in the Interest of A.C., a Child , 394 S.W.3d 633 ( 2012 )

Opinion issued December 13, 2012
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
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NO. 01-12-00223-CV
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IN THE INTEREST OF A.C., A CHILD
On Appeal from the 313th Judicial District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 2010-05720J
OPINION
This is an appeal from the termination of the parental rights of a mother with
respect to her daughter, A.C. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001 (West Supp.
2012). On appeal, the mother contends that the evidence was legally and factually
insufficient to support the termination of her parental rights and the naming of the
Department of Family and Protective Services as sole managing conservator, rather
than the child’s paternal grandmother. She also challenges two of the trial court’s
evidentiary rulings: the exclusion of evidence of alleged bias and prejudice of the
Department and the ad litem attorneys in the case, and the admission of the
testimony of an expert witness.
Because the evidence is sufficient to support the trial court’s judgment, and
the mother has failed to preserve error with respect to the evidentiary issues, we
affirm.
Background
When the mother was four months pregnant with A.C., she tested positive
for cocaine use during a doctor’s visit and first drew the attention of the
Department. Two months later, the school that her three older children attended
contacted the Department. The children appeared “dirty” and the Department
became concerned about possible malnutrition, abuse, and neglect in the home.
After unsuccessfully attempting to provide home-based services to the mother and
the older children, the Department decided to remove the three children. At that
time, the mother was approximately six months pregnant, and she again tested
positive for drug use. After the removal of the three older children, the
Department enrolled both of A.C.’s biological parents in a program to receive
family support services so they could resolve certain identified issues and be
reunited with the children.
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When A.C. was born a few months later, both mother and child tested
negative for drugs. But the Department began to investigate the mother again
because she had tested positive for drugs during the pregnancy. The Department
ultimately removed A.C., placing her with her paternal grandmother at the
mother’s request. Approximately three months later, after the guardian ad litem
and attorney ad litem raised concerns about the lack of a complete home study on
the placement, the child was moved to a foster home. The foster parents bonded
with A.C., and by the time of the termination hearing they had formed a plan to
adopt her.
After A.C.’s removal, the mother and the father tested positive for cocaine.
While the child was still placed at her grandmother’s home, the mother again
tested positive for cocaine use. This positive test result came after she completed a
family services substance abuse program. A few months later, the mother was sent
to jail for violating her probation, which she had received for an earlier bank fraud
charge, because she had tested positive for cocaine.
In March 2011, almost a year after A.C.’s birth, the mother’s parental rights
were terminated with respect to her three older children. That termination was
based on the findings that the mother had knowingly placed the children in
surroundings endangering their well-being under Texas Family Code
section 161.001(1)(D), engaged in conduct endangering their well-being under
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section 161.001(1)(E), and failed to comply with a court order establishing the
actions she needed to undertake to achieve the children’s return under
section 161.001(1)(O). The Department notified the mother that it was seeking
termination of her parental rights to A.C. A few months later, she again tested
positive for cocaine abuse.
The jury made several findings based on clear and convincing evidence
which supported termination of the parent-child relationship between the mother
and A.C. The court adopted these findings and entered a final decree of
termination. The mother then brought this timely appeal.
Analysis
I. Sufficiency of the evidence
In her first and second issues, the mother challenges the legal sufficiency of
the evidence supporting the judgment terminating her parental rights to the child
and awarding sole managing conservatorship to the Department rather than to the
child’s paternal grandmother. In her brief, the mother also challenges the factual
sufficiency of the evidence supporting the termination decision, but she did not
timely file a motion for new trial. Because a motion for new trial is a prerequisite
to a complaint on appeal that the evidence is factually insufficient to support a jury
finding, her factual sufficiency complaint is waived. TEX. R. CIV. P. 324(b)(2).
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Protection of the best interests of the child is the primary focus of the
termination proceeding in the trial court and our appellate review. See In re A.V.,
113 S.W.3d 355, 361 (Tex. 2003). A parent’s right to the care, custody, and
control of her child is a precious liberty interest protected under the Constitution.
See, e.g., Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65, 120 S. Ct. 2054, 2060 (2000);
Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 758–59, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 1397 (1982).
Accordingly, termination proceedings are strictly scrutinized on appeal. See
Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985). Clear and convincing evidence
must support the decision to terminate parental rights. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d
256, 263–64 (Tex. 2002); see also Santosky, 455 U.S. at 747–48, 102 S. Ct. at
1391–92.
Evidence is legally sufficient if it is “such that a factfinder could reasonably
form a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the matter on which the State
bears the burden of proof.” In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 265–66; see TEX. FAM.
CODE ANN. § 101.007 (West 2008). We review “the evidence in the light most
favorable to the judgment,” meaning that we “must assume that the factfinder
resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could do
so.” Id. at 266. “If, after conducting its legal sufficiency review of the record
evidence, a court determines that no reasonable factfinder could form a firm belief
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or conviction that the matter that must be proven is true, then that court must
conclude that the evidence is legally insufficient.” Id.
A. Termination of parental rights
In proceedings to terminate the parent-child relationship, the Department
must establish that one or more of the acts or omissions listed in Family Code
section 161.001(1) occurred and that termination is in the best interest of the child.
TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001. Both elements must be established, and
termination may not be based solely on the best interest of the child as determined
by the trier of fact. Tex. Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533
(Tex. 1987). “Only one predicate finding under section 161.001(1) is necessary to
support a judgment of termination when there is also a finding that termination is
in the child’s best interest.” In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d at 362.
Here the Department sought termination of the mother’s parental rights on
grounds of endangerment, see TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(E), having had
her parental rights to her other children terminated, see id. § 161.001(1)(M),
constructive abandonment, see id. § 161.001(1)(N), failure to comply with a court
order, see id. § 161.001(1)(O), and testing positive for substance abuse after
completion of a substance abuse treatment program, see id. § 161.001(1)(P). In the
termination order based on the jury verdict, the trial court expressly found that
these five statutory provisions were met, termination was in the best interest of the
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child, appointment of a parent or relative of the child as managing conservator
would not be in the child’s best interest, and appointment of the Department as sole
managing conservator was in the child’s best interest.
1. Predicate grounds for termination (§ 161.001(1))
The evidence the Department presented was sufficient to support the finding
that one or more of predicate acts listed in section 161.001(1) had occurred. See In
re A.V., 113 S.W.3d at 362. The Department introduced evidence supporting
several predicate acts.
a. Prior termination decree (§ 161.001(1)(M))
To establish the ground for termination described in section 161.001(1)(M),
the Department offered into evidence the decree terminating the mother’s parent-
child relationship with her other children. Paragraph (M) applies when the parent
“had his or her parent-child relationship terminated with respect to another child
based on a finding that the parent’s conduct was in violation of Paragraph (D) or
(E).” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(M). The prior termination decree in this
case contained a finding that the mother had endangered her children both by
placing them in unsafe conditions under section 161.001(1)(D) and by engaging in
endangering conduct under section 161.001(1)(E).
The mother challenges whether this decree could be used to prove a prior
termination because the decree, and therefore the termination, was on appeal and
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thus not necessarily final. The prior decree stated that “this case is not final until
[the trial court’s] plenary jurisdiction from this final judgment expires, and all
appeals, if any, have concluded.” While acknowledging that the “case” was not
final and accordingly maintaining the appointment of the attorneys ad litem and the
guardian ad litem, the decree reiterated that “this judgment is final.” But finality,
in the sense of a complete exhaustion or waiver of all possible appellate remedies,
is not expressly required by the text of the statute. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.
§ 161.001(1)(M).
The mother’s appeal of the prior termination decree did not suspend the
effect of that decree. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 109.002(c) (West Supp. 2012) (“An
appeal from a final order, with or without a supersedeas bond, does not suspend the
order unless suspension is ordered by the court rendering the order.”); see TEX. R.
APP. P. 24.2(a)(4) (“When the judgment involves the conservatorship or custody of
a minor . . . enforcement of the judgment will not be suspended”). The mother did
not establish and does not argue that the prior decree at issue in this case was ever
suspended. In other words, the prior termination decree effectively terminated her
parent-child relationship at and as of the time of the trial, despite the fact that the
order was still subject to review on appeal. Cf. Street v. Honorable Second Court
of Appeals, 756 S.W.2d 299, 302 (Tex. 1988) (acknowledging that “a trial court
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judgment is final for the purposes of issue preclusion or collateral estoppel despite
the pendency of an appeal”).
The trial court admitted into evidence a prior decree that ordered termination
of the mother’s rights for reasons of endangerment under subsections (D) and (E).
Just as a trial court’s judgment is effective for purposes of precluding relitigation
between the same parties on the same issues, the judgment is also effective for the
purpose of presenting evidence to the factfinder of a prior termination. We hold
that the statute requires no greater finality than this, and accordingly there was
legally sufficient evidence to show that the mother had her rights terminated as to
other children for purposes of section 161.001(1)(M).
b. Endangerment of the child (§ 161.001(1)(E))
Additionally, the Department presented evidence that the mother’s conduct
during pregnancy and after the child’s birth met the requirements of several other
predicate acts under the Family Code. The mother admitted that she had used
cocaine during her pregnancy with the child, and that she did so even though she
knew that she could have harmed the child by taking drugs. She admitted she
tested positive for cocaine again after the child was removed from her care. She
admitted using cocaine after completing a court-ordered substance abuse treatment
program. The mother also admitted to failing to complete her court-ordered
parenting classes because she had tested positive for drug use while on deferred
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adjudication and jailed for 85 days. After she was released from jail, she again
tested positive for drug use. The mother admitted that her continued drug
problems put the child at risk and that she had engaged in conduct harmful to the
child.
The evidence of the mother’s continuing use of illegal drugs and admission
that such use put the child at risk supports the conclusion that the mother had
engaged in conduct that endangered the physical and emotional well-being of the
child. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(E). As the Supreme Court of Texas
has noted, a parent’s use of narcotics and its effect on his or her ability to parent
may qualify as an endangering course of conduct. In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336,
345 (Tex. 2009). The mother’s continued illegal drug use, combined with the fact
that such use violated both her court-ordered reunification plan and the terms of
her deferred adjudication from an earlier conviction, established clear and
convincing proof of deliberate conduct that endangered the well-being of her child.
See Robinson v. Texas Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 89 S.W.3d 679, 686–
87 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.).
Having considered all of this evidence, we conclude the evidence is
sufficient to form a firm belief in the minds of the jurors that the mother committed
at least one of the predicate acts justifying termination as listed in the Family Code.
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2. Best interest findings (§ 161.001(2))
In determining whether termination of the mother’s parental rights was in
the child’s best interest, we consider numerous factors, including (1) the child’s
desires, (2) the current and future physical and emotional needs of the child, (3) the
current and future physical danger to the child, (4) the parental abilities of the
person seeking custody, (5) whether programs are available to assist the person
seeking custody in promoting the best interests of the child, (6) plans for the child
by the person seeking custody, (7) stability of the home, (8) acts or omissions of
the parent that may indicate that the parent-child relationship is not proper, and
(9) any excuse for acts or omissions of the parent. Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d
367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976). There is no requirement that the Department prove all
these factors as a condition precedent to parental termination, and the absence of
evidence about some factors does not preclude a factfinder from reasonably
forming a strong conviction that termination is in the child’s best interest. See In
re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27.
The Holley factors are not necessarily the only considerations relevant to
determining the best interest of the child. “[T]he prompt and permanent placement
of the child in a safe environment is presumed to be in the child’s best interest.”
TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(a) (West 2008). In determining whether a parent
is willing and able to provide a safe environment, we consider several factors,
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including (1) the child’s and vulnerabilities; (2) developmental evaluations of the
child’s parents, other family members, and others who have access to the child’s
home; (3) whether there is a history of substance abuse by the child’s family or
others who have access to the child’s home; (4) willingness and ability of the
child’s family to seek, accept, and complete counseling services and cooperate
with agency supervision; (5) the willingness and ability of the child’s family to
effect positive changes within a reasonable period of time; and (6) whether the
child’s family demonstrates adequate parenting skills. Id. § 263.307(b). Evidence
establishing one of the predicate acts under section 161.001(1) also may be
relevant to determining the best interest of the child. See In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at
27-28.
There is strong evidence in this case that the mother regularly used illegal
drugs both during her pregnancy with the child and after undergoing a treatment
program. See Robinson, 89 S.W.3d at 688–89 (considering a similar pattern of
drug use as favoring termination as being in the best interest of children). This
pattern of illegal drug use suggests the mother was not willing and able to provide
the child with a safe environment—a primary consideration in determining the
child’s best interest. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307. The mother admitted
she had used drugs during her pregnancy even though she knew it might harm the
child. She tested positive for drugs the month after the child was removed. And
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she used drugs even though that violated the conditions of her probation, resulting
in her going to jail, away from the child. See id. § 263.307(b)(8) (considering
whether the child’s family has a history of substance abuse). This evidence weighs
against the mother under the third and eighth Holley factors focusing on physical
danger to the child and any actions indicating an improper parent-child
relationship.
The fifth Holley factor considering the availability of programs for the
mother also weighs against the mother. She completed parts of the Department’s
family services plan, but she continued to use drugs and never completed the entire
program. See id. § 263.307(b)(10) (considering willingness and ability of family to
complete counseling services); Robinson, 89 S.W.3d at 688–89 (termination in
children’s best interest when mother continued to use drugs and left ameliorative
family support programs incomplete). The mother admitted at trial that after she
got out of jail for violating her deferred adjudication provisions, she did not resume
participating in either family service programs or a twelve-step program,
explaining that she had not wanted to ask for time off from work in the months
immediately following her release. This excuse may justify failing to resume the
family services for a short time under the ninth Holley factor, but it does not justify
failing to participate in any counseling program at all after leaving jail.
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Beyond drug use, the evidence also establishes that the mother experienced
difficulties in providing the child with a safe environment, disfavoring the mother
under the seventh Holley factor, which considers the stability of the home. See In
re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28 (weighing evidence that a parent had a criminal history
involving drugs, no concrete plans to provide support, and remaining apart from
children in favor of finding that termination was in children’s best interest). The
mother took the child to Florida immediately after her birth, making it difficult for
the Department to locate her and provide services. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.
§ 263.307(b)(10) (considering willingness to cooperate with and facilitate agency’s
close supervision). Both the mother and the father were homeless or living out of a
motel until about a month before the termination trial. The mother continued to
stay with the father, who she admitted had a drinking problem and a history of
criminal convictions. See id. § 263.307(b)(8) (considering “whether there is a
history of substance abuse by the child’s family or others who have access to the
child’s home”).
In contrast, the evidence presented about the foster parents seeking custody
showed them as stable and caring, favoring them under the second and seventh
Holley factors that consider the needs of the child and the stability of the home.
The foster parents provided continuous care to the child from her placement with
them until the time of trial. The home environment with the foster parents was
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shown to be a nurturing one. The Department observed the child was healthy and
had current vaccinations and dental check-ups. The child had called the foster
parents’ parents “maw-maw” and “paw-paw” and played with the foster family’s
young relatives, showing that the foster parents were attempting to meet the
emotional needs of the child.
The Department also presented evidence favoring the foster parents under
the sixth Holley factor considering the custodians’ plans for the child. The foster
parents intended to adopt A.C. and to keep her in the family. The foster father
stated that he would want the child to know her paternal grandmother because he
believes family should stay in touch.
We conclude that the evidence presented was sufficiently clear and
convincing to support a fixed belief that termination of the mother’s rights would
be in the best interests of the child. The Department presented evidence that the
mother’s conduct had placed the child in physical danger, undermined her
parenting skills and the availability of family services, and indicated an improper
parent-child relationship under the third, fourth, fifth, and eighth Holley factors.
No factor weighed in the mother’s favor. The young age of the child rendered
consideration of the child’s desires neutral. On the other hand, the evidence
presented about the foster parents showed that they were meeting the child’s needs,
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had positive plans for the child, and provided a stable home under the second,
sixth, and seventh Holley factors.
Accordingly, we overrule the mother’s challenges to the sufficiency of the
evidence to support termination.
B. Conservatorship of the child
The mother also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the
finding that appointment of the Department as managing conservator of A.C. is in
her best interest. The mother acknowledged at trial that she did not request to be
appointed the child’s managing conservator, but she argues that the child’s paternal
grandmother should have been appointed. The mother essentially argues that the
appointment of “blood kin” conservators serves the child’s best interest more than
unrelated conservators.
We review the trial court’s conservatorship decision under a less stringent
standard of review than the standard for termination. In re J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d 611,
616 (Tex. 2007). Conservatorship determinations are subject to review only for
abuse of discretion, and they may be reversed only if the decision is arbitrary and
unreasonable. Id.; In re K.R.P., 80 S.W.3d 669, 674 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2002, pet. denied). “Jury findings underlying a conservatorship appointment
are subject to ordinary legal and factual sufficiency review.” J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d at
616 n.5.
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Family Code section 161.207 directs the court to appoint a suitable,
competent adult, the Department, a licensed-child placing agency, or an authorized
agency as managing conservator of the child. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.207
(West 2008). In contrast to the presumption of appointment given to a child’s
parents, see id. § 153.131, there is no statutory presumption that a grandparent
should be preferred over other non-parents. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.207;
In re J.R.P., 55 S.W.3d 147, 152 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2001, pet. denied); In
re H.G.H., No. 14-06-00137-CV, 2007 WL 174371, at *9-10 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] Jan. 25, 2007, no pet.) (memo op.).
The primary consideration in determining conservatorship is always the best
interest of the child. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 153.002. In determining that
appointment of a party as managing conservator is in the child’s best interest, the
court must consider both the section 263.307 factors and the Holley factors
described above. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs. v. Alternatives in Motion,
210 S.W.2d 794, 804 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. denied).
Applying those factors, there was sufficient evidence supporting the jury’s finding
that appointment of the Department is in the best interest of the child.
Although the child has noted respiratory problems, the paternal grandmother
and her partner smoke in their house and the smell of smoke was found on the
child’s clothing. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(1) (noting the child’s age
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and physical vulnerabilities should be considered in determining a safe
environment for the child). The harm that smoking may cause to a child with a
respiratory problem weighs against the grandmother under the second and third
Holley factors, which require consideration of the needs of the child and physical
danger to the child. Additionally, there was evidence presented that the
grandmother would allow the mother and the child’s father to stay and visit,
despite their history of alcohol and drug abuse and multiple criminal charges
against the father. See id. § 263.307(b)(8). The grandmother also could have been
determined to have not been properly protective of the child as she did not seem to
understand the full extent of the mother’s and father’s drug use. This evidence
suggests an improper parent-child relationship under the eighth Holley factor.
Compared to the evidence that the foster parents had provided a stable and
healthy environment for the child with access to a supportive extended family, see
id. § 263.307(b)(13) (considering whether there is a “social support system
consisting of an extended family and friends” for the child), there is sufficient
evidence supporting the jury’s determination to name the Department as sole
managing conservator. The Department presented evidence under the Holley
factors that conservatorship by the grandmother would not be in the child’s best
interest. We therefore overrule the mother’s second issue.
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II. Evidentiary issues
A. Exclusion of evidence of systemic bias and prejudice
In her third issue, the mother alleges that the trial court erred by excluding
“relevant evidence of bias and corruption . . . presented for consideration by the
jury” when the court denied her “the right to make a timely proffer.” Rule 103(b)
of the Rules of Evidence provides that the “offering party shall, as soon as
practicable, but before the court’s charge is read to the jury, be allowed to make, in
the absence of the jury, its offer of proof.” TEX. R. EVID. 103(b). The trial court
expressly told the mother, before the charge was read, to make her offer of proof
“whenever” she wished. The mother failed to timely act on this invitation, and
instead she offered her proof after the charge was read to the jury. Therefore, we
have no basis to review her third issue and we hold that the mother has waived any
error in regard to it. See Lewis v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 175 S.W.3d 811, 815
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, pet. denied).
B. Admission of expert witness testimony
In her fourth and final issue, the mother challenges the testimony of a former
Department employee who had testified in the mother’s previous termination
proceeding, Lisa McCartney, as a qualified expert witness. The mother has not
preserved this complaint through a timely objection, which would have required a
timely and specific objection followed by an adverse ruling. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1;
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see Austin v. Weems, 337 S.W.3d 415, 423–24 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2011, no pet.). If a party later permits the same or similar evidence to be
introduced without objection, generally the error in the admission of testimony is
harmless and is waived. Volkswagen of America, Inc. v. Ramirez, 159 S.W.3d 897,
907 (Tex. 2004). But if the party obtains a running objection, the party need not
object every time the evidence is offered. Id.
Here the record shows that the mother failed to preserve error. She failed to
obtain a running objection or to object when McCartney took the stand. After voir
dire of the jury panel, the trial court had the following dialogue with the mother’s
attorney regarding McCartney’s testimony:
MOTHER’S ATTORNEY: Because it is a new trial, I think I need to
reurge my objection to Ms. McCartney being an expert. So, I don’t
know if you want to carry the Daubert hearing over [from the previous
termination trial]. How do you want to do it?
...
THE COURT: I don’t want Ms. McCartney to take the stand and
there be a bunch of objections about qualifications and expertise. And
I am willing to attach the previous records. If that’s agreeable to the
parties, I will attach it.
MOTHER’S ATTORNEY: Yes, sir. That’s fine.
THE COURT: The Court is finding Ms. McCartney is an expert, and
that she is going to be allowed to remain in the courtroom as the
expert, and to testify as an expert, but I will attach the previous
testimony and your objection and all of the cross and everything to the
record in this new trial.
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MOTHER’S ATTORNEY: And, Judge, just for the record, I believe
to preserve the error for appeal that when it comes time for her to-
THE COURT: You can make another objection all over.
MOTHER’S ATTORNEY: I have to make it, once, to her being an
expert.
The end of the discussion indicates that counsel for the mother had understood that
she had not obtained a running objection. The mother’s attorney positively
acknowledged that she needed to make another objection to McCartney’s
testimony to preserve error. Then when McCartney took the stand, the mother
failed to object to the admissibility of her testimony as inadmissible or her
qualification as an expert. Thus, the mother waived her objection to McCartney’s
testimony as an expert witness. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1.
Conclusion
In sum, we conclude that the Department presented sufficient evidence to
support the jury’s findings and the verdict terminating the parent-child relationship
and awarding sole conservatorship to the Department. The mother has waived her
other complaints. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Michael Massengale
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Massengale, and Brown.
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