Joshua Robert Belleville v. the State of Texas ( 2022 )

Opinion filed November 3, 2022
In The
Eleventh Court of Appeals
__________
No. 11-21-00153-CR
__________
JOSHUA ROBERT BELLEVILLE, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 385th District Court
Midland County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR54224
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant, Joshua Robert Belleville, was indicted for aggravated assault with
a deadly weapon, a second-degree felony offense. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.
§ 22.02(a)(2), (b) (West Supp. 2022). The jury found Appellant guilty as charged in
the indictment, and upon Appellant’s election, the trial court assessed his
punishment at seven years of imprisonment in the Institutional Division of the Texas
Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ-ID).
Appellant raises two issues on appeal. First, Appellant argues that he was
harmed when the trial court refused to submit his requested jury instruction on self-
defense. Second, Appellant asserts that the trial court erroneously assessed court-
appointed attorney’s fees against him because he is indigent. We modify and affirm.
I. Factual Background
On August 31, 2019, Edward Roman was playing a video game in his
bedroom with his two-year-old daughter when he heard a knock at the bedroom door.
Roman testified that Appellant—the live-in brother of Roman’s girlfriend—was at
the bedroom door asking Roman to transfer his clothes from the washer to the dryer
in the laundry room, a small room adjacent to Roman’s bedroom. Roman testified
that, earlier that morning, Appellant had been acting strangely by “pacing back and
forth in [Appellant’s] room constantly and looking at [Roman].” Evidently, Roman
and Appellant had a contentious relationship.
Roman testified that, as he moved clothing from the washer to the dryer,
Appellant swung the laundry room door open and punched Roman twice in the back
of the head. Appellant and Roman then began fighting in the laundry room. After
Roman “threw [Appellant] across the hallway,” Appellant “got up from the ground,
. . . rushed [Roman] with the knife, and . . . stabbed [Roman]” under his jawline,
severing his superior thyroid artery.
After Appellant stabbed him, Roman held Appellant’s hands to prevent
Appellant from stabbing him again. Appellant’s father heard the commotion and ran
to the laundry room, where Roman yelled, “he stabbed me in the neck.” Appellant’s
father saw blood “gushing out of [Roman’s] neck,” removed Roman’s daughter from
the immediate area, and called 9-1-1. Appellant’s father testified that only Roman
was bleeding at this point in the altercation.
Roman testified that, after Appellant’s father left with his daughter, Roman
was able to move Appellant into the bedroom, still holding onto the blade-end of the
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knife while Appellant held onto the handle. Roman testified that he got on top of
Appellant and “was fighting for [his] life.”
Appellant’s father ran back to the altercation and found Roman on top of
Appellant; the two were fighting over the knife in the bedroom—Roman still having
the blade-end while Appellant had control of the knife’s handle. During cross-
examination, Appellant’s father testified that “[i]t was obvious . . . who had control
of the knife and who was trying to defend themselves from the knife blade,” which,
according to Appellant’s father, indicated that Roman was trying to defend himself
from Appellant’s use of the knife. Appellant’s father further testified that he was
able to persuade Appellant and Roman to drop the knife; he then put the knife in the
kitchen sink. Appellant’s father described the knife as an “extremely sharp” knife
and recalled that it had been missing from the butcher block for several days prior
to the assault.
When Appellant’s father returned to the bedroom, he found Roman attempting
to strike Appellant with a 25-pound dumbbell. Roman testified that he hit Appellant
with the dumbbell in the head three times. Roman dropped the dumbbell and
Appellant’s father broke up the altercation; he then ordered Appellant to leave the
home, locked the front door as Appellant left, and began tending to Roman’s injuries.
Both Roman and Appellant were treated at the hospital. Roman sustained stab
wounds to his neck, inner right arm, and right hand, and a bite wound to his left
index finger. Roman also suffered a severed superior thyroid artery, a perforated
jugular vein, and a “hole in his trachea” that necessitated surgery. Appellant
sustained lacerations to his face, scalp, and hands.
Appellant’s trial counsel argued in his opening statement that Appellant “was
attacked and . . . was simply defending himself.” However, the evidence presented
during the trial did not support Appellant’s claim of self-defense. Rather, the
evidence showed that Appellant’s attack on Roman was premeditated. Roman and
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Appellant’s father testified regarding the knife missing from the butcher block, and
Roman testified regarding Appellant’s menacing behavior toward Roman on the day
of the assault. Although Roman acknowledged that he was on deferred adjudication
probation for having committed a prior aggravated assault against Appellant that
involved the use of a bat, the evidence showed that, during the altercation in this
case, Appellant lured Roman into a small laundry room to effectuate the stabbing
and that Appellant used deadly force against Roman after Appellant had provoked
and initiated the altercation.
After the evidence closed, Appellant’s trial counsel requested the submission
of a self-defense instruction in the trial court’s charge, arguing that the testimony of
Appellant’s father was based on assumptions and that Roman’s testimony was “self-
interested.” Appellant’s trial counsel argued that “a scintilla of evidence” existed
that justified the instruction “based on their history of [Roman] and [Appellant].”
The trial court denied the request. During closing arguments, Appellant’s trial
counsel did not argue self-defense. Instead, trial counsel argued that (1) the officers
“made a snap judgment” to charge Appellant because he was the larger-sized
individual, (2) Roman and Appellant’s father were not credible, and (3) the State had
not met its burden to prove the elements of the charged offense.
The jury sent several questions to the trial court during its deliberations. One
note related to police reports but was not signed. When the trial court returned the
note to the jury for a signature, the jury members returned the same note with two
additional questions relating to whether Appellant’s motive for stabbing Roman
“mattered,” and why “we rest[ed] the case.” With each note that was returned to the
jury, the trial court directed the jury to the evidence admitted and the trial court’s
charge. The jurors sent three additional questions to the trial court, asking whether
Appellant’s trial counsel “object[ed] to resting the case,” “what happens” if the
jurors could not reach a unanimous verdict, and “how long” the jury must deliberate.
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The trial court again directed the jurors to the charge for the first question but issued
an Allen charge 1 for the latter two. The jurors then sent a final note to the trial court,
asking who the second “he” was referring to in Appellant’s medical records when
the narrative said, “[p]t states ‘he’ got in a fight with his sister’s boyfriend and that
‘he’ had a knife.” The trial court directed the jury to comply with its instructions
once more. Shortly thereafter, the jury reached a unanimous verdict and found
Appellant guilty as charged in the indictment. The trial court sentenced Appellant
to imprisonment for seven years in TDCJ-ID. This appeal followed.
II. Analysis
In his first issue, Appellant asserts that the trial court erred in denying trial
counsel’s request for a self-defense instruction in the court’s charge. Appellant
argues that “the ‘scintilla’ of proof” to support the submission of this instruction
exists within statements in Appellant’s medical records. Specifically, in the
emergency triage narrative, the records state the following: “Pt states he got in a
fight with his sisters (sic) boyfriend and that he had a knife.” In addition, in the
history narrative, the records state: “Patient was involved in a stabbing episode
[with] him and another. This patient has lacerations [on his] face[,] head[, and]
bilateral hands.” Appellant contends that the above statements, “as evidenced in the
jury note inquiring as to who the ‘he’ was” in the narrative, constituted a “scintilla”
of evidence that entitled Appellant to have a self-defense instruction included in the
trial court’s charge.
In asserting self-defense, the use of force is justified “when and to the degree
the actor reasonably believes the force is immediately necessary to protect the actor
against the other’s use or attempted use of unlawful force.” PENAL § 9.31(a) (West
See Allen v. United States, 164 U.S. 492 (1896); Barnett v. State, 189 S.W.3d 272, 277 n.13 (Tex.
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Crim. App. 2006) (“An Allen charge is a supplemental charge sometimes given to a jury that declares itself
deadlocked.”).
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2019). In the same manner, the use of deadly force against another is justified under
the above circumstances “if the actor would be justified in using force against the
other” under Section 9.31 and “when and to the degree the actor reasonably believes
the deadly force is immediately necessary . . . to protect the actor against the other’s
use or attempted use of unlawful deadly force.” Id. § 9.32(a). “‘Deadly force’ means
force that is intended or known by the actor to cause, or in the manner of its use or
intended use is capable of causing, death or serious bodily injury.” Id. § 9.01(3). A
reasonable belief is a belief that would be held by an ordinary and prudent person in
the same circumstances as the actor. Id. § 1.07(a)(42) (West 2021).
Self-defense is a “confession-and-avoidance” defense. Jordan v. State, 593
S.W.3d 340, 343 (Tex. Crim. App. 2020) (citing Juarez v. State, 308 S.W.3d 398,
404 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)). A “confession-and-avoidance” defense does not
negate any elements of the charged offense. See Jordan, 593 S.W.3d at 343; Juarez,
308 S.W.3d at 401–02; Shaw v. State, 243 S.W.3d 647, 659 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
Instead, the defense requires that a defendant (1) admit to the commission of the
charged offense and (2) offer a justification to his otherwise criminal conduct.
Jordan, 593 S.W.3d at 343; cf. Juarez, 308 S.W.3d at 399.
Upon request, a trial court must include a self-defense instruction in its charge
if such a defense “is raised by the evidence.” Jordan, 593 S.W.3d at 343 (citing
Hamel v. State, 916 S.W.2d 491, 493 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)). A defense is “raised
by the evidence” if “there is sufficient evidence to support a rational jury finding as
to each element of the defense.” Jordan, 593 S.W.3d at 343 (citing Shaw, 243
S.W.3d at 657–58). The “burden of showing that each element of the defense has
been satisfied” rests with the defendant. Juarez, 308 S.W.3d at 404; Shaw, 243
S.W.3d at 657. “It is of no consequence ‘whether such evidence or testimony was
produced by the prosecution or the accused, or whether such defensive evidence or
testimony might be strong, weak, unimpeached, or contradicted.” Juarez, 308
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S.W.3d at 405 (quoting Booth v. State, 679 S.W.2d 498, 500 (Tex. Crim. App.
1984)); see also Walters v. State, 247 S.W.3d 204, 209 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
We “view the evidence in the light most favorable to the defendant’s requested
defensive instruction,” using the court’s “own judgment, formed in the light of its
own common sense and experience, as to the limits of rational inference from the
facts proven.” Jordan, 593 S.W.3d at 343; see also Maciel v. State, 631 S.W.3d 720,
723 (Tex. Crim. App. 2021) (quoting Shaw, 243 S.W.3d at 658). The trial court errs
in refusing to submit a requested defensive instruction if there is “some evidence,”
when viewed in the light most favorable to the defendant, that will support its
elements. Jordan, 593 S.W.3d at 343 (citing Gamino v. State, 537 S.W.3d 507, 510
(Tex. Crim. App. 2017)). However, a finding that the trial court did not err in its
refusal to submit a requested defensive instruction ends our analysis and precludes
the need for any review of potential harm. See Kirsch v. State, 357 S.W.3d 645, 649
(Tex. Crim. App. 2012); Tolbert v. State, 306 S.W.3d 776, 779 (Tex. Crim. App.
2010) (citing Posey v. State, 966 S.W.2d 57, 61 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)).
In this case, Appellant’s requested instruction would have concerned self-
defense involving the use of deadly force, rather than non-deadly force, because
Appellant used deadly force against Roman by stabbing him with a knife. The Texas
Pattern Jury Charges describes such an instruction as follows: “You have heard
evidence that, when the defendant [insert specific conduct constituting offense], he
believed his use of force was necessary to defend himself against [name]’s use [or
attempted use] of unlawful deadly force.” Comm. on Pattern Jury Charges, State
Bar of Texas, TEXAS PATTERN JURY CHARGES: CRIMINAL DEFENSES PJC 32.2 (2018)
(Instruction—Self-Defense Involving Deadly Force to Protect against Deadly Force
by Another). To be entitled to this defensive instruction, (1) Appellant was required
to admit that he committed the aggravated assault against Roman and (2) the
evidence at trial must have indicated that Appellant was justified in the use of force
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under Section 9.31 and that Appellant reasonably believed that his use of deadly
force was immediately necessary to defend himself against Roman’s use or
attempted use of unlawful deadly force. PENAL § 9.32(a); see also Jordan, 593
S.W.3d at 343. As such, Appellant would have been entitled to a self-defense
instruction only if some evidence satisfied each element of both Sections 9.31 and
9.32.
Here, Appellant did not admit to committing the charged offense, nor did he
produce evidence to support the elements of self-defense. First, the record is silent
as to any admission by Appellant, overtly or otherwise, that he committed
aggravated assault as charged in the indictment. The only evidence that could
possibly be perceived as an “admission” is the ambiguous statement Appellant relies
on in the admitted medical records that prove just the opposite—“[p]t states he got
in a fight with his sisters (sic) boyfriend and that he had a knife.” In addition,
although Appellant’s trial counsel initially argued in his opening statement that
Appellant acted in self-defense, as the trial progressed and during his closing
argument, Appellant’s trial counsel instead presented and relied on other theories,
some of which were arguably inconsistent with a self-defense theory. Thus,
Appellant failed to admit to the charged offense, a crucial and necessary component
of any “confession-and-avoidance” defense. See Jordan, 593 S.W.3d at 343; see
also Young v. State, 991 S.W.2d 835, 839 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (trial counsel’s
arguments that the defendant acted reasonably and that his actions were “necessary
to save his life” did not “present the defense of necessity”); cf. Lozano v. State, 636
S.W.3d 25, 34 (Tex. Crim. App. 2021) (“[e]rroneous arguments of counsel about a
defensive issue not raised by the evidence do not weigh in favor of finding egregious
harm”).
Nevertheless, the evidence is undisputed that Appellant initiated and
provoked the assault upon Roman and that Appellant was the first person to use
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deadly force during the altercation. See PENAL § 9.32(a)(2) (deadly force must be
immediately necessary); see, e.g., Lozano, 636 S.W.3d at 33 (self-defense is not
raised by the evidence where the defendant provoked the altercation and did not
otherwise meet the presumptions in Section 9.32(b)). As stated above, Appellant
(1) lured Roman into a small laundry room to effectuate the assault, (2) initiated the
altercation by punching Roman in the back of the head, and (3) then used deadly
force against Roman, by stabbing him in the neck with an “extremely sharp” knife,
in response to Roman’s attempt to defend himself by using non-deadly force. Even
if Roman’s defensive actions with the dumbbell could be construed as a use of
deadly force, Roman and Appellant’s father both testified that Roman sustained the
serious stabbing injury to his neck before Roman struck Appellant with the
dumbbell. Indeed, Appellant did not act in response to deadly force being used
against him because Roman did nothing to place Appellant in fear of death.
Moreover, although the medical records state that Appellant “was involved in
a stabbing episode” and, along with photographic evidence, that Appellant “ha[d]
lacerations [on his] face[,] head[, and] bilateral hands,” Appellant’s father testified
that, at the beginning of the altercation, only Roman was stabbed, only Roman was
bleeding, and “[t]here was no blood coming from” Appellant at that time. Without
more, the ambiguous statements within Appellant’s medical records—that “he got
in a fight with his sisters (sic) boyfriend and that he had a knife” and that Appellant
was “involved in a stabbing episode”—do not constitute sufficient evidence to
support a rational jury finding that each element of a claim of self-defense has been
met. There is no evidence in the record that the term “he” refers to Roman.
Moreover, these statements do not indicate the timing of the knife’s possession—
before, during, or after Appellant’s use of deadly force. There is no evidence that
Roman used deadly force against Appellant prior to being stabbed multiple times by
Appellant with a knife. As such, there is no evidence that Appellant believed his use
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of deadly force was immediately necessary to defend himself against any purported
use or attempted use of unlawful deadly force by Roman.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the requested instruction
and considering the limits of rational inferences from the facts proven at trial, we
conclude that there is insufficient evidence to support a rational jury finding as to
each element of Appellant’s claim of self-defense. The evidence in the record does
not meet each element of the defense under Sections 9.31 and 9.32. Therefore,
Appellant was not entitled to a self-defense instruction, and the trial court did not err
when it refused Appellant’s request. See Jordan, 593 S.W.3d at 343; cf. Lozano,
636 S.W.3d at 33; Young, 991 S.W.2d at 839.
We overrule Appellant’s first issue on appeal.
III. Court-Appointed Attorney’s Fees
In his second issue on appeal, Appellant asserts, and the State agrees, that the
trial court and the district clerk erroneously assessed court-appointed attorney’s fees
against him.
An indigent defendant cannot be taxed the cost of services rendered by his
court-appointed attorney unless the trial court finds that the defendant has the
financial resources to repay those costs in whole or in part. Smith v. State, 631
S.W.3d 484, 501 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2021, no pet.) (citing Mayer v. State, 309
S.W.3d 552, 556 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)); see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.
26.05(g) (West Supp. 2022). The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has held that the
trial court must find that the defendant had the ability to repay court-appointed
attorney’s fees prior to assessing such fees against an indigent defendant. Cates v.
State, 402 S.W.3d 250, 251–52 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); see also Mayer, 309 S.W.3d
at 556 (“[T]he defendant’s financial resources and ability to pay are explicit critical
elements in the trial court’s determination of the propriety of ordering
reimbursement of costs and fees.”). Further, a “defendant who is determined by the
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[trial] court to be indigent is presumed to remain indigent for the remainder of the
proceedings in the case unless a material change in the defendant’s financial
circumstances occurs.” Cates, 402 S.W.3d at 251 (quoting CRIM. PROC. art.
26.04(p)).
On September 3, 2019, Appellant filed an affidavit of indigence certifying that
he did not have the necessary funds to hire an attorney for his defense for the instant
case. The trial court determined that Appellant was indigent and appointed trial
counsel to represent Appellant’s interest in all proceedings in this case. Subsequent
to this appointment, the trial court did not receive evidence, nor did it issue a finding,
that Appellant had the ability to pay any portion of the attorney’s fees that were
incurred by his court-appointed attorney. Moreover, nothing in the record indicates
that (1) Appellant is no longer indigent or (2) the trial court made a subsequent
determination that Appellant’s financial circumstances had materially changed or
that he had the financial resources or ability to pay the court-appointed attorney’s
fees of $9,450 that were assessed against him. Because the trial court’s judgment
ordered Appellant to pay “all costs” and the district clerk improperly assessed the
attorney’s fees incurred by his court-appointed attorney as reimbursement costs
against Appellant, we must modify the trial court’s judgment and the district clerk’s
amended bill of costs to remove the improperly assessed fees. See Cates, 402
S.W.3d at 252; Smith, 631 S.W.3d at 501.
Here, the trial court’s judgment erroneously orders Appellant to pay “all costs
in this proceeding incurred . . . [including] all court costs, fines, fees, assessments
and restitution.” Similarly, the district clerk’s amended bill of costs erroneously
includes court-appointed attorney’s fees as reimbursement costs for which Appellant
is responsible. Accordingly, we modify (1) the trial court’s judgment to clarify that
“all court costs, fines, fees, assessments and restitution” does not include court-
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appointed attorney’s fees and (2) the district clerk’s amended bill of costs to delete
the court-appointed attorney’s fees assessed against Appellant.
IV. This Court’s Ruling
As modified, we affirm the judgment of the trial court. See TEX. R.
APP. P. 43.2(b).
W. STACY TROTTER
JUSTICE
November 3, 2022
Do not publish. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Panel consists of: Bailey, C.J.,
Trotter, J., and Williams, J.
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