarily make no attempt to confer with the adjoining
landowner and no competent attempt to locate either the boundary or the intended
location of the fence, or attempt to locate tree roots or public facilities
underground.
36. Pursuant to Defendants' policies, in the instant case, Defendants built a fence with
no permit, violating the 6-foot fence height restriction (both later corrected at the
City's insistence), and also violating the Austin tree protection requirements.
6
37
37. Pursuant to Defendants' policies, in the instant case, Defendants' work order
showed a pre-planned trespass onto Plaintiffs land, without owner consent.
38. Pursuant to Defendants' policies as described above, and carried out in the instant
case, Defendants wilfully and recklessly installed their fence with intentional and
conscious disregard of the boundary and Plaintiffs rights and interest.
39. Plaintiff suffered injury and damage thereby.
Destruction of Plaintiffs Fence and Installation of aN uisance
40. In the instant case, in December, 2011, all without justification or Plaintiffs
consent or effective consent, Defendants intentionally entered upon Plaintiffs
land and tore out her chain link fence that, for more than 34 years, had marked the
boundary between Plaintiffs land and the neighboring lot at 4013 Avenue D.
41. Defendants knew or should have known that the chain link fence they tore out was
owned, in whole or in part, by Plaintiff.
42. Defendants knew or should have known that they lacked Plaintiffs consent.
43. At the same time, all without justification or consent or effective consent,
Defendants entered onto Plaintiffs land and tore out her gate post at the entrance
to her backyard, leaving Plaintiffs gate swinging in the wind, attaching to
nothing, unable to secure the backyard entrance. Defendants knew and had to
know they were intentionally destroying Plaintiffs property without justification
or consent or effective consent. On Defendants' final inspection, Defendants
confirmed the completion of this tort, but did nothing. Defendants tore out
Plaintiffs gate post in order to install an unsightly wall of solid wood that juts out
toward, and somewhat encroaches into, Plaintiffs driveway.
44. At the same time, all without consent or effective consent, Defendants entered
onto Plaintiffs land, and installed on Plaintiffs land, at least in part, a fence that is
a nuisance and permanent or on-going trespass.
45. At the same time-only later discovered by Plaintiff-Defendants entered onto
Plaintiffs land, without consent, and knocked out at least a one-foot length of
Plaintiffs perpendicular fence along the alley, leaving a wide-open hole, in order
make additional room for Defendants' encroachment into Plaintiffs land. At all
7
38
relevant times, Defendants knew and had to know they were intentionally altering
Plaintiffs property, without justification or consent, and on Defendants' final
inspection, they confirmed this tort, but did nothing to correct it.
46. At the same time, all without consent, Defendants entered onto Plaintiffs land and
affixed a bolt-only later discovered by Plaintiff as it was concealed by brush-to
the lower part of Plaintiffs alley fence, for their own purposes in apparently
affixing and stabilizing the lower part of their industrial-style fence. As to the
upper part of Defendants' fence, a board simply juts out into the air space above
Plaintiffs land. At all relevant times, Defendants knew and had reason to know
they were intentionally altering the property of another, without justification or
consent, and on Defendants' final inspection, they confirmed this tort, but did
nothing to correct it.
47. On one occasion in December, 2011 and again in January, 2012 Defendants were
informed of and knew that Plaintiff objected to the invasion of her land and the
fence, but Defendants again did nothing to correct it.
48. Defendants' entry onto Plaintiffs land, damage to her land, and damage to or
destruction of her property was at all times intentional and pre-planned.
49. At all times Defendants acted with wilful contempt of Plaintiffs property rights
and possessory interest and acted with malice and callousness in depriving
Plaintiff of her rights.
50. Defendants at all times treated Plaintiffs land and improvements and fixtures as
though they were Defendants' own and as though Defendants were entitled to
Plaintiffs property.
51. At all relevant times Defendants knew, and had to know, they lacked entirely
Plaintiffs consent or effective consent. At all relevant times Defendants wilfully
kept their identity concealed from Plaintiff.
52. By their actions, Defendants destroyed a long-established, almost-35-year
boundary and caused it to be placed legally in dispute for the first time.
53. As a result, Plaintiffs property has become unsaleable and its value decreased.
54. As a result of the foregoing, Plaintiff was forced to spend time and money,
including attorneys' fees, expert fees, and Plaintiffs own attorney time, in
8
39
preparing this case to protect her property interest, and in preparing a separately-
filed trespass to try title suit that, as a result of Defendants' actions, became
necessary for Plaintiff to re-gain her boundary and land and possessory interest.
Because Defendants apparently left no trace of the old fence, and all of
Defendants' work was undocumented and un-photographed, the boundary has had
to be reconstructed with expensive measurement techniques and old documents,
certain of which were not immediately known to Plaintiff.
55. Interest in and possession of land is a natural right. Everywhere recognized as
such, the right is specially important where the interest and possession is incident
to an occupied home. Defendants' wilful invasion of Plaintiffs possessory
interest, and destruction of her land and property, caused Plaintiff the same mental
anguish that a reasonable person would suffer under the same circumstances.
56. In 1977 Plaintiff purchased the land and bungalow at Lots 5 and 6, Block 33 of the
Hyde Park Addition No. 1 in Travis County, Texas, also known as 4011 Avenue
Din Austin, Texas. At all times since, and up to and including the present, for a
period of more than 35 years, Plaintiff has owned, used, enjoyed, possessed, and
timely paid all taxes on said land and improvements.
57. Upon purchasing her property in 1977, then and there, Plaintiff took and treated as
her own all of the land enclosed by her then-existing fencing, including the chain
link fence that marked the boundary between Lot 5 (Plaintiffs) and the adjacent
Lot 4 (also known as 4013 Avenue Din Austin, Texas.
58. Plaintiff acquired title to all of this land, up to and including the chain link fence
that separated Plaintiffs land from Lot 4, by limitations title, by August, 1987,
when the 10-year statute had run (from August 1977) . In the alternative, and to
the extent Plaintiff did not acquire title by 1987, the statute ran again from 1978 to
1988. It ran again from 1979 to 1989. And it fully ran again twenty-two (22)
more times, until Defendants disrupted that boundary by their tortious acts
described herein, in December, 20 11.
59. Plaintiff acquired full title by limitations under the 10-year statute. In the
alternative, and to the extent Plaintiff did not acquire title under the 10-year
statute, and the 25-year statute applies, then Plaintiff acquired title by limitations
by August, 2002 (from August 1977). The 25-year statute ran again from 1978 to
2003. It ran again from 1979 to 2004. And the 25-year statute ran again seven (7)
more times until Defendants disrupted that boundary by their tortious acts
described herein, in December 20 11.
9
40
60. In a line that extended from the chain link fence marking the boundary between
Plaintiffs land and Lot 4, Plaintiff installed shortly after her purchase in 1977
(and no later than a date in 1978), railroad ties weighing some 200 pounds, which
still serve the purpose today of marking off and separating Plaintiffs driveway
from the front yard of Lot 4. Thus, Plaintiffs northern boundary was completely
marked off, was visible, exclusive, open, notorious, and hostile to all other
interests; it was peaceable having been challenged by no person until Defendants'
trespass and other tortious acts described herein. This line was considered to be
and was treated as the boundary of Plaintiffs lot, by Plaintiff and all others, for
almost 3 5 years, until Defendants' tortious acts in December 20 11.
61. At great expense and trouble, Plaintiff has been required to bring and has brought
a separate action for trespass to try title, as against the current owners of the
adjoining Lot 4, at 4013 Avenue D, to settle the boundary.
62. Attached hereto as Exhibit A is a map showing, at the least, the minimum area of
Plaintiffs ownership, and thus the minimum area of trespass and encroachment of
the fence that Defendants installed on Plaintiffs land in December 2011.
Cause of Action for Negligent Hiring, Retention, Training, and Supervision
(under Theory of Actual or Ostensible Agency and/or Respondeat Superior)
63. All of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference, as though repeated here in
its entirety.
64. Defendants' wrongful acts were and continue to be carried out by Defendants'
actual or ostensible agents or employees.
65. Defendants have and had a duty to the public and to Plaintiff to use reasonable or
ordinary care to hire, retain, train, and supervise its agents and/or employees so
that the latter would be competent to install a boundary fence without damage to
the property and interests of third parties, including Plaintiff.
66. Defendants breached that duty, and as a result, Plaintiff suffered injury, harm, or
damage.
67. Defendants' acts, omissions, and breach of their duties were a direct and
proximate cause of the damage and injury to Plaintiff and her property.
10
41
68. Defendants knew and should have known, and it was foreseeable, that Plaintiff
would likely be harmed by Defendants' acts, omissions, and breach of their duties.
69. By their acts, omissions, and breach of their duties, Defendants directly profited
and intended to specially profit thereby.
Cause of Action for Defective Installation of Boundary Fence
70. All of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference, as though repeated here in
its entirety.
71. Defendants at all times knew and should have known that installation of a
boundary fence of the type that Defendant installed in this case-and typically
installs---carries a high probability of error as to its placement on the legally-
established boundary and, as a result, a high probability of harm to the adjoining
landowner.
72. This is particularly so where, as here and under their ordinary policies and typical
practice, Defendants made no attempt to confer with the adjoining landowner and
no competent attempt to locate either the boundary or the intended location of the
fence; and make no attempt to locate tree roots or public facilities underground.
73. The gravity of the resulting injury to Plaintiff in particular, and to adjoining
landowners and to others in general, is high.
74. By contrast, the burden on Defendants of taking even minimally adequate
precautions is low. Defendant harmed Plaintiff by failing to take even the most
minimal precautions that would have prevented the injury. Had Defendant
contacted Plaintiff or taken any other precaution, the injury would not have
occurred.
7 5. Defendants' defective installation of the boundary fence caused Plaintiff to suffer
injury, harm, or damage.
11
42
Cause of Action for Negligence and Negligence Per Se
76. All of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference, as though repeated here in
its entirety.
77. Defendants had a duty to Plaintiff to exercise ordinary or reasonable care in
carrying out this construction without damage or injury to Plaintiff's real or
personal property or to her possessory interest.
78. Defendants knew or should have known, and it was foreseeable, that Defendants'
acts and omissions would result in damage Plaintiff's property, land, trees, and
possessory interest.
79. In addition to other wrongs, Defendants violated the City of Austin's tree
protection code by excavating within one-half the critical root zone of a regulated
tree on Plaintiff's property. Defendants also failed to follow requirements and
best practices for unregulated trees.
80. Defendants acted negligently and, as a direct and proximate cause of Defendants'
acts and omissions, Plaintiff suffered injury and damages, including damage to her
fence, gate, gate post, alley fence, and trees ..
Cause of Action for Intentional Interference with Property Rights,
Conversion and/or Trespass to Chattels
81. All of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference, as though repeated here in
its entirety.
82. Plaintiff owned exclusively her land, her gate and gate post, her alley fence, her
trees and other plants. Plaintiff owned all of the chain link fence, or at a minimum
owned it in part. Plaintiff had a right to immediate possession of all of the
foregoing.
83. Without justification or obtaining Plaintiff's consent, Defendants tore out and
removed Plaintiff's gate post, and chain link and wood fencing and also took and
used Plaintiff's fencing by bolting the new fence to the remains of Plaintiff's wood
fence. Defendants damaged the health of Plaintiff's trees. In so doing Defendants
converted Plaintiff's property and/or wrongfully exercised dominion and control
over Plaintiff's property.
12
43
84. Plaintiff suffered injury and damage thereby.
Cause of Action for Trespass and Permanent or On-going Trespass
85. All of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference, as though repeated here in
its entirety.
86. Defendants entered, and caused or encouraged their agents or employees to enter,
Plaintiffs property in a manner that was intentional, physical, and voluntary,
without justification or Plaintiffs permission, thereby interfering with Plaintiffs
possessory interest.
87. In addition, by erecting the fence, Defendants' physically, intentionally, and
voluntarily entered upon Plaintiffs land, without justification and without
Plaintiffs permission, so as to constitute a permanent invasion of Plaintiffs land
and permanent interference with her possessory interest.
88. Defendants' trespass onto Plaintiffs land is continuing and will be permanent if
not enjoined.
Cause of Action for Negligent or Intentional,
Permanent or Temporary, Private Nuisance
89. All of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference, as though repeated here in
its entirety.
90. At the time of Defendants' tortious acts, Plaintiffhad had for almost 35 years a
private interest in her land and improvements.
91. Defendants substantially interfered with and invaded Plaintiffs interest by
conduct that was intentional and unreasonable or negligent, resulting in Plaintiffs
loss of use and enjoyment of her property, including loss of peace of mind and
enjoyment of her home.
92. Defendants' actions were and, if not prevented, will be, abnormal under the
circumstances. They interfere with Plaintiffs use and enjoyment of her property
in a manner that is substantial, permanent, and continuing. Defendants' fence is
unsightly, disturbing, and unsuited aesthetically to its surroundings. The pools of
concrete prevent plantings and other future uses of the underground space.
Plaintiff is legally not entitled to remove the fence or to remove that part of it
bolted to her alley fence and thus unable to repair or replace the alley fence.
13
44
Plaintiff is forced continuously to anticipate and monitor the slow accretion of
damage to her trees.
Cause of Action for Public Nuisance
93. All of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference, as though repeated here in
its entirety.
94. Plaintiff is a private citizen and has standing to bring suit on behalf of the public.
95. Defendants' business conduct creates a public nuisance and results in, or is a
substantial factor in, obstructions of the free use of property, so as to interfere with
the comfortable enjoyment of life and residential property.
96. Over time, Defendants' conduct affects a substantial number of people.
97. An ordinary person who is an adjoining landowner in the same position as
Plaintiff would be reasonably annoyed or disturbed by Defendants' acts.
98. The harm suffered by Plaintiff here is different in kind from that suffered by the
public in general.
99. A trespass to land is a substantial harm, even more so when it occurs, as here,
without consent. It interferes with an important right-the right to own land and
property, and to know it is safe from unpermitted intrusion, for the purposes of
one's own welfare, privacy, peace and quiet, and useful or enjoyable uses over a
period of time. This is especially important for residential ownership of land,
where the sense of invasion is unsettling and where, on small lots, even a matter of
inches may be important.
100. As a matter of business policy and pattern and practice. Defendants insufficiently
take care to avoid trespassing on and destroying the property of others,
Defendants' fences are permanent or at least difficult to remove.
101. Many members of the public would be unaware of a trespass, unaware of their
right to correct it, or not know what to do about it, assuming they had the means to
do so. Some members of the public would remain unaware until later, when their
land is surveyed preparatory to a sale. Some members of the public would be
unable to act within the two-year statute of limitation for trespass, or unaware that
after the 3-, 5-, or 10-year statute of limitations expires, the owner of land
14
45
adjoining theirs now owns that land trespassed upon.
102. Some trespasses carried out by Defendants are difficult for adjoining landowners
to detect. The scene is changed as a result of Defendants' tortious conduct, and
because familiar markings are removed, visual inspection is less accurate.
103. Defendants' fences are not trivial structures. They weigh many hundreds of
pounds and necessitate removal of a substantial amount of soil.
104. If Defendants are allowed to continue their tortious conduct, members of the
public will have to take extra precautions to guard against Defendants' trespasses
and wrongful installations of boundary fences, which could occur at any time.
105. The seriousness of the harm caused by Defendants outweighs the social utility, if
any, of their conduct.
Cause of Action for Equitable Relief
106. All of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference, as though repeated here in
its entirety.
107. The Court should issue a mandatory injunction requiring Defendants to take steps
to prevent further damage to Plaintiffs trees.
108. Concerning Plaintiffs trees, the roots of which were cut or damaged by Viking,
and the branches of which overhang Plaintiffs and others' property, Plaintiff
disclaims liability for any future damage to others as a result of the trees becoming
destabilized.
109. The benefit of issuing the injunctions requested by Plaintiff will outweigh any
harm to Defendants and there will be no harm to the public. Thus Plaintiff is
entitled to injunctive relief.
110. The Court should issue any other mandatory or prohibitory injunction necessary to
prevent additional future harm to any of Plaintiffs property.
15
46
Cause of Action for Exemplary Damages
111. All of the foregoing is incorporated herein by reference, as though repeated here in
its entirety.
112. It is Defendants' pattern and practice as a matter ofbusiness policy to treat the
property rights of adjoining landowners, and to treat the public's right to safety
with respect to underground facilities and tree roots, with wilful, contemptuous
disregard.
113. Defendants, jointly or separately, throughout the events described herein, acted
and may continue to act with gross negligence and in a manner that was
intentionally and affirmatively reckless, willful, and without regard to Plaintiffs
rights or interests. Defendants acted solely to increase their own profit at
Plaintiffs expense and may continue to so act.
114. Defendants should be deterred from continuing such acts, in order to protect the
public, among other reasons, and therefore should be punished monetarily, in
proportion to their net worth, to a degree that will deter them.
Demand for Jury Trial
115. Plaintiff demands a jury trial.
Conditions Precedent
116. All conditions precedent to plaintiffs claim for relief have been performed or have
occurred.
Objection to Associate Judge
117. Plaintiff objects to this case being referred to an associate judge for hearing a trial
on the merits or presiding at a jury trial.
Prayer for Relief
WHEREFORE, Plaintiff prays, upon final trial, to be awarded judgment against
Defendants for all causes of action pled above, and all other causes of action that may be
proved at trial; and that the Court award to Plaintiff:
monetary damages;
special damages, including costs of remediation and for stigma and diminution in market
value;
mandatory and prohibitive injunctive relief;
16
47
costs of court;
attorneys' fees under CPRC 16.034 and under equity
prejudgment and postjudgment interest;
exemplary and punitive damages;
and all other relief in law and equity to which Plaintiff may be entitled.
Respectfully submitted,
By: /s/ MaryLSerafine
MARY LOUISE SERAFINE, SBN 24048301
P.O. BOX 4342, AUSTIN, TEXAS 78765
Telephone: 512- 220-5452, Email: mlserafine@gmail.com
Attorney for Plaintiff
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
By my signature below, I certify that a true and correct copy of the foregoing has
been delivered via email, by agreement of counsel and as provided by the Docket Control
Order in this case on the counsel below, on this the lOth day of February, 2015.
Thompson, Coe, Cousins & Irons, L.L.P.
701 Brazos, Suite 1500, Austin, TX 78701
Telephone: ( 512)703-8200, Telecopy: ( 512) 708-8777
Jeff B. Otto, Esq., jotto@thompsoncoe.com
Melissa JAckie, Esq., mackie@thompsoncoe com
Attorneys for Viking Fence Company. Ltd. and Viking GP
By: /s/ MaryLSerafine
MARY LOUISE SERAFINE, SBN 24048301
P.O. BOX 4342, AUSTIN, TEXAS 78765
Telephone: 512- 220-5452, Email: mlserafine@gmail.com
Attorney for Plaintiff
17
48
Exhibit A
18
49
CM CONTROL MONUMENT
( ) RECORD DATA FROM
PLAT 1\67
*
D.E. DRAINAGE EASEMENT
NOTES:
R.O.W. RIGHT-OF-WAY
1. THIS SURVEY WAS DONE WITHOUT THE BENEFIT OF A
POWER POLE
TITLE COMMITMENT. EASEMENTS, RESTRICTIONS AND /OR
BUILDING SETBACKS MAY EXIST THAT ARE NOT SHOWN
HEREON.
2. SEE METES AND BOUNDS DESCRIPTION PREPARED TO
ACCOMPANY THIS MAP.
AVENUE 0
CURB
/ PLAT NORTH
SCALE: 1" = 20'
----------~~ ~~_(_5_o')__ cu_T_ (50')
N 29"23'11" E N 2914'46" E 50.60' N 29"18'49" E 49. 78'
50.32'
(50')
OCCUPIED LINE
FOLLOWS NORTH
EDGE OF RAILROAD 11ES
COY. WOOD
i;
12.8' a
z
CHAINLINK z
G')
GATE :I:
0
c:
(/)
)> JT1
ONE STORY
a
0
~
LOT 4 EDGE OF CONC. _..-;:;
WOOD\FRAME z (/) ~ = 0. 71' SOUTH ~
A\C HOUSE z
G')
m
0
)>
;;o 1\ ~ o'V
ol? • '?
5c: d
q
zG')
(/)
= 0.83' SOUTH
rrl(J)
;::
"0 EDGE OF CONC.~
LOT 7
.LO
~
3.2'
CHAIN LINK
/
= 1.54' SOUTH
~ GATE
• OLD CHAINLINK--H
0
co _. ......... FENCE OCCUPIED
LOT 6 LOT 5 _. ..... LINE
z LOT LINE --J.II COl'.)
1\3 . 0
-..,J •
BLOCK 33 co• 0 ...__... EDGE OF CONC. /
VI = 1.21' SOUTH
m::
EDGE OF CONC.~
WOOD STORAGE
BUILDING
OLD CHAIN LINK
FENCE/OCCUPIED
= 1.46' SOUTH
LINE, RECONSTRUCTED
FROM RECORDS AND EDGE OF CONC.~
PHOTOGRAPH = 1.75' SOUTH
16" PECAN
EDGE OF CONC. •
s 29"33'05" w = 2.09' SOUTH
EDGE OF CONC.
= 1.89' SOUTH---:--_
ALLEY =f\1
ALLEY
DETAIL SHOWING DIMENSIONS
FROM OLD CHAIN LINK FENCE
OCCUPIED LINE TO THE
SOUTHERN MOST EDGE OF
METAL FENCE POSTS AND
50
7/3/2015 12:06:41 AM
Velva L. Price
District Clerk
TAB 12 Travis County
D-1-GN-13-004023
Cause No. D-1-GN-12-001270
Mary Louise Serafine, § IN THE DISTRICT COURT
Plaintiff §
§
v. §
§
Alexander and Ashley Blunt, § 200th JUDICIAL DISTRICT
Scott Lockhart, Austin Drainage §
and Foundation, §
Austin Drainage and §
Foundation LLC dba Austin §
Drainage and Landscape § TRAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS
Development, Defendants
Cause No. D-1-GN-13-004023
MARY LOUISE SERAFINE, § IN THE DISTRICT COURT
Plaintiff, §
§
v. §
§
VIKING FENCE COMPANY, §
LTD., d/b/a/ VIKING FENCE § 126th JUDICIAL DISTRICT
CO., VIKING GP, LLC, §
SALVADOR CHAVARRIA, an §
individual, JENNIFER §
CHAVARRIA, an individual, §
and JAMES CLANIN, an §
individual, §
Defendants § TRAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS
PLAINTIFF'S FIRST SUPPLEMENT TO PETITION
3
TO THE HONORABLE COURT:
COMES NOW Plaintiff Mary Louise Serafine and files this First
Supplement to her Fourth Amended Petition in Cause No. D-1-GN-12-001270
and also to her Third Amended Petition in Cause No. D-1-GN-13-004023, by
adding the following ADDITIONAL ALLEGATION by substituting the
following as the PRAYER FOR RELIEF in both of the afore-mentioned
petitions, to the fullest extent that said relief prayed for shall apply to any
party or cause of action:
ADDITIONAL ALLEGATIONS
Independently, or in connection with all of the foregoing allegations,
Defendants knew or should have known, and it was foreseeable, that
demolition, removal, and/or replacement of the old chain link fence, and/or
other damage to plaintiff's gate and fencing and interference with her
property rights, would cause litigation to ensue. In general it is foreseeable
to the ordinary person, or specifically it is foreseeable to a person such as
certain defendants here in an occupation related to fencing or real estate, that,
under the circumstances here or under any circumstances, that demolition,
removal, and/or replacement of an existing fence that separates two properties
would cause litigation to ensue, including but not limited to a trespass-to-try-
title action as a result of defendants' actions.
Plaintiff has for many years studied historic preservation in connection with
residential structures and values it highly. Plaintiff undertook to restore 4011
A venue D in accordance with historic preservation standards.
4
PRAYER FOR RELIEF
WHEREFORE, Plaintiff prays, upon final trial, to be awarded judgment
against Defendants for all causes of action pled in the afore-mentioned
petitions, and all other causes of action that may be proved at trial; and that
the Court award to Plaintiff both general and special damages, including but
not limited to:
record title to the Strip of Land, as described in Exhibit 1 attached hereto;
monetary damages;
special damages, including but not limited to costs of remediation, stigma
damages, diminution in market value, and loss of use. Such special damages
also include but are not limited to the following:
cost of expert consultation concerning whether or how the
existing fence can be removed without further damage to tree
roots;
the cost of removing the existing fence with procedures
undertaken by tree experts that are not expected to further
damage tree roots;
the cost of additional future tree care and liability insurance as a
result of defendants' damage to tree roots;
costs of consultation for and installation of a replacement fence
that comports with historic restoration guidelines promulgated by
the U.S. Department of Interior;
the cost of litigating and obtaining adjudication of the instant
trespass-to-try-title action to settle the boundary, including
attorneys' and experts' fees thereby required, and including
plaintiff's own time as an attorney or, alternatively, plaintiff's lost
employment on other matters.
5
general and specific damages for the lost value, specifically the value to
plaintiff in particular, of the old fence and of the gate post necessary to and
matching plaintiff's gate, the foregoing being part of a historic property;
general and special damages for mental anguish such as would be
experienced by an ordinary person and/or by a person committed to historic
preservation, as a result of Defendants' interference with property rights,
including interference, as here, continued over a period of time approaching
four years;
mandatory and prohibitive injunctive relief;
costs of court;
attorneys' fees under CPRC 16.034 and under equity;
prejudgment and pos~udgment interest;
exemplary and punitive damages;
and all other relief in law and equity to which Plaintiff deems herself entitled
or may be entitled.
Pursuant to Tex. R. Civ. P., such damages are expected to exceed one million
dollars and plaintiff seeks the same.
Dated: July 2, 2015
Respectfully submitted,
By:
Mary Louise Serafine, State Bar No. 24048301
P.O. Box 4342
Austin, Texas 78765
Telephone: 512- 220-5452
Email: mlserafine@gmail.com
Ray Bass, Attorney
SBN 01884000
120 West 8th Street
Georgetown, Texas 78626
6
Telephone 512-863-8788, Facsimile 512-869-5090
Email: ray@raybass.com
Attorneys for Plaintiff
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
By my signature below, I certify that a true and correct copy of the foregoing
has been delivered pursuant to Rule 21a via email and/or facsimile, on the
counsel below, on this the 2nd day of July, 2015.
Law Office of Ronald Max Raydon
1718 Fry Road, Suite 450
Houston, Texas 77084
Via facsimile (281) 398-6403
Via Email ron@raydonlaw.com
Attorney For Scott Lockhart and Austin Drainage & Foundation, LLC
Thompson, Coe, Cousins & Irons, L.L.P.
701 Brazos, Suite 1500, Austin, TX 78701
Telephone: (512)703-8200, Telecopy: (512) 708-8777
Jeff B. Otto, Esq., jotto@thompsoncoe.com
Melissa JAckie, Esq., mackie®thompsoncoe com
Attorneys for Viking Fence Company, Ltd. and Viking GP, LLC.
Doran D. Peters
HAJJAR PETERS LLP
3144 Bee Caves Road
Austin, Texas 78746
Via facsimile (512) 637-4958
Via Email service@legalstrategy.com
Attorney for Alexander and Ashley Blunt
By: '-/11. r;( ~
MARY LOUISE SERAFINE, SBN 24048301
7
EXHIBIT 1
8
TEXAS
6 BLOCK 33
HYDE PARK ADDITION
V. 1, PG. 67
METES AND BOUNDS OESCR£PTION PREPARED TO
ACCOMPANY THIS MAP_
AVENUE 0
CURB
CUT
II (50')
MAP SYMBOLS:
LOT 7
PLAT
SCALE:
t--t Af~Rl S--- GRAN RVEY!NG, !t·~C­
P.O. BOX TEXAS 78652
444-6123
P.LS- 1919
2012
WORK ORDER NO, 4364 7
9
EXHIBIT A -METES AND BOUNDS DESCRIPTION
BEING A CALCULATED MAP AREA OF 120 SQ(L<\RE FEET OF .LAND,
MORE OR 'LESS, OVT OF LOT 4, BLOCK 33 OF "HYUE PARK ADDfD:ON'', A
Sl.JBDlVISlON IN TRAVIS COVNTY, TEXAS, AS RECORDED IN VOLUME 1,
PAGE 67 OF THE PI.a\T RECORDS OF TR-\VlS COllNTY, TEXAS, SAID
TRACT OF LANll BEIN(i MORE PAUTICULARLY DESCRmED BY METES
Al\'D BOUNllS AS FOLLOWS:
BEGINNING at a rcbar found on west right-of-way Hnc of a !2' alley, at the common easterly
corner bet\veen Lots 4 and 5, B!ock 33 of said Hyde Park Addition, tor the corner PLACE OF
BEGINNL""iG hereof;
THENCE with the common iine between said Lots 4 and 5, N 60°00'00" WI 19.70 to a rebar found
on the east right-of-way line of Avenue D, at the common \.Vosterly corner bet\veen said lots, for the
southwest comer hereof;
THENCE ;,vith the east right-of-way line Avenue and crossing into said Lot 4, N 29°14'46" E 0.42
feet to a calculated point at the north edge of an existing railroad tie, for the northwest comer hereof;
THENCE continuing to cross through said Lot 4, and with the north edge of said railroad ties, and
going past the easterly end of said railroad ties, S 61)018'53'' E 64.27 feet !o a calculated point, being the
middle of the closing !atch of gate of an old chain link renee, the location of '>vhich has been computed
using records and a photograph, and data obtained from an on-the-ground survey, tor an angle point on the
northerly line hereof;
THENCE continuing to cross through said Lot 4, and with said old chain link no longer in existence,
but the location of \vhich has been computed from records, photograph, and data obtained from an on-the-
ground survey, S 61 "29'36" E 55.44 feet to a calculated point on the west right-of~way line of said 12' ailey,
for the northeast comer hereof;
1'HENCE with west right-of·way Iine of 12' also the easterly or rear said Lot 4,
S 29°33'05" W 2.21 teet to the PLACE OF BEGINNING and containing a calculated map area of 120
square feet ofland, more or less.
See map prepared to accompany
HARRIS-GRANT SU'RVEYING, INC.
P.O. BOX 807, MANCHACA TEXAS 78652
512-444-1781
September 6, 20 t2
jg\carison\04-20 i 2\43 747
10
10/1/2015 6:17:43 PM
Velva L. Price
TAB 13 District Clerk
Travis County
D-1-GN-12-001270
Cause No. D-1-GN-12-001270 Ruben Tamez
Mary Louise Serafine, § IN THE DISTRICT COURT
Plaintiff §
§
v. §
§
Alexander and Ashley Blunt, § 200th JUDICIAL DISTRICT
Scott Lockhart, Austin Drainage §
and Foundation, §
Austin Drainage and §
Foundation LLC dba Austin §
Drainage and Landscape § TRAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS
Development, Defendants
Cause No. D-1-GN-13-004023
MARY LOUISE SERAFINE, § IN THE DISTRICT COURT
Plaintiff, §
§
v. §
§
VIKING FENCE COMPANY, §
LTD., d/b/a/ VIKING FENCE § 126th JUDICIAL DISTRICT
CO., VIKING GP, LLC, §
SALVADOR CHAVARRIA, an §
individual, JENNIFER §
CHAVARRIA, an individual, §
and JAMES CLANIN, an §
individual, §
Defendants § TRAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS
PLAINTIFF'S SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO PETITION
519
TO THE HONORABLE COURT:
COMES NOW Plaintiff Mary Louise Serafine and files this Second
Supplement to her Fourth Amended Petition in Cause No. D-1-GN-12-001270
and also to her Third Amended Petition in Cause No. D-1-GN-13-004023, by
adding the following:
ADDITIONAL ALLEGATIONS
Defendant Blunts and the Lockhart defendants knew and should have
known, and it was foreseeable, that keeping plaintiff in the dark-for many
weeks-about the excavation and drainage work they were planning or
appeared to be doing, on and near her property, would cause expensive,
protracted litigation to ensue, because plaintiff would be required to appeal
to the courts to protect her interests. In this regard, these defendants were
recklessly and grossly negligent in failing to do what a reasonable person
would do under the circumstances: inform the plaintiff. In general it is
foreseeable to the ordinary person, or specifically it is foreseeable to a person
such as these defendants, that keeping plaintiff in the dark, while it appeared
they would damage plaintiff's property and interfere with her property
rights, over a long period of time, would cause plaintiff mental anguish, the
damages pled for, loss of personal time, and the cost of attorneys fees,
including for her own time, expert fees, and costs and expenses of protracted
litigation.
PRAYER FOR RELIEF
Plaintiff additionally pleads for general and special damages in an amount
representing the value to her-not the fair market value-of all of the
property wrongfully destroyed and converted by all Defendants, but
especially Viking Fence Company, Ltd. and Viking GP, LLC, including her
original fence, the gate post, the trees and shrubs, the area of land
wrongfully made inaccessible to plaintiff and the land now plugged in at
least nine places with underground concrete footings.
520
Plaintiff additionally pleads for general and special damages in an amount
equal to reasonable compensation for her loss of time in being required, as a
result of all Defendants' actions, including those of Viking Fence Company,
Ltd. and Viking GP, LLC, to act in the protection of her interests by bringing
this action against adjoining landowners, the Blunts, and against Scott
Lockhart and his related entities, if any.
WHEREFORE, Plaintiff prays, upon final trial, to be awarded judgment
against Defendants for all causes of action pled in the afore-mentioned
petitions, and all other causes of action that may be proved at trial; and that
the Court award to Plaintiff both general and special damages, including but
not limited to:
the cost of removal and replacement of trees;
the cost of installing deep-drilled piers to prevent further movement of her
house and out-building, including removal and replacement of interior
flooring to the extent necessary to accommodate the work, removal of the
contents of the house in the service thereof, all clean-up costs, cost of
temporary housing.
Pursuant to Tex. R. Civ. P. 47, such damages are expected to exceed $100,000
but not to exceed one million dollars and plaintiff seeks the same.
Respectfully submitted,
By: ytt,/, ~
Mary Louise Serafine, State Bar No. 24048301
P.O. Box 4342
Austin, Texas 78765
Telephone: 512- 220-5452
Email: mlserafine@gmail.com
Ray Bass, Attorney
SBN 01884000
120 West 8th Street
Georgetown, Texas 78626
Telephone 512-863-8788, Facsimile 512-869-5090
521
Email: ray@raybass.com
Attorneys for Plaintiff
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
By my signature below, I certify that a true and correct copy of the foregoing
has been delivered pursuant to Rule 21a via email and/or facsimile, on the
counsel below, on this the 1st day of October, 2015.
Law Office of Ronald Max Raydon
1718 Fry Road, Suite 450
Houston, Texas 77084
Via facsimile (281) 398-6403
Via Email ron@raydonlaw.com
Attorney For Scott Lockhart and Austin Drainage & Foundation, LLC
Thompson, Coe, Cousins & Irons, L.L.P.
701 Brazos, Suite 1500, Austin, TX 78701
Telephone: (512)703-8200, Telecopy: (512) 708-8777
Jeff B. Otto, Esq., jotto@thompsoncoe.com
Melissa J Ackie, Esq., mackie®thompsoncoe com
Attorneys for Viking Fence Company, Ltd. and Viking GP, LLC.
Doran D. Peters
HAJJAR PETERS LLP
3144 Bee Caves Road
Austin, Texas 78746
Via facsimile (512) 637-4958
Via Email serviceCilllegalstrategy .com_
Attorney for Alexander and Ashley Blunt
By: '-/11. r;( ~
MARY LOUISE SERAFINE, SBN 24048301
522
Filed
12 June 21 P2:55
Amalia Rodriguez-Mendoza
TAB 14 District Clerk
Travis District
D-1-GN-12-001270
CAUSE NO. D-l-GN-12-001270
MARY LOUISE SERAFINE § INTHE DISTRICT COURT
Plaintiff §
§
v. §
§ 200thjUDICIAL DISTRICT
ALEXANDER BLUNT, ASHLEY BLUNT, §
SCOTT LOCKHART dba AUSTIN §
DRAINAGE AND FOUNDATION, LLC § TRAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS
Difendants
DEFENDANTS' FIRST AMENDED ANSWER AND ORIGINAL COUNTERCLAIMS
COME NOW ALEXANDER BLUNT and ASHLEY BLUNT, Defendants in this case, who
answer and counterclaim as follows:
I - GENERAL DENIAL
1.01 Alexander Blunt and Ashley Blunt deny any and all allegations contained m
Plaintiff's Original Petition and demand strict proof of same.
1.02 The Blunts reserve the right to make any additional special or verified denials and
. pleas in bar at a later time. The Blunts further reserve the right to file counterclaims, cross-claims,
or third-party claims in this case.
II- AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES
2.01 Pursuant to Rule 94 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, the Blunts each
specifically plead the following:
• Plaintiff failed to mitigate damages;
• Plaintiff's claims are barred by the doctrine of estoppel;
• Plaintiff's claims are barred because she did not meet all conditions
precedent;
• Plaintiff's claims are barred by the doctrine oflaches; and
• Plaintiff's claims are barred by the doctrine of waiver.
DEFENDANTS' FIRST AMENDED
ANSWER AND ORIGINAL COUNTERCLAIMS PAGElOF3
6
III ~ COUNTERCLAIMS
3.01 Counter-Plaintiffs are the Alexander Blunt and Ashley Blunt.
3.02 Counter-Defendant is Mary Louise Serafine.
3.03 Tortious Interference with Contract: The Blunts had a valid contract with Austin
Drainage and Foundation, LLC. Serafine willfully and intentionally interfered with that contract
through threats and the filing of this lawsuit. Serafine's interference proximately caused injury to
the Blunts, who incurred actual damage or loss.
3.04 Fraudulent Lien: Serafine has knowledge that the Lis Pendens she has filed in
relation to this case is not supported by any valid interest in the Blunts' property. Serafine filed the
Lis Pendens with the Travis County Real Property Records with the intention to cause the Blunts
financial injury. Serafine's actions violate Chapter 12 of the TEXAS CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE.
IV~ DAMAGES
4.01 Serafine's actions have caused injury and damage to the Blunts. Further, the Blunts
are entitled to statutory and/ or exemplary damages. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. Com§ 12.002.
V ~ CONDITIONS PRECEDENT
5.01 All conditions precedent to the Blunts claims for relief have been performed or have
occurred.
VI ~ ATTORNEY'S FEES
6.01 The Blunt Defendants request to be awarded attorneys' fees under TEX. Crv. PRAC.
& REM. CODE§§ 37.009, 16.034, 12.002, and 12.006 and under equitable principles.
DEFENDANTS' FIRST AMENDED
ANSWER AND ORIGINAL COUNTERCLAIMS PAGE20F 3
7
VII/ PRAYER
7.01 ALEXANDER BLUNT and ASHLEY BLUNT, request and pray for judgment of this
Court that Plaintiff takes nothing by way of its claims and that the Blunts have judgment for
damages, pre-judgment and post-judgment interest, court costs, attorney's fees, and for such other
and further relief to which they may show themselves to be justly entitled.
Respectfully Submitted,
HAJJAR [ SUTHERLAND I PETERS & W ASHMON, LLP
1205 Rio Grande Street
Austin, Texas 78701
Telephone: (512) 637-4956
Facsimile: (512) 637-4958
By: ~d/Jtw
Doran D. Peters
dpeters@hspwlegal. com
State Bar No. 24027615
Kendall L. Bryant
kbryant@hspwlegal. com
State Bar No. 24058660
ATTORNEYS FOR THE BLUNTS
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I certify by my signature that a true and correct copy of this pleading has been served via the
method indicated below, pursuant to ifle Texas Rules of Civil Procedure 21 and 21 a, to the
person( s) noted below on this the 1.t J- day of J""V ll"f .e... , 20 12:
Mary Louise Serafine Via Certified Mail Number
Post Office Box 4342 7010 1060 0000 3660 9777
Austin, Texas 78765 Return Receipt Requested
&_First Class Mail
Doran D. Peters
DEFENDANTS' FIRST AMENDED
ANSWER AND ORIGINAL COUNTERCLAIMS PAGE30F3
8
9/11/2015 4:07:18 PM
TAB 15 Velva L. Price
District Clerk
Travis County
CAUSE NO. D~I~GN~l2~00l270 D-1-GN-12-001270
Patricia Winkler
MARY LOUISE SERAFINE § INTHE DISTRICT COURT
Plaintijf §
§
v. §
§
ALEXANDER BLUNT, ASHLEY BLUNT, §
SCOTT LOCKHART dba AUSTIN §
DRAINAGE AND FOUNDATION, LLC § 200th JUDICIAL DISTRICT
AND LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT §
VIKING FENCE COMPANY, LTD., §
VIKING GP, LLC, SALVADOR CHAVARRIA§
An Individual, JENNIFER CHAVARRIA, §
And JAMES CLANIN, an Individual §
Difendants § TRAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS
DEFENDANTS' FIRST SUPPLEMENTAL COUNTERCLAIMS
COME NOW ALEXANDER BLUNT and ASHLEY BLUNT, Defendants in this case, who
supplement their counterclaims as follows:.
l ~ SUPPLEMENTAL COUNTERCLAIMS
1.01 Trespass: Counter-Defendant entered land owned by Counter-Plaintiffs, and the
entry was physical, intentional and voluntary. This has happened on many occasions. This trespass
caused injury to Counter-Plaintiffs right to possession.
11 ~DAMAGES
2.01 Serafine's actions have caused injury and damage to the Blunts. Further, the Blunts are
entitled to statutory and/ or exemplary damages. TEX. Civ. PRAC. & REM. Com § 12.002.
111 ~ CONDITIONS PRECEDENT
3.01 All conditions precedent to the Blunts claims for relief have been performed or have
occurred.
IV ~ ATTORNEY'S FEES
DEFENDANTS' FIRST SUPPLEMENTAL COUNTERCLAIMS PAGElOF3
419
4.01 The Blunt Defendants request to be awarded attorneys' fees under TEX. Crv. PRAC.
& REM. CODE§§ 37.004, 37.009, 16.034, 12.002, and 12.006 and under equitable principles.
V ~ PRAYER
5.01 ALEXANDER BLUNT and ASHLEY BLUNT, request and pray for judgment of this
Court that Plaintiff takes nothing by way of its claims and that the Blunts have judgment for damages,
pre-judgment and post-judgment interest, court costs, attorney's fees, and for such other and further
relief to which they may show themselves to be justly entitled.
Respectfully Submitted,
HAJJAR PETERS, LLP
3144 Bee Caves Road
Austin, Texas 78746
Telephone: (512) 637-4956
Facsimile: (512) 637-4958
By: Is/Doran D. Peters
Doran D. Peters
State Bar No. 24027615
Service@legalstrategy. com
ATTORNEY FOR ALEXANDER BLUNT AND
ASHLEY BLUNT
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I certify by my signature that a true and correct copy of this pleading has been served via the
method indicated below, pursuant to the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure 21 and 21 a, to the person( s)
noted below on this the 11th day of September, 2015:
Mary Louise Serafine Jeff B. Otto
P.O. Box 4342 Melissa J. Ackie
Austin, Texas 78756 THOMPSON, COE, COUSINS & IRONS, L.L.P.
Via Eservice: JH!serC!flne(q)&nwil.com 701 Brazos, Suite 1500,Austin,TX 78701
Via Eservice: jotto@Jthompsoncoe.com;
mockie@)thompsoncoe. com
Law Office of Ronald Max Raydon Ray Bass
1718 Fry Road, Suite 450 120W 8th Street
DEFENDANTS' FIRST SUPPLEMENTAL COUNTERCLAIMS PAGE 20F 3
420
Houston, Texas 77084 Georgetown, Texas 78626
Via Eservice: ron@D,rc~donlaw.com ViaE-Service: Rav(iDravbass.com
..- <> :;
Is I Doran D. Peters
Doran D. Peters
DEFENDANTS' FIRST SUPPLEMENTAL COUNTERCLAIMS PAGE30F3
421
11/10/2015 9:44:22 AM
TAB 16 Velva L. Price
District Clerk
Travis County
D-1-GN-12-001270
Cause No. D-1-GN-12-001270 Tamara Franklin
Mary Louise Serafine, § IN THE DISTRICT COURT
Plaintiff §
§
v. §
§
Alexander Blunt, Ashley Blunt, §
Scott Lockhart, Austin Drainage § 200th JUDICIAL DISTRICT
and Foundation, LLC d/b/a §
Austin Drainage and Landscape §
Development, Viking Fence §
Company, Ltd., and Viking GP, §
LLC, Defendants § TRAVIS COUNTY, TEXAS
COUNTER-DEFENDANT'S SUPPLEMENT TO MOTION FOR
DAMAGES AND SANCTIONS UNDER CPRC CHAPTER 27
TO THE HONORABLE KARIN CRUMP:
On June 21, 2012, defendants Alexander and Ashley Blunt brought
two counterclaims-tortious interference and fraudulent lien -in this matter.
On June 26, 2015 the Third Court of Appeals dismissed under the anti-
SLAPP statute the fraudulent lien claim, while splitting into two parts the
tortious interference claim-dismissing part of it under the anti-SLAPP
statute but allowing that part alleging "threats" outside the context of this
lawsuit to go forward.
On September 25, 2015, this Court heard Serafine's motion for
Plaintiff's Supplement & Motion for Sanctions Page 1
719
damages and sanctions under the anti-SLAPP statute, CPRC Chapter 27.
Serafine has already won and is entitled to that relief. Indeed, much of
Cause No. 0-1-GN-12-001270 was hijacked, as intended, by what turned
out to be, in essence, three counterclaims at the Court of Appeals and a
fourth counterclaim-a late-filed, vague, undefended trespass claim-that,
had it proceeded, would have changed the complexion of the entire case.
At the hearing on Serafine's anti-SLAPP relief on Sept. 25, 2015, the
Court indicated it would not award sanctions under §27.009 "sufficient to
deter" unless the Court believed that deterrence was necessary because
Blunts' offending conduct was likely to re-occur.
Counter-defendant Serafine herewith files this Supplement urgmg the
Court that a sanction sufficient to deter is necessary tn this case,
because (1) the Blunts' residual counterclaim for tortious interference
through "threats" was founded on groundless testimony, as shown below;
and (2) the Blunts' last-minute counterclaim for trespass so lacked
evidentiary support that the Blunts filed no response to support it when
Plaintiff's Supplement & Motion for Sanctions Page2
720
Serafine filed a motion for summary judgment against it. 1 It was,
therefore, precisely the conduct that should be deterred. Indeed, such
conduct is not only likely to occur, but has already occurred. To that end,
Serafine files this Supplement.
Plaintiff would respectfully note that she IS well aware that she lost
this case at trial. There are many reasons a case can be lost at trial, but
even so, such loss is no evidence whatsoever that the Blunts filed
legitimate claims-for tortious interference, by a suit or "threats,"
for"fraudulent lien," or for trespassing. All of these claims were
groundless. They constituted separate actions from the case at trial, and
all were dismissed in advance of it.
Serafine requests the attorneys fees previously requested, and asks the
Court to reconsider awarding fees for Plaintiff's work, at paralegal rates.
Chapter 27 does not contain a "fees incurred" provision, and the court in
Beckstrom v. Gilmore, 886 S.W.2d 845, 847 (Tex. App.-Eastland 1994) has
reasoned that, where a statute does not insist a claimant must be
1
This Court granted summary judgment in Serafine's favor and
dismissed both the counterclaim for "threats" and the counterclaim for
"trespass." The Court of Appeals had already dismissed the others.
Plaintiff's Supplement & Motion for Sanctions Page 3
721
represented by another person, a self-represented lawyer IS analogous to
in-house counsel.
Recent cases considering Chapter 27 anti-SLAPP fees and sanctions
include Kinney v. BCG Attorney Search, Inc., No. 03-12-00579-CV (Tex.
App.-Austin, April 11, 2014)(upholding $75,000 in sanctions only, from
Travis County District Court, where attorneys fees of $45,000 had
previously been awarded in California), and Avila v. Larrea, No. 05-14-
00631-CV (Tex. App.-Dallas, June 23, 2015)(declining to approve Jackson
Walker's fee request for $249,000, but reversing trial court award of zero
and remanding for further proceedings).
In considering a Chapter 27 sanctions award, the Court should note
that the Blunts' counterclaim for tortious interference based on alleged
"threats" outside the context of the lawsuit had no evidentiary support,
but the Blunts repeatedly filed groundless affidavits. The trespass
counterclaim was also groundless.
Plaintiff's Supplement & Motion for Sanctions Page4
722
Documents referenced In this brief are In the Court's file?
2
1. Transcript of May 3, 2012 evidentiary hearing for temporary injunction,
four days after filing of Serafine's law suit (no testimony regarding
"threats"), Attachment No.1 filed herewith.
2. Blunts' Counterclaims, filed June 21, 2012.
3. Blunts' Response to Motion to Dismiss, filed Sept. 4, 2012.
4. Transcript, hearing before the Hon. Gisela Triana, Sept. 4, 2012,
Attachment No.2 filed herewith (and also in appellate record).
5. Lockhart's Answers to Plaintiff's Interrogatories, dated Nov. 20, 2012,
Attachment No.3 filed herewith.
6. Blunts' Responses and Objections to Plaintiff's Interrogatories, dated Dec.
7, 2012, Attachment No.4 filed herewith.
7. Blunts' Responses and Objections to Plaintiff's RFPs, dated Dec. 7, 2012
(filed on Sept. 15, 2015).
8. Blunts' Special Exceptions to Serafine's ... Affirmative Defenses, filed Dec.
18, 2012.
9. Deposition of Alexander Blunt taken on July 15, 2015, (filed on Sept. 15,
2015).
10. Deposition of Ashley Blunt taken on Aug. 21, 2015, (filed on Sept. 15,
2015).
11. Deposition of Scott Lockhart taken on Aug. 21, 2015, (filed on Sept. 15,
2015).
12. Blunts' Notice of Hearing on Special Exceptions, filed Aug. 24, 2015.
13. Blunts' Opposition to Plaintiff's Motion for Return of Cash Bond, filed
Aug. 28, 2015.
14. Blunts' Motion to Compel (pursuant to counterclaimed exemplary
damages), filed Sept. 9, 2015.
15. Blunts' Supplemental Counterclaim for Trespass, filed Sept. 11, 2015.
16. Blunts' Response to Plaintiff's No-Evidence Motion for Summary
Judgment (re: counterclaim for "threats" as tortious interference) , filed
Sept. 18, 2015.
Plaintiff's Supplement & Motion for Sanctions Page 5
723
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
The facts: There was no interference by tortious "threats."
1. The Blunts' counterclaim of June 21, 2012 alleged that Serafine made
tortious threats to Austin Drainage & Foundation. 3
2. But after six months and two extensions of time, the Blunts could
not give specific answers to interrogatories:
3
"Tortious Interference with Contract: The Blunts had a valid
contract with Austin Drainage and Foundation, LLC. Serafine
willfully and intentionally interfered with that contract through
threats and the filing of this lawsuit. Serafine's interference
proximately caused injury to the Blunts, who incurred actual
damage or loss."
Plaintiff's Supplement & Motion for Sanctions Page 6
724
REQUEST FOR INTERROGATORY NO. I: Identify, In
conformity ·with the Definition 9 above, each and every person
who allegedly received any threat(s) from Ms. Serafine that you
contend are relevant to this lawsuit.
RESPONSE: Objection, this request IS vague, compound,
ambiguous, and overbroad. Further, the phrase "you contend
are relevant to this lawsuit" calls for a legal conclusion.
Plaintiff's Supplement & Motion for Sanctions Page 7
725
Other interrogatory responses were similar .4
3. Nor did any documents support the alleged threats: 5
REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION NO. 8: Produce all documents to or from
any person who you contend received any threat(s) from Ms. Serafine that
are relevant to this lawsuit, including but not limited to documents to or
from any person who refused to complete work for the Blunts.
RESPONSE: Objection. This request is overbroad and seeks information that
is not relevant and not likely to lead to the discovery of admissible
evidence.
REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION NO. 9: Produce all documents to or from
any person who you contend witnessed any threat(s) from Ms. Serafine
that are relevant to this lawsuit, including but not limited to persons who
refused to complete work for the Blunts.
RESPONSE: Objection. This request is overbroad and seeks information that
is not relevant and not likely to lead to the discovery of admissible
evidence.
4. Mr. Lockhart's interrogatory answer indicated that Mr. Blunt was the
4
REQUEST FOR INTERROGATORY NO. 3: Specifically and separately for each
person identified in the preceding answers, describe the substance of the
threat(s) they allegedly received from Ms. Serafine, the manner in which the
alleged threat was communicated by her, and the date, time and location of the
threat.
RESPONSE: Objection. This best source for this information is the person to
whom the threat was made. Generally, it is our understanding that Ms. Serafine
made threats to Scott Lockhart and the employees of Austin Drainage.
5
See Defendant Alexander Blunt and Ashley Blunt's Responses and
Objections to Plaintiff's Second Request for Production, December 7, 2012.
Plaintiff's Supplement & Motion for Sanctions Page 8
726
person who witnessed the threats:
ANSWER: Mr. Blunt witnessed the verbal threats, and several
others have read the written threats as they have been
produced in this litigation. 6
5. In this Court, two and a half years later, Alexander Blunt testified
at deposition on July 15, 2015 that he did not witness or record Ms.
Serafine engaged In any, much less "daily" threatening conduct:
Q. [Mr. Bass:] I see. Okay. Do you have any recollection
of ever having made a videotape recording using your
cellphone or any other recording -- video recording device of
having made a videotaped recording of what you were
witnessing to be harassment of Scott Lockhart?
A. I don't recall.
Q. Do you recall ever having made a videotaped recording
using your cellphone or any other videotaping device of what
you were witnessing to be harassment of Scott Lockhart's
employees?
A. It's the same question asked many different times. I'm
going to answer it the same way. I don't recall.
Q. Thank you. Did you ever hear Ms. Serafine make threats
to Scott Lockhart?
A. No.
Q. Did you ever hear Ms. Serafine make threats to employees
of Scott Lockhart?
A. No.
6
As noted, no documentation of threats ever surfaced.
Plaintiff's Supplement & Motion for Sanctions Page 9
727
Q. Now, you say In your counterclaim that tortious
interference, that she made threats?
A. I never personally witnessed her threaten Scott Lockhart
or an employee.
Q. Did Scott Lockhart ever tell you that he had been
threatened by Ms. Serafine?
A. I don't recall.
Q. Did Scott Lockhart ever tell you that Ms. Serafine had
threatened his employees?
A. I don't recall.
Blunt Depo at 85-87.
6. Mr. Blunt responded "I don't recall" some 60 times m the three-hour
deposition.
7. In the same deposition Mr. Blunt testified that the drainage project
was changed, re-designed, or re-routed not because of anything Ms.
Serafine did or said, but because the re-routing was recommended
by Bartlett Tree Service, whom the Blunts had hired?
Q. [Mr. Bass:] And so just to follow up on that briefly, it's
because of the recommendations made by Bartlett that the
drainage system was routed around the tree?
7
It is undisputed that a city-protected tree on Serafine's property was
near the south side of the Blunts' house, near the site of the planned drainage
trench.
Plaintiff's Supplement & Motion for Sanctions Page 10
728
A. Correct.
Q. It had nothing to do with anything that Ms. Serafine
complained about?
A. I don't recall all of the exchanges we had, but Bartlett said
it would be easier to come up with an alternate system .... [ ]
So they recommended, if there was another option, it would
be better for the tree to go around the other way. So that's
-- that's the reason we proceeded with redesigning the
project.
Q. Okay. But you did that, you redesigned routing of the
project based on what Bartlett Tree suggested?
A. That was their suggestion.
Q. Okay.
A. Otherwise we would have had to go further underground
and it would have been more complicated to do it that way.
And it turns out that the system still functioned redesigning
it the other way around. It just took extra cost and time.
Q. Yeah, but that extra cost was based on recommendations
made by Bartlett Tree, that's the part I'm getting at?
A. Correct. [ ]
Q. Okay. And I understand that and I'm really not quarreling
with you about that. What I want to make sure is you're not
saying you suffered any economic harm from this as a result
of what Ms. Serafine did because you had to route around the
tree? Are you?
A. Not specifically on that -- on that particular point, no.
Q. Right. That's what I'm talking merely about having to
reroute around the tree, you didn't suffer any economic harm
on that point because of anything Ms. Serafine did?
Plaintiff's Supplement & Motion for Sanctions Page 11
729
A. No. No.
Blunt Depo at 89-92
8. Mr. Blunt's attorney attended Mr. Blunt's deposition.
9. Mr. Lockhart, the contractor whose contract was allegedly interfered
with by Serafine's threats, was deposed on August 21, 2015.
10. He testified that Serafine was "filming" his construction work.
Otherwise, he recalled speaking to Ms. Serafine only once, except for
exchanging pleasantries (Lockhart Depo at 36-38):
Q. [Mr. Bass on Serafine's alleged "filming:"] But she was
always on her property?
A. Yes, sir, always.
Q. And you already told us that, In and of itself, would not
have caused you to stop working on the project?
A. No, sir.
Q. Other than that, she never said anything to you that you
considered to be harassing; did she?
A. Not at all.
Q. Or threatening?
A. No.
Q. And you never heard from your workers that she said
anything
Plaintiff's Supplement & Motion for Sanctions Page 12
730
A. No.
Q. -- that might be considered threatening or harassing?
A. No.
Lockhart Depo at 36-38.
11. Mr. Blunt's attorney attended Mr. Lockhart's deposition.
12. Mrs. Blunt, at her deposition, did not testify to any facts supporting
the Blunts' claim of tortious interference, in her personal knowledge.
13. To summarize: Mr. Lockhart testified that neither he nor his
workers received any threats from Ms. Serafine. Mr. Blunt testified
that he never witnessed any such threats. He also testified that "the
reason we proceeded with redesigning the project" was because
Bartlett Tree Service recommended it; that "the system still functioned
redesigning it the other way around;" and that "the Blunts didn't
suffer any economic harm."
The groundless testimony: Tortious interference by "threats."
14. Despite this, Alexander Blunt repeatedly testified in support of the
tortious interference counterclaim that dogged this litigation for three
years.
Plaintiff's Supplement & Motion for Sanctions Page 13
731
15. On September 4, 2012, before the Honorable Gisela Triana, Mr. Blunt
testified, without cross-examination, about Ms. Serafine and Mr.
Lockhare
Q. [Mr. Peters:] And how -- why was this project
delayed for months?
A. She just harassed and intimidated him .... [
Q. And that's specifically because they were
intimidated and they would not go on that side of
the property. Correct?
A. Because of the lawsuit that she filed against
them and the threats before that.
Q. And that's what I was going to ask. Did these
threats occur before the lawsuit was ever filed?
A. Yes, well before.
Q. And -- so you -- the system that you have is
less optimal, and it cost you more money. Correct?
A. Yes. [ ]
Transcript at 22-23.
8
By the time Serafine filed her anti-SLAPP motion in August, 2012, it was
clear to the Blunts that they had to allege some pre-suit threats, otherwise the
litigation privilege would defeat their counterclaim. But before receiving
Serafine's anti-SLAPP motion in August, 2012, the Blunts gave no sign of
complained-of "threats." Indeed, at an early evidentiary hearing on May 3, 2012,
Blunt and Lockhart both testifed at length without ever hinting at alleged threats,
and Blunts' engineering expert, Dante Angelini, testified that he inspected the
drainage project and found it "adequate."
Plaintiff's Supplement & Motion for Sanctions Page 14
732
16. Again contradicting the fact that Lockhart and his workers received
no threats, that Bartlett Tree Service recommended the alternate route,
and the drainage system worked, Mr. Blunt testified before Judge
Triana by affidavit at the same hearing:
Ms. Serafine continually harassed the employees of
Austin Drainage [and Landscape Development} and
interfered with their work to the point that Austin
Drainage would no longer continue work on the
project. [ ]
On a daily basis,
Ms. Serafine stalked the
employees of Austin Drainage .... [ ]
Ms. Serafine would ask the employees questions
about the work being done. [ ]
Because of her threats, I was not able to complete
the work as I had originally contracted for it to be
completed ....
I had to settle for a sub-standard solution. [ ]
17. Judge Triana denied Serafine's motion to dismiss the tortious
interference claim, and the Third Court of Appeals affirmed her
decision to the extent of remanding for trial only threats made
outside the context of the lawsuit. These courts were convinced by
the groundless testimony.
Plaintiff's Supplement & Motion for Sanctions Page 15
733
18. And in this Court-even after Mr. Blunt's and Mr. Lockhart's
depositions revealed that no workers received any threats and
Lockhart did not re-route the system because of Ms. Serafine-Mr.
Blunt testified with two affidavits in support of the Blunts' August
28, 2015 Response to Plaintiff's Motion for Refund of Bond. In one
affidavit Mr. Blunt testified: 9
"The increase in cost was a direct result of Ms. Serafine's
harassment of Austin Drainage and Landscape Development. If
she had not harassed them ... [and sued] ... I would not have
incurred this increase in costs. [ ]"
19. In the other affidavit, also supporting the Blunts' August 28, 2015
Response to Plaintiff's Motion for Refund of Bond, Mr. Blunt testified
(using his 2012 affidavit quoted above):
Ms. Serafine continually harassed the employees of Austin
Drainage ... [ ]
On a daily basis, Ms. Serafine stalked the employees .... [ 1
Because of her threats ... [ ] .. .I had to settle for a
sub-standard solution.
9
The affidavit is dated August 27, 2013. Correspondence from the
undersigned to Mr. Blunt's counsel, suggesting that the affidavit should be
corrected, did not receive a response. The notary's seal indicates the affidavit
could not have been signed in 2013.
Plaintiff's Supplement & Motion for Sanctions Page 16
734
20. Again in this Court, the Blunts on Sept. 9, 2015 filed a Motion to
Compel, seeking Plaintiff's financial status, allegedly in pursuit of
exemplary damages for this flawed "threats" counterclaim -it being
the only counterclaim "live" at that time.
21. Two days later on Sept. 11, 2015, the Blunts' filed their counterclaim
for "trespass." It stated no date, time, location of property entered,
or manner of entry, or any other fact. But Plaintiff had to file an
answer, affirmative defenses, special exceptions, and a no-evidence
and traditional motion for summary judgment.
22. Again in this Court-still undeterred even after depositions had
shown Lockhart received no threats and the drainage system
worked- Mr. Blunt on Sept. 18, 2015 testified by affidavit, newly
dated that same day, in support of the Blunts' Response to Plaintiff's
No-Evidence Motion for Summary Judgment (on the residual
counterclaim):
Plaintiff's Supplement & Motion for Sanctions Page 17
735
Ms. Serafine continually harassed the employees of
Austin Drainage and interfered with their work to
the point that Austin Drainage would no longer
continue work on the project. [ ]
On a daily basis, Ms. Serafine stalked the
employees of Austin Drainage .... [ ]
This interference ultimately caused Austin Drainage
to stop work. Later, once Mr. Lockhart was willing
to continue the work, he would no longer install
the French drain system to the right of the
structure as called for in the contract. Instead, he
would only retrofit and reroute the system to the
left side of the house due to the Plaintiff's
interference. [
This resulted In a system that was not optimal
because the drains were installed on only two sides
of the Blunts' [sic] property rather than three as
originally designed and contracted for. [ ]
23. As to the trespass counterclaim: In response to both no-evidence
and traditional MSJs, the Blunts did not file any paper.
CONCLUSION & PRAYER
These facts show that the sanctions provided by section 27.009 of the anti-
Plaintiff's Supplement & Motion for Sanctions Page 18
736
SLAPP statute are warranted, to deter future, similar conduct. In the
alternative, the facts support Rule 13 or, in the case of the summary
judgment affidavit, Rule 166a(h) sanctions. 10 Plaintiff asks the Court to
impose such sanctions.
As an attachment hereto, Plaintiff files a Motion for Leave to File
Supplemental Exhibits, which contains attorney's fees records discussed at
the Sept. 25, 2015 hearing but not admitted at that time.
Respectfully submitted,
By: ~rL~
Mary Louise Serafine, State Bar No. 24048301
P.O. Box 4342
10
Additionally, the affidavit signed by Mr. Blunt in the summary
judgment proceeding concerning tortious interference through threats, is
sanctionable under Rule 166a(h), which provides:
Affidavits Made in Bad Faith.
Should it appear to the satisfaction of the court at any
time that any of the affidavits presented pursuant to
this rule are presented in bad faith or solely for the
purpose of delay, the court shall forthwith order the
party employing them to pay to the other party the
amount of the reasonable expenses which the filing of
the affidavits caused him to incur, including reasonable
attorney's fees, and any offending party or attorney
may be adjudged guilty of contempt.
Plaintiff's Supplement & Motion for Sanctions Page 19
737
Austin, Texas 78765
Telephone: 512- 220-5452
Email: mlserafine@gmail.com
Ray Bass, Attorney
SBN 01884000
120 West 8th Street
Georgetown, Texas 78626
Telephone 512-863-8788, Facsimile 512-869-5090
Email: ray@raybass.com
Attorneys for Plaintiff
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
By my signature below, I certify that a true and correct copy of the
foregoing has been delivered pursuant to Rule 21a via email, on the
counsel below, on this the 9th day of November, 2015.
Ronald Max Raydon, Esq.,
THE RA YDON FIRM, LLC
One Riverway, Suite 1747
Houston, TX 77056
Via facsimile (281) 398-6403
Via Email ron@raydonlaw.com
Attorney For Scott Lockhart and Austin Drainage & Foundation, LLC
Thompson, Coe, Cousins & Irons, L.L.P.
701 Brazos, Suite 1500, Austin, TX 78701
Telephone: (512)703-8200, Telecopy: (512) 708-8777
Jeff B. Otto, Esq., jotto@thompsoncoe.com
Melissa J Ackie, Esq., mackie®thompsoncoe com
Attorneys for Viking Fence Company, Ltd. and Viking GP, LLC.
Doran D. Peters
Plaintiff's Supplement & Motion for Sanctions Page 20
738
HAJJAR PETERS LLP
3144 Bee Caves Road
Austin, Texas 78746
Via facsimile (512) 637-4958
Via Email service@legalstrategy.com
Attorney for Alexander and Ashley Blunt
By:
MARY LOUISE SERAFINE, SBN 24048301
Plaintiff's Supplement & Motion for Sanctions Page 21
739
TAB 17
§ 27.009. Damages And Costs.
Texas Statutes
Civil Practice and Remedies Code
Title 2. Trial, Judgment, And Appeal
Subtitle B. Trial Matters
Chapter 27. Actions Involving The Exercise Of Certain Constitutional Rights
Current with legislation passed during the 2015 Regular Session effective through 1/1/2016
§ 27.009. Damages And Costs
(a) If the court orders dismissal of a legal action under this chapter, the court shall award to
the moving party:
(1) court costs, reasonable attorney's fees, and other expenses incurred in defending
against the legal action as justice and equity may require; and
(2) sanctions against the party who brought the legal action as the court determines
sufficient to deter the party who brought the legal action from bringing similar
actions described in this chapter.
(b) If the court finds that a motion to dismiss filed under this chapter is frivolous or solely
intended to delay, the court may award court costs and reasonable attorney's fees to the
responding party.
Cite as Tex. Civ. Prac. and Rem. Code § 27.009
History. Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 341, Sec. 2, eff. June 17, 2011.
TAB 18
§ 16.034. Attorney's Fees.
Texas Statutes
Civil Practice and Remedies Code
Title 2. Trial, Judgment, And Appeal
Subtitle B. Trial Matters
Chapter 16. Limitations
Subchapter B. Limitations Of Real Property Actions
Current with legislation passed during the 2015 Regular Session effective through 1/1/2016
§ 16.034. Attorney's Fees
(a) In a suit for the possession of real property between a person claiming under record title to
the property and one claiming by adverse possession, if the prevailing party recovers
possession of the property from a person unlawfully in actual possession, the court:
(1) shall award costs and reasonable attorney's fees to the prevailing party if the court
finds that the person unlawfully in actual possession made a claim of adverse
possession that was groundless and made in bad faith; and
(2) may award costs and reasonable attorney's fees to the prevailing party in the
absence of a finding described by Subdivision (1).
(b) To recover attorney's fees, the person seeking possession must give the person unlawfully
in possession a written demand for that person to vacate the premises. The demand must
be given by registered or certified mail at least 10 days before filing the claim for recovery
of possession.
(c) The demand must state that if the person unlawfully in possession does not vacate the
premises within 10 days and a claim is filed by the person seeking possession, the court
may enter a judgment against the person unlawfully in possession for costs and attorney's
fees in an amount determined by the court to be reasonable.
Cite as Tex. Civ. Prac. and Rem. Code § 16.034
History. Amended by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 901, Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2009.
Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. 959, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1985.
TAB 19
§ 12.0071. Motion To Expunge Lis Pendens.
Texas Statutes
Property Code
Title 3. Public Records
Chapter 12. Recording Of Instruments
Current with legislation passed during the 2015 Regular Session effective through 1/1/2016
§ 12.0071. Motion To Expunge Lis Pendens
(a) A party to an action in connection with which a notice of lis pendens has been filed may:
(1) apply to the court to expunge the notice; and
(2) file evidence, including declarations, with the motion to expunge the notice.
(b) The court may:
(1) permit evidence on the motion to be received in the form of oral testimony; and
(2) make any orders the court considers just to provide for discovery by a party
affected by the motion.
(c) The court shall order the notice of lis pendens expunged if the court determines that:
(1) the pleading on which the notice is based does not contain a real property claim;
(2) the claimant fails to establish by a preponderance of the evidence the probable
validity of the real property claim; or
(3) the person who filed the notice for record did not serve a copy of the notice on
each party entitled to a copy under Section 12.007(d).
(d) Notice of a motion to expunge under Subsection (a) must be served on each affected
party on or before the 20th day before the date of the hearing on the motion.
(e) The court shall rule on the motion for expunction based on the affidavits and
counteraffidavits on file and on any other proof the court allows.
(f) After a certified copy of an order expunging a notice of lis pendens has been recorded, the
notice of lis pendens and any information derived from the notice:
(1) does not:
(A) constitute constructive or actual notice of any matter contained in the notice
or of any matter relating to the proceeding;
(B) create any duty of inquiry in a person with respect to the property described
in the notice; or
(C) affect the validity of a conveyance to a purchaser for value or of a mortgage
to a lender for value; and
(2) is not enforceable against a purchaser or lender described by Subdivision (1)(C),
regardless of whether the purchaser or lender knew of the lis pendens action.
(g) The court in its discretion may require that the party prevailing in the expunction hearing
submit an undertaking to the court in an amount determined by the court.
Cite as Tex. Prop. Code § 12.0071
History. Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 297, Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2009.
TAB 20
Rule 13. EFFECT OF SIGNING PLEADINGS, MOTIONS AND OTHER PAPERS; SANCTIONS.
Texas Rules
TEXAS RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE
Part I. GENERAL RULES
As amended through September 1, 2015
Rule 13. EFFECT OF SIGNING PLEADINGS, MOTIONS AND OTHER PAPERS; SANCTIONS
The signatures of attorneys or parties constitute a certificate by them that they have read the
pleading, motion, or other paper; that to the best of their knowledge, information, and belief formed
after reasonable inquiry the instrument is not groundless and brought in bad faith or groundless
and brought for the purpose of harassment. Attorneys or parties who shall bring a fictitious suit as
an experiment to get an opinion of the court, or who shall file any fictitious pleading in a cause for
such a purpose, or shall make statements in pleading which they know to be groundless and false,
for the purpose of securing a delay of the trial of the cause, shall be held guilty of a contempt. If a
pleading, motion or other paper is signed in violation of this rule, the court, upon motion or upon its
own initiative, after notice and hearing, shall impose an appropriate sanction available under Rule
215-2b, upon the person who signed it, a represented party, or both.
Courts shall presume that pleadings, motions, and other papers are filed in good faith. No
sanctions under this rule may be imposed except for good cause, the particulars of which must be
stated in the sanction order. "Groundless" for purposes of this rule means no basis in law or fact
and not warranted by good faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing
law. A general denial does not constitute a violation of this rule. The amount requested for
damages does not constitute a violation of this rule.
TAB 21
§ 10.001. Signing Of Pleadings And Motions.
Texas Statutes
Civil Practice and Remedies Code
Title 2. Trial, Judgment, And Appeal
Subtitle A. General Provisions
Chapter 10. Sanctions For Frivolous Pleadings And Motions
Current with legislation passed during the 2015 Regular Session effective through 1/1/2016
§ 10.001. Signing Of Pleadings And Motions
The signing of a pleading or motion as required by the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure constitutes
a certificate by the signatory that to the signatory's best knowledge, information, and belief, formed
after reasonable inquiry:
(1) the pleading or motion is not being presented for any improper purpose, including to
harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation;
(2) each claim, defense, or other legal contention in the pleading or motion is warranted by
existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of
existing law or the establishment of new law;
(3) each allegation or other factual contention in the pleading or motion has evidentiary
support or, for a specifically identified allegation or factual contention, is likely to have
evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity for further investigation or discovery;
and
(4) each denial in the pleading or motion of a factual contention is warranted on the evidence
or, for a specifically identified denial, is reasonably based on a lack of information or belief.
Cite as Tex. Civ. Prac. and Rem. Code § 10.001
History. Added by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 137, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1995.
__________________________________________________________________________
§ 10.002. Motion For Sanctions.
Texas Statutes
Civil Practice and Remedies Code
Title 2. Trial, Judgment, And Appeal
Subtitle A. General Provisions
Chapter 10. Sanctions For Frivolous Pleadings And Motions
Current with legislation passed during the 2015 Regular Session effective through 1/1/2016
§ 10.002. Motion For Sanctions
(a) A party may make a motion for sanctions, describing the specific conduct violating Section
10.001.
(b) The court on its own initiative may enter an order describing the specific conduct that
appears to violate Section 10.001 and direct the alleged violator to show cause why the
conduct has not violated that section.
(c) The court may award to a party prevailing on a motion under this section the reasonable
expenses and attorney's fees incurred in presenting or opposing the motion, and if no due
diligence is shown the court may award to the prevailing party all costs for inconvenience,
harassment, and out-of-pocket expenses incurred or caused by the subject litigation.
Cite as Tex. Civ. Prac. and Rem. Code § 10.002
History. Added by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 137, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1995.
__________________________________________________________________________
§ 10.003. Notice And Opportunity To Respond.
Texas Statutes
Civil Practice and Remedies Code
Title 2. Trial, Judgment, And Appeal
Subtitle A. General Provisions
Chapter 10. Sanctions For Frivolous Pleadings And Motions
Current with legislation passed during the 2015 Regular Session effective through 1/1/2016
§ 10.003. Notice And Opportunity To Respond
The court shall provide a party who is the subject of a motion for sanctions under Section 10.002
notice of the allegations and a reasonable opportunity to respond to the allegations.
Cite as Tex. Civ. Prac. and Rem. Code § 10.003
History. Added by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 137, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1995.
__________________________________________________________________________
§ 10.004. Violation; Sanction.
Texas Statutes
Civil Practice and Remedies Code
Title 2. Trial, Judgment, And Appeal
Subtitle A. General Provisions
Chapter 10. Sanctions For Frivolous Pleadings And Motions
Current with legislation passed during the 2015 Regular Session effective through 1/1/2016
§ 10.004. Violation; Sanction
(a) A court that determines that a person has signed a pleading or motion in violation of
Section 10.001 may impose a sanction on the person, a party represented by the person,
or both.
(b) The sanction must be limited to what is sufficient to deter repetition of the conduct or
comparable conduct by others similarly situated.
(c) A sanction may include any of the following:
(1) a directive to the violator to perform, or refrain from performing, an act;
(2) an order to pay a penalty into court; and
(3) an order to pay to the other party the amount of the reasonable expenses incurred
by the other party because of the filing of the pleading or motion, including
reasonable attorney's fees.
(d) The court may not award monetary sanctions against a represented party for a violation of
Section 10.001(2).
(e) The court may not award monetary sanctions on its own initiative unless the court issues
its order to show cause before a voluntary dismissal or settlement of the claims made by
or against the party or the party's attorney who is to be sanctioned.
(f) The filing of a general denial under Rule 92, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, shall not be
deemed a violation of this chapter.
Cite as Tex. Civ. Prac. and Rem. Code § 10.004
History. Added by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 137, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1995.
__________________________________________________________________________
§ 10.005. Order.
Texas Statutes
Civil Practice and Remedies Code
Title 2. Trial, Judgment, And Appeal
Subtitle A. General Provisions
Chapter 10. Sanctions For Frivolous Pleadings And Motions
Current with legislation passed during the 2015 Regular Session effective through 1/1/2016
§ 10.005. Order
A court shall describe in an order imposing a sanction under this chapter the conduct the court has
determined violated Section 10.001 and explain the basis for the sanction imposed.
Cite as Tex. Civ. Prac. and Rem. Code § 10.005
History. Added by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 137, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1995.
__________________________________________________________________________
§ 10.006. Conflict.
Texas Statutes
Civil Practice and Remedies Code
Title 2. Trial, Judgment, And Appeal
Subtitle A. General Provisions
Chapter 10. Sanctions For Frivolous Pleadings And Motions
Current with legislation passed during the 2015 Regular Session effective through 1/1/2016
§ 10.006. Conflict
Notwithstanding Section 22.004, Government Code, the supreme court may not amend or adopt
rules in conflict with this chapter.
Cite as Tex. Civ. Prac. and Rem. Code § 10.006
History. Added by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 137, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1995.
TAB 22
Rule 265. ORDER OF PROCEEDINGS ON TRIAL BY JURY.
Texas Rules
TEXAS RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE
Part II. RULES OF PRACTICE IN DISTRICT AND COUNTY COURTS
§ 11. TRIAL OF CAUSES.
C. The Trial
As amended through September 1, 2015
Rule 265. ORDER OF PROCEEDINGS ON TRIAL BY JURY
The trial of cases before a jury shall proceed in the following order unless the court should, for
good cause stated in the record, otherwise direct:
(a) The party upon whom rests the burden of proof on the whole case shall state to the jury briefly
the nature of his claim or defense and what said party expects to prove and the relief sought.
Immediately thereafter, the adverse party may make a similar statement, and intervenors and
other parties will be accorded similar rights in the order determined by the court.
(b) The party upon whom rests the burden of proof on the whole case shall then introduce his
evidence.
(c) The adverse party shall briefly state the nature of his claim or defense and what said party
expects to prove and the relief sought unless he has already done so.
(d) He shall then introduce his evidence.
(e) The intervenor and other parties shall make their statement, unless they have already done so,
and shall introduce their evidence.
(f) The parties shall then be confined to rebutting testimony on each side.
(g) But one counsel on each side shall examine and cross-examine the same witness, except on
leave granted.
TAB 23
Rule 266. OPEN AND CLOSE - ADMISSION.
Texas Rules
TEXAS RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE
Part II. RULES OF PRACTICE IN DISTRICT AND COUNTY COURTS
§ 11. TRIAL OF CAUSES.
C. The Trial
As amended through September 1, 2015
Rule 266. OPEN AND CLOSE - ADMISSION
Except as provided in Rule 269 the plaintiff shall have the right to open and conclude both in
adducing his evidence and in the argument, unless the burden of proof on the whole case under
the pleadings rests upon the defendant, or unless the defendant or all of the defendants, if there
should be more than one, shall, after the issues of fact are settled and before the trial commences,
admit that the plaintiff is entitled to recover as set forth in the petition, except so far as he may be
defeated, in whole or in part, by the allegations of the answer constituting a good defense, which
may be established on the trial; which admission shall be entered of record, whereupon the
defendant, or the defendants, if more than one, shall have the right to open and conclude in
adducing the evidence and in the argument of the cause. The admission shall not serve to admit
any allegation which is inconsistent with such defense, which defense shall be one that defendant
has the burden of establishing, as for example, and without excluding other defenses: accord and
satisfaction, adverse possession, arbitration and award, contributory negligence, discharge in
bankruptcy, duress, estoppel, failure of consideration, fraud, release, res judicata, statute of
frauds, statute of limitations, waiver, and the like.
TAB 24
§ 16.021. Definitions.
Texas Statutes
Civil Practice and Remedies Code
Title 2. Trial, Judgment, And Appeal
Subtitle B. Trial Matters
Chapter 16. Limitations
Subchapter B. Limitations Of Real Property Actions
Current with legislation passed during the 2015 Regular Session effective through 1/1/2016
§ 16.021. Definitions
In this subchapter:
(1) "Adverse possession" means an actual and visible appropriation of real property,
commenced and continued under a claim of right that is inconsistent with and is hostile to
the claim of another person.
(2) "Color of title" means a consecutive chain of transfers to the person in possession that:
(A) is not regular because of a muniment that is not properly recorded or is only in
writing or because of a similar defect that does not want of intrinsic fairness or
honesty; or
(B) is based on a certificate of headright, land warrant, or land scrip.
(3) "Peaceable possession" means possession of real property that is continuous and is not
interrupted by an adverse suit to recover the property.
(4) "Title" means a regular chain of transfers of real property from or under the sovereignty of
the soil.
Cite as Tex. Civ. Prac. and Rem. Code § 16.021
History. Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. 959, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1985.
§ 16.022. Effect Of Disability.
Texas Statutes
Civil Practice and Remedies Code
Title 2. Trial, Judgment, And Appeal
Subtitle B. Trial Matters
Chapter 16. Limitations
Subchapter B. Limitations Of Real Property Actions
Current with legislation passed during the 2015 Regular Session effective through 1/1/2016
§ 16.022. Effect Of Disability
(a) For the purposes of this subchapter, a person is under a legal disability if the person is:
(1) younger than 18 years of age, regardless of whether the person is married;
(2) of unsound mind; or
(3) serving in the United States Armed Forces during time of war.
(b) If a person entitled to sue for the recovery of real property or entitled to make a defense
based on the title to real property is under a legal disability at the time title to the property
vests or adverse possession commences, the time of the disability is not included in a
limitations period.
(c) Except as provided by Sections 16.027 and 16.028, after the termination of the legal
disability, a person has the same time to present a claim that is allowed to others under
this chapter.
Cite as Tex. Civ. Prac. and Rem. Code § 16.022
History. Amended by Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 1049, Sec. 57, eff. Sept. 1, 1987.
Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. 959, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1985.
§ 16.023. Tacking Of Successive Interests.
Texas Statutes
Civil Practice and Remedies Code
Title 2. Trial, Judgment, And Appeal
Subtitle B. Trial Matters
Chapter 16. Limitations
Subchapter B. Limitations Of Real Property Actions
Current with legislation passed during the 2015 Regular Session effective through 1/1/2016
§ 16.023. Tacking Of Successive Interests
To satisfy a limitations period, peaceable and adverse possession does not need to continue in
the same person, but there must be privity of estate between each holder and his successor.
Cite as Tex. Civ. Prac. and Rem. Code § 16.023
History. Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. 959, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1985.
§ 16.024. Adverse Possession: Three-Year Limitations Period.
Texas Statutes
Civil Practice and Remedies Code
Title 2. Trial, Judgment, And Appeal
Subtitle B. Trial Matters
Chapter 16. Limitations
Subchapter B. Limitations Of Real Property Actions
Current with legislation passed during the 2015 Regular Session effective through 1/1/2016
§ 16.024. Adverse Possession: Three-Year Limitations Period
A person must bring suit to recover real property held by another in peaceable and adverse
possession under title or color of title not later than three years after the day the cause of action
accrues.
Cite as Tex. Civ. Prac. and Rem. Code § 16.024
History. Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. 959, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1985.
§ 16.025. Adverse Possession: Five-Year Limitations Period.
Texas Statutes
Civil Practice and Remedies Code
Title 2. Trial, Judgment, And Appeal
Subtitle B. Trial Matters
Chapter 16. Limitations
Subchapter B. Limitations Of Real Property Actions
Current with legislation passed during the 2015 Regular Session effective through 1/1/2016
§ 16.025. Adverse Possession: Five-Year Limitations Period
(a) A person must bring suit not later than five years after the day the cause of action accrues
to recover real property held in peaceable and adverse possession by another who:
(1) cultivates, uses, or enjoys the property;
(2) pays applicable taxes on the property; and
(3) claims the property under a duly registered deed.
(b) This section does not apply to a claim based on a forged deed or a deed executed under a
forged power of attorney.
Cite as Tex. Civ. Prac. and Rem. Code § 16.025
History. Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. 959, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1985.
§ 16.026. Adverse Possession: 10-Year Limitations Period.
Texas Statutes
Civil Practice and Remedies Code
Title 2. Trial, Judgment, And Appeal
Subtitle B. Trial Matters
Chapter 16. Limitations
Subchapter B. Limitations Of Real Property Actions
Current with legislation passed during the 2015 Regular Session effective through 1/1/2016
§ 16.026. Adverse Possession: 10-Year Limitations Period
(a) A person must bring suit not later than 10 years after the day the cause of action accrues
to recover real property held in peaceable and adverse possession by another who
cultivates, uses, or enjoys the property.
(b) Without a title instrument, peaceable and adverse possession is limited in this section to
160 acres, including improvements, unless the number of acres actually enclosed exceeds
160. If the number of enclosed acres exceeds 160 acres, peaceable and adverse
possession extends to the real property actually enclosed.
(c) Peaceable possession of real property held under a duly registered deed or other
memorandum of title that fixes the boundaries of the possessor's claim extends to the
boundaries specified in the instrument.
Cite as Tex. Civ. Prac. and Rem. Code § 16.026
History. Amended by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 764, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1989.
Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. 959, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1985.
§ 16.027. Adverse Possession: 25-Year Limitations Period Notwithstanding Disability.
Texas Statutes
Civil Practice and Remedies Code
Title 2. Trial, Judgment, And Appeal
Subtitle B. Trial Matters
Chapter 16. Limitations
Subchapter B. Limitations Of Real Property Actions
Current with legislation passed during the 2015 Regular Session effective through 1/1/2016
§ 16.027. Adverse Possession: 25-Year Limitations Period Notwithstanding Disability
A person, regardless of whether the person is or has been under a legal disability, must bring suit
not later than 25 years after the day the cause of action accrues to recover real property held in
peaceable and adverse possession by another who cultivates, uses, or enjoys the property.
Cite as Tex. Civ. Prac. and Rem. Code § 16.027
History. Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. 959, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1985.
§ 16.028. Adverse Possession With Recorded Instrument: 25-Year Limitations Period.
Texas Statutes
Civil Practice and Remedies Code
Title 2. Trial, Judgment, And Appeal
Subtitle B. Trial Matters
Chapter 16. Limitations
Subchapter B. Limitations Of Real Property Actions
Current with legislation passed during the 2015 Regular Session effective through 1/1/2016
§ 16.028. Adverse Possession With Recorded Instrument: 25-Year Limitations Period
(a) A person, regardless of whether the person is or has been under a legal disability, may not
maintain an action for the recovery of real property held for 25 years before the
commencement of the action in peaceable and adverse possession by another who holds
the property in good faith and under a deed or other instrument purporting to convey the
property that is recorded in the deed records of the county where any part of the real
property is located.
(b) Adverse possession of any part of the real property held under a recorded deed or other
recorded instrument that purports to convey the property extends to and includes all of the
property described in the instrument, even though the instrument is void on its face or in
fact.
(c) A person who holds real property and claims title under this section has a good and
marketable title to the property regardless of a disability arising at any time in the adverse
claimant or a person claiming under the adverse claimant.
Cite as Tex. Civ. Prac. and Rem. Code § 16.028
History. Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. 959, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1985.
§ 16.029. Evidence Of Title To Land By Limitations.
Texas Statutes
Civil Practice and Remedies Code
Title 2. Trial, Judgment, And Appeal
Subtitle B. Trial Matters
Chapter 16. Limitations
Subchapter B. Limitations Of Real Property Actions
Current with legislation passed during the 2015 Regular Session effective through 1/1/2016
§ 16.029. Evidence Of Title To Land By Limitations
(a) In a suit involving title to real property that is not claimed by this state, it is prima facie
evidence that the title to the property has passed from the person holding apparent record
title to an opposing party if it is shown that:
(1) for one or more years during the 25 years preceding the filing of the suit the person
holding apparent record title to the property did not exercise dominion over or pay
taxes on the property; and
(2) during that period the opposing parties and those whose estate they own have
openly exercised dominion over and have asserted a claim to the land and have
paid taxes on it annually before becoming delinquent for as long as 25 years.
(b) This section does not affect a statute of limitations, a right to prove title by circumstantial
evidence under the case law of this state, or a suit between a trustee and a beneficiary of
the trust.
Cite as Tex. Civ. Prac. and Rem. Code § 16.029
History. Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. 959, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1985.
§ 16.030. Title Through Adverse Possession.
Texas Statutes
Civil Practice and Remedies Code
Title 2. Trial, Judgment, And Appeal
Subtitle B. Trial Matters
Chapter 16. Limitations
Subchapter B. Limitations Of Real Property Actions
Current with legislation passed during the 2015 Regular Session effective through 1/1/2016
§ 16.030. Title Through Adverse Possession
(a) If an action for the recovery of real property is barred under this chapter, the person who
holds the property in peaceable and adverse possession has full title, precluding all
claims.
(b) A person may not acquire through adverse possession any right or title to real property
dedicated to public use.
Cite as Tex. Civ. Prac. and Rem. Code § 16.030
History. Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. 959, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1985.