Tramel R. Bracey v. City of Killeen, Texas And Police Chief Dennis Baldwin , 417 S.W.3d 94 ( 2013 )

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-12-00199-CV
Tramel R. Bracey, Appellant
v.
City of Killeen, Texas; and Police Chief Dennis Baldwin, Appellees
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BELL COUNTY, 169TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. 253,047-C, HONORABLE RICK MORRIS, JUDGE PRESIDING
OPINION
This appeal presents two sets of issues regarding statutes that govern the employment
relationship between Texas police officers and the municipalities they serve. First, we must address
the scope of the subject-matter jurisdiction that the Legislature has conferred upon Texas courts
to review the decisions of independent hearing examiners under the Civil Service Act.1 Second,
assuming we determine that Texas courts have jurisdiction to reach the question in the context of
an appeal from a hearing examiner’s decision, we must consider the relationship between (1) the
notice-and-hearing requirements applicable to disciplinary suspensions and dismissals under the
Civil Service Act,2 and (2) Subchapter B of Government Code chapter 614, which prohibits
“disciplinary action” against a police officer based on a “complaint” unless the “complaint” is
1
See generally Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code § 143.057.
2
See generally id. §§ 143.051-.053, .057.
reduced to writing, signed, and provided to the officer.3 More specifically, we must decide whether
an independent hearing examiner “exceeded her jurisdiction” within the meaning of the Civil Service
Act’s judicial-review provisions in upholding a police officer’s indefinite suspension (i.e., dismissing
him) when the disciplinary action fully complied with the requirements specified within the
Civil Service Act, yet originated with “complaints” that were not reduced to writing, signed, and
provided to the officer as Subchapter B requires. Under the circumstances here, we conclude that
the examiner acted within her jurisdiction.
BACKGROUND
Before turning to the specific dispute underlying this appeal, it is helpful to begin with
a brief overview of the statutory context from which it arose.
Civil Service Act
In municipalities that have voted to adopt it, the Civil Service Act—nowadays
codified as chapter 143 of the Local Government Code—supplants at-will employment of
police officers with a regime of merit-based, just-cause employment that is intended to “secure
efficient . . . police departments composed of capable personnel who are free from political influence
and who have permanent employment tenure as public servants.”4 The regime is administered by
a local civil service commission whose duties include promulgating rules that prescribe, within
3
See generally Tex. Gov’t Code §§ 614.021-.023.
4
See Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code §§ 143.001(a), .006, .008, .051, .052(b), .053(g), .057(f); see
generally id. §§ 143.001-.363. The Civil Service Act also protects fire fighters, but our focus here
is limited to its application to police officers.
2
statutory parameters, the acts or conditions that constitute cause for suspending or removing a
police officer from employment.5 Of particular significance to this appeal are the Act’s procedures
and limitations governing determination of whether such cause exists and the appropriate personnel
actions in response, which for purposes of this case are found primarily within subchapter D of
chapter 143, titled “Disciplinary Actions.”6
In relevant part, the Act authorizes the head of a police department to suspend a
police officer within his supervision or jurisdiction for “a reasonable period not to exceed
15 calendar days” or “an indefinite period,” the latter being “equivalent to dismissal,” “for the
violation of a civil service rule.”7 Upon suspending an officer, the department head must, within
120 hours of the suspension, file with the municipality’s civil service commission a “written
statement,” also termed a “letter of disciplinary action,” “giving the reasons for the suspension,” and
also “immediately deliver a copy of the statement in person to the suspended . . . police officer.”8
This statement or letter “must point out each civil service rule alleged to have been violated by the
5
See id. §§ 143.001(b), .008(c), .051.
6
See id. §§ 143.051-.057. Certain of the provisions within subchapter D exclude
municipalities with a population of 1.5 million or more, but there is no dispute that the current
population of the municipality at issue here, the City of Killeen, falls under this threshold. We
express no opinion as to the extent our analysis might have implications for municipalities
not directly governed by subchapter D. Cf. City of Houston v. Clark, 197 S.W.3d 314, 317 n.4
(Tex. 2006).
7
Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code § 143.052(b); see id. § 143.051.
8
Id. § 143.052(c); see id. § 143.057(a) (referring to “the letter of disciplinary action”);
City of DeSoto v. White, 288 S.W.3d 389, 392-93 & n.3 (Tex. 2009) (observing that the “written
statement” referenced in section 143.052 and section 143.057(a)’s “letter of disciplinary action”
“appear to refer to the same document”).
3
suspended . . . police officer” and “describe the alleged acts of the person that the department head
contends are in violation of the civil service rules,” and “[i]t is not sufficient for the department head
merely to refer to the provisions of the rules alleged to have been violated.”9 “If the department head
does not specifically point out in the written statement the act or acts of the . . . police officer that
allegedly violated the civil service rules,” the Act mandates that the civil service commission “shall
promptly reinstate the person.”10
In addition to providing such notice regarding the department head’s asserted grounds
for suspension, the copy of the statement or letter given to the officer must also give notice regarding
the officer’s rights to appeal the suspension,11 which we will describe shortly. However, in contrast
to the notice requirements regarding the grounds for the suspension, the Act does not prescribe
any particular remedy or consequences for failure to provide the required notice of appeal rights.
The department head’s suspension of a police officer is subject to appeal through
two alternative procedural mechanisms. First, the officer may appeal the suspension—including the
“truth of the charge[s] as made” in the department head’s written statement, “the legal sufficiency
9
Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code § 143.052(e).
10
Id. § 143.052(f).
11
See id. §§ 143.052(d) (“The copy of the written statement [given to the officer] must
inform the suspended . . . officer that if the person wants to appeal to the commission, the person
must file a written appeal with the commission within 10 days after the date the person receives the
copy of the statement.”), .057(a) (“In addition to the other notice requirements prescribed by this
chapter, . . . the letter of disciplinary action . . . issued to a . . . police officer must state that in an
appeal of an indefinite suspension, [or] a suspension . . . the appealing . . . police officer may elect
to appeal to an independent third party hearing examiner instead of to the commission. The letter
must also state that if the . . . police officer elects to appeal to a hearing examiner, the person waives
all rights to appeal to a district court except as provided by Subsection (j).”).
4
of the charge[s],” and the discipline that should be imposed for any rule violations—through
an evidentiary hearing before the municipality’s civil service commission.12 At the hearing, the
department head “is restricted to [his or her] original written statement and charges, which may
not be amended.”13 The commission “may consider only the evidence submitted at the hearing”14
and “shall render a just and fair decision.”15 The commission has discretion to: (1) “permanently
dismiss[]” the officer from the police department;16 (2) order a temporary suspension of the
officer for a period not to exceed fifteen days;17 or (3) “restore” the officer to his or her former
position—i.e., return to duty without any suspension—with back pay and benefits for the period
in which the officer was suspended.18 But the commission has discretion to impose dismissal or
temporary suspension, as opposed to restoration, “only for violation[s] of civil service rules and only
after a finding by the commission of the truth of specific charges against the . . . police officer.”19
12
Id. §§ 143.010(b), (g), .053.
13
Id. § 143.053(c).
14
Id. § 143.010(g); see also id. § 143.053(d) (“The commission may deliberate the decision
in closed session but may not consider evidence that was not presented at the hearing.”).
15
Id. § 143.010(g).
16
Id. § 143.053(e)(1).
17
Id. § 143.053(e)(2), (f); see City of Waco v. Kelley, 309 S.W.3d 536, 545-48 (Tex. 2010)
(although not made explicit within section 143.053, duration of “temporary suspension” authorized
therein is governed by same fifteen-day limit that expressly limits department head’s discretion).
18
See Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code § 143.053(e)(3), (f); Kelley, 309 S.W.3d at 548-49.
19
Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code § 143.053(g).
5
Alternatively, the officer may bring the appeal before an independent hearing
examiner,20 a forum often perceived to present less risk of pro-employer bias than the municipality’s
civil service commission.21 The hearing examiner is chosen either by agreement of the officer
and department head or through a process of selection from a list of “seven qualified neutral
arbitrators” obtained from the American Arbitration Association (AAA) or the Federal Mediation
and Conciliation Service (FMCS).22 Once selected, the examiner “has the same duties and powers
as the commission,”23 including the requirement that he or she hear evidence,24 and has the same
discretion in regard to discipline.25
The Act provides a right of further appeal or judicial review in district court, but
the scope of that review varies dramatically depending on whether the officer has chosen to
proceed before a civil service commission versus an independent hearing examiner. If the officer
has opted to appeal to the civil service commission, the Act allows the officer, if “dissatisfied” with
the commission’s decision, to obtain trial de novo in the district court, and that court is empowered
to “grant the appropriate legal and equitable relief necessary to carry out the purposes of [the Act].”26
In contrast, the Act makes a hearing examiner’s decision “final and binding on all parties,” and the
20
See id. § 143.057.
21
See City of Pasadena v. Smith, 292 S.W.3d 14, 15 & n.8 (Tex. 2009).
22
Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code § 143.057(d).
23
Id. § 143.057(f).
24
See Smith, 292 S.W.3d at 20.
25
See Kelley, 309 S.W.3d at 544-49.
26
Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code § 143.015.
6
officer’s election to proceed in that forum is deemed to waive his rights of further appeal, except to
the extent of the following limited grant of subject-matter jurisdiction to the district court:
A district court may hear an appeal of a hearing examiner’s award only on the
grounds that the arbitration panel [i.e., the hearing examiner27] was without
jurisdiction or exceeded its jurisdiction or that the order was procured by fraud,
collusion, or other unlawful means.28
Subchapter B
Subchapter B of Government Code chapter 614 imposes regulations—including a
type of notice requirement—that apply when certain law enforcement agencies are presented with
a “complaint” against one of their officers.29 Although Subchapter B does not define or elaborate
on the nature of a “complaint,” a panel of this Court has construed the term to encompass “any
allegation of misconduct that could result in disciplinary action,” regardless whether the source is
external to the law enforcement agency or originates within it.30
27
See Clark, 197 S.W.3d at 318 n.5 (presuming that reference to “the arbitration panel”
within section 143.1016, subsection (j), which applies to municipalities with populations of
1.5 million or more and closely mirrors section 143.057, subsection (j), necessarily refers to the
individual hearing examiner who rendered the decision).
28
Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code § 143.057(c), (j); see also Clark, 197 S.W.3d at 317-24 & n.4
(holding that municipalities, not just officers, enjoy the Act’s limited right to appeal hearing
examiner decisions to district court).
29
See Tex. Gov’t Code §§ 614.021-.023. Like the Civil Service Act, Subchapter B of
chapter 614 also protects fire fighters, but, again, our focus here is on its application to law
enforcement officers.
30
Treadway v. Holder, 309 S.W.3d 780, 782-86 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, pet. denied);
id. at 786-89 & n.1 (Waldrop, J., dissenting) (although “agree[ing] with the majority that there is
no distinction between ‘external’ complaints relating to an employee and ‘internal’ complaints—i.e.,
between complaints generated outside the organization and those generated within the
7
Within Subchapter B, section 614.022 specifies that in order for a “complaint” “[t]o
be considered by the head of a . . . local law enforcement agency,” it must be “in writing” and
“signed by the person making the complaint.”31 Section 614.023, in turn, requires that “[a] copy of
a signed complaint . . . shall be given to the officer or employee within a reasonable time after the
complaint is filed,”32 and that:
Disciplinary action may not be taken against the officer or employee unless a copy
of the signed complaint is given to the officer or employee.33
Section 614.023 further prohibits the indefinite suspension or termination of an officer “based on the
subject matter of the complaint unless: (1) the complaint is investigated; and (2) there is evidence
to prove the allegation of misconduct.”34
Prior to September 1, 2005, Subchapter B applied, in pertinent part, to a “complaint”
against “a police officer who is not covered by a civil service statute.”35 However, in its regular
organization—for purposes of the application of Subchapter B,” urging that “complaint” did not
include those generated within the officer’s own chain of command).
31
Tex. Gov’t Code § 614.022.
32
Id. § 614.023(a).
33
Id. § 614.023(b).
34
Id. § 614.023(c).
35
Act of May 16, 1969, 61st Leg., R.S., ch. 407, § 1, 1969 Tex. Gen. Laws 1333, 1333-34,
recodified by Act of May 4, 1993, 73d Leg., R.S., ch. 268, § 1, secs. 614.021-.023, 1993 Tex. Gen.
Laws 583, 678-79 (amended 2005) (current version at Tex. Gov’t Code §§ 614.021-.023); see also
Guthery v. Taylor, 112 S.W.3d 715, 717 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, no pet.) (observing
that pre-2005 versions of “Texas Government Code sections 614.022 and 614.023 . . . apply only
to those police officers who are not covered by a civil service statute”).
8
session earlier that year, the Seventy-Ninth Legislature broadened this facet of the statute’s coverage
to include “a peace officer under Article 2.12, Code of Criminal Procedure, or other law who is
appointed or employed by a political subdivision of this state,” and excluding only those “appointed
or employed by a political subdivision that is covered by a meet and confer or collective bargaining
agreement . . . if that agreement includes provisions relating to the investigation of, and disciplinary
actions resulting from, a complaint against a peace officer . . . .”36 Consequently, Subchapter B in
its amended form facially extends to at least some law enforcement officers who are covered by the
Civil Service Act and who, for that reason, would previously have been explicitly excluded from
Subchapter B’s coverage. The implications of this change are at the center of this appeal.
The dispute
Appellant Tramel Bracey was formerly an officer with the police department of the
City of Killeen, appellee. Killeen is among the municipalities that have adopted the Civil Service
Act, and it is the Act, not a meet-and-confer or collective-bargaining agreement, that governs its
employment relationship with its police officers. There is no dispute that Bracey was fully entitled
to the civil-service protections that the Act provides to Killeen police officers,37 or that he likewise
came within the coverage of Subchapter B in its current form as “a peace officer . . . appointed
36
Act of May 19, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 507, § 1, sec. 614.021, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws
1394, 1394 (current version at Tex. Gov’t Code §§ 614.021(a)(3), (b)).
37
See Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code § 143.003(5) (defining “police officer” covered by the Act).
9
or employed by a political subdivision” (Killeen) who was not excluded by virtue of a labor
agreement.38
In December 2010, following an internal investigation, the head of Killeen’s
police department—Police Chief Dennis Baldwin, appellee—indefinitely suspended Bracey based
on his alleged violation of several Killeen civil service rules. In accordance with the Civil Service
Act, Chief Baldwin prepared, filed, and delivered to Bracey a letter of disciplinary action detailing
the civil service rules that Baldwin contended Bracey had violated and the alleged acts that
Baldwin viewed as constituting such violations. To summarize this letter, Baldwin alleged that
Bracey had violated the cited rules, some of which incorporated police department general
orders and Penal Code provisions, by providing false information when opening two bank
accounts,39 then subsequently being “untruthful” about the underlying events. As factual support for
these allegations, Baldwin referenced evidence purportedly compiled during a search of Bracey’s
home by Killeen Police Detective Charles Dinwiddie40 and through interviews conducted by an
investigator, Captain Jeff Fholer.41
38
Tex. Gov’t Code § 614.021(a)(3), (b).
39
Bracey’s falsehoods, according to Chief Baldwin, included utilizing his infant son’s
social security number and an incorrect home address in an attempt to avoid detection by the bank.
Bracey’s motive, Baldwin suggested, was to avoid having to repay the bank approximately $1,000
he owed for a previous overdraft.
40
Chief Baldwin stated that Detective Dinwiddie had conducted the search pursuant to a
warrant “obtained and executed as a result of an unrelated criminal investigation where[] you
[Bracey] were listed as the suspect.”
41
Incidentally, Baldwin’s letter also noted that Bracey had been the subject of a separate
disciplinary action within the past sixty months that had culminated, according to Baldwin, with a
fifteen-day suspension for “neglect of duty.”
10
Bracey timely perfected an appeal of his suspension and opted to proceed before an
independent hearing examiner rather than Killeen’s civil service commission. Before the hearing
examiner, Bracey contested both the merits of the allegations against him and, as a threshold matter,
whether he was subject to discipline in the first place. While not complaining of any deficiency in
the letter of disciplinary action Bracey had provided him under the Civil Service Act or seeking
reinstatement on that basis,42 Bracey insisted that Baldwin had failed to comply with the notice
requirements imposed by Subchapter B. More specifically, Bracey urged that the factual allegations
originating with the two fellow officers who had investigated his alleged misconduct, Captain Fholer
and Detective Dinwiddie, constituted “complaints” that Subchapter B required to be reduced to
writing, signed, and provided to him. Because these actions had never been performed, according
to Bracey, his suspension violated Subchapter B’s proviso that “[d]isciplinary action may not be
taken against the officer or employee unless a copy of the signed complaint is given to the officer
or employee.”43 Accordingly, Bracey reasoned, Subchapter B mandated that he be reinstated.
Following the evidentiary hearing, the examiner found that Bracey had violated all
of the civil service rules that Chief Baldwin had charged and that “[t]he facts in evidence support the
. . . indefinite suspension.” The examiner rejected Bracey’s arguments regarding Subchapter B,
citing City of Athens v. MacAvoy,44 and further observed that Bracey “has had ample opportunity to
defend himself and bring forth facts in the investigation for the investigators, the decision makers
42
See Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code § 143.052(e), (f).
43
Tex. Gov’t Code § 614.023(b).
44
353 S.W.3d 905 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2011, pet. denied).
11
and ultimately the hearing examiner to deliberate.” We will explore the MacAvoy case in detail as
it becomes relevant to our analysis, but to summarize its holdings, the Tyler Court of Appeals
concluded that while Subchapter B applies to the discipline upheld or imposed by an independent
hearing examiner under the Civil Service Act, an examiner nonetheless “exceeded his jurisdiction”
under the Act by reinstating an indefinitely suspended police officer on the sole basis that
“complaints” required by Subchapter B had not been provided to the officer.45
Bracey then appealed the hearing examiner’s decision to district court. In attempting
to invoke the district court’s limited jurisdiction over such appeals, Bracey asserted that the examiner
had “exceeded her jurisdiction” by “ignoring” the mandates of Subchapter B and dismissing rather
than reinstating him. He prayed that the court sustain his appeal and award him reinstatement with
back pay and benefits, plus attorney’s fees. Additionally, based on the same underlying allegations,
Bracey asserted claims under the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act46 against Chief Baldwin, in his
official capacity, seeking declarations that Baldwin had violated Subchapter B. Along with his
requested declarations, Bracey purported to seek “equitable and mandamus relief” of reinstatement,
salary, and benefits, plus attorney’s fees.
Appellees answered and filed a motion for final summary judgment on all of
Bracey’s claims, asserting two related grounds. First, relying primarily on “the holding and
reasoning in City of Athens v. MacAvoy,” appellees argued that the hearing examiner had not
45
See id. at 907-11.
46
See Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act (UDJA), Tex Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code §§ 37.001-
.011.
12
“exceeded her jurisdiction” in refusing to reinstate Bracey based on their alleged failure to comply
with Subchapter B, but instead had no “jurisdiction” to award him reinstatement on that basis.
Second, in what they phrased in terms of an “arbitration and award” defense, appellees argued
that the hearing examiner’s decision foreclosed Bracey’s declaratory claims by resolving the
same underlying issue. “Regardless of whether the City violated [Subchapter B],” appellees urged,
“[Bracey] received a civil service hearing and presented the appeal of the suspension to the
Hearing Examiner.”
Bracey responded and also filed a cross-motion for partial summary judgment
seeking to establish, as a matter of law, that Subchapter B applied to him; that no written, signed
“complaint” from either Dinwiddie or Fholer had ever been provided to him; that this failure violated
Subchapter B and triggered the statute’s prohibition against “disciplinary action”; and that—joining
issue with appellees’ motion—the hearing examiner’s failure to enforce this prohibition “exceeded
her jurisdiction” and rendered the error subject to judicial review and correction. In support of his
motion, Bracey presented copies of admissions and deposition testimony from appellees confirming
that he came within the coverage of Subchapter B and that no signed, written allegations from
either Dinwiddie or Fholer had ever been given to him. Appellees filed a response to Bracey’s cross-
motion that was substantively an exact duplicate of their own summary-judgment motion.
The district court granted appellees’ summary-judgment motion, denied Bracey’s
competing motion, and rendered final judgment dismissing Bracey’s claims with prejudice. It is
from this judgment that Bracey appeals.
13
ANALYSIS
In two issues, Bracey contends that the district court erred in granting the appellees’
summary-judgment motion and denying his cross-motion.
Standard of review
We review the district court’s summary judgment rulings de novo.47 Summary
judgment is proper when there are no disputed issues of material fact and the movant is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.48 We take as true all evidence favorable to the non-movant, and we
indulge every reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in the non-movant’s favor.49 Under the
“traditional” standard for summary judgment—the standard on which both sides have relied—the
movant has the initial burden of conclusively negating at least one essential element of a claim or
defense on which the non-movant has the burden of proof or conclusively establishing each element
of a claim or defense on which the movant has the burden of proof.50 Once the movant has done so,
and only if it does, the burden shifts to the non-movant to produce evidence creating a genuine issue
of material fact as to the challenged element or elements in order to defeat the summary judgment.51
However, as will become apparent as we proceed with our analysis, the propriety of
summary judgment in this case turns principally upon the application of statutory language to
47
See Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005).
48
Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Western Invs., Inc. v. Urena, 162 S.W.3d 547, 550 (Tex. 2005).
49
Urena, 162 S.W.3d at 550.
50
See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Science Spectrum, Inc. v. Martinez, 941 S.W.2d 910, 911
(Tex. 1997).
51
See Walker v. Harris, 924 S.W.2d 375, 377 (Tex. 1996).
14
undisputed material facts. We review questions of statutory construction de novo.52 Our primary
objective in statutory construction is to give effect to the Legislature’s intent.53 We seek that intent
“first and foremost” in the statutory text.54 We are to consider the statute as a whole, interpreting
it to give effect to every part.55 The words cannot be examined in isolation, but must be
informed by the context in which they are used.56 We assume that when enacting a statute, the
Legislature was aware of the background law and acted with reference to it.57 “Where text is clear,
text is determinative” of legislative intent.58 We give such statutes their plain meaning without resort
to rules of construction or extrinsic aids.59 Only when statutory text is susceptible to more than one
reasonable interpretation is it appropriate to look beyond its language for assistance in determining
legislative intent.60
52
State v. Shumake, 199 S.W.3d 279, 284 (Tex. 2006).
53
Id.
54
Lexington Ins. Co. v. Strayhorn, 209 S.W.3d 83, 85 (Tex. 2006).
55
See City of San Antonio v. City of Boerne, 111 S.W.3d 22, 25 (Tex. 2003).
56
See TGS–NOPEC Geophysical Co. v. Combs, 340 S.W.3d 432, 441 (Tex. 2011).
57
See In re Allen, 366 S.W.3d 696, 706 (Tex. 2012) (orig. proceeding) (quoting Acker
v. Texas Water Comm’n, 790 S.W.2d 299, 301 (Tex. 1990)).
58
Entergy Gulf States, Inc. v. Summers, 282 S.W.3d 433, 437 (Tex. 2009) (op. on reh’g)
(citing Alex Sheshunoff Mgmt. Servs., L.P. v. Johnson, 209 S.W.3d 644, 651-52 (Tex. 2006);
Shumake, 199 S.W.3d at 284).
59
Texas Lottery Comm’n v. First State Bank of DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d 628, 635, 637
(Tex. 2010).
60
See In re Smith, 333 S.W.3d 582, 586 (Tex. 2011) (orig. proceeding).
15
Where, as here, parties assert competing motions for summary judgment on
overlapping issues and the trial court grants one motion and denies the other, we consider all of the
summary-judgment evidence, determine all questions presented, and, if the trial court erred, render
the judgment the trial court should have rendered.61
Appeal of hearing examiner’s decision
As previously noted, the Civil Service Act confers subject-matter jurisdiction on
district courts to review hearing examiner decisions only on grounds that the examiner “was without
jurisdiction or exceeded [his or her] jurisdiction or that the order was procured by fraud,
collusion, or other unlawful means.”62 These grounds likewise define the bases for judicial relief in
such an appeal.63 Bracey’s central contentions on appeal, as they were below, are that appellees
violated Subchapter B of Government Code chapter 614 by failing to provide him written, signed
“complaints” from Detective Dinwiddie and Captain Fholer; that these omissions further triggered
Subchapter B’s prohibition against “[d]isciplinary action . . . taken against the officer or employee
unless a copy of the signed complaint is given to the officer or employee”; and that the hearing
examiner’s failure or refusal to enforce Subchapter B by reinstating him amounted to conduct
“exceeding her jurisdiction” that is susceptible to judicial review and correction under the
61
Valence Operating Co., 164 S.W.3d at 661.
62
Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code § 143.057(j); cf. Texas Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory Servs.
v. Mega Child Care, Inc., 145 S.W.3d 170, 172 (Tex. 2004) (recognizing that sovereign immunity
generally bars judicial review of administrative decisions unless right of judicial review is provided
by statute).
63
See, e.g., Clark, 197 S.W.3d at 324 (discussing “scope of review” under Civil Service
Act’s provisions governing appeal of hearing examiner’s decision).
16
Civil Service Act. Bracey does not assert that the hearing examiner’s decision “was procured by
fraud, collusion, or other unlawful means” or that the examiner “was without jurisdiction” to decide
his appeal of the suspension in the first instance. It is also worth noting that Bracey does not dispute,
apart from his contentions in reliance on Subchapter B, that the acts of the hearing examiner
were within her “jurisdiction” under the Civil Service Act and that appellees likewise fully complied
with the Act’s requirements. He does not complain, for example, that Chief Baldwin’s letter of
suspension failed to give the notice of “the act or acts of the . . . police officer that allegedly violated
the civil service rules” mandated by the Act,64 that he was entitled to reinstatement for that reason,65
or that the hearing examiner “exceeded her jurisdiction” (apart from his view of Subchapter B’s
implications) in determining, based on the evidence presented, that Bracey had violated each of the
civil service rules Chief Baldwin had charged and that dismissal was the appropriate disciplinary
sanction for the misconduct she had found.
In response, appellees bring forward their arguments that the hearing examiner
did not “exceed her jurisdiction” in dismissing Bracey regardless of whether they complied
with Subchapter B. On appeal, however, appellees further suggest (contrary to Treadway66) that
Subchapter B applies only to “citizen complaints” and that, in any event, they complied with the
statute by providing Bracey the required written “complaints” in the form of Chief Baldwin’s
letter of suspension, a prior “Charging Memorandum signed by his chain of command,” and “a
64
Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code § 143.052(e), (f).
65
See id. § 143.052(f).
66
See Treadway, 309 S.W.3d at 784.
17
copy of the personnel complaint form which initiated the internal investigation.” But, as Bracey
emphasizes, appellees did not contest the applicability of Subchapter B in their summary-judgment
motion or response, nor that their conduct in regard to Dinwiddie and Fholer’s misconduct
allegations had triggered the statute’s prohibition against “disciplinary action.” Rather, appellees’
summary-judgment papers effectively presumed—similar to the MacAvoy court67—that their
actions had triggered Subchapter B’s prohibition against “disciplinary action,” and argued that the
hearing examiner did not “exceed her jurisdiction” regardless. It is on the grounds appellees actually
presented that the district court’s summary-judgment rulings must stand or fall.68 In other words,
the pivotal issue in the posture of this appeal is as Bracey suggests: whether the hearing examiner
“exceeded her jurisdiction,” as contemplated by the Civil Service Act’s judicial-review limitations,
by dismissing rather than reinstating Bracey under circumstances where Subchapter B says that
“[d]isciplinary action may not be taken.”
Analysis of a hearing examiner’s “jurisdiction” and whether or when it is
“exceeded” is guided by several recent decisions from the Texas Supreme Court. As the high court
has observed, the Civil Service Act’s limits on judicial review of hearing examiner decisions
appear to have been “borrowed” from the Texas Arbitration Act, and “almost identical” language
also appears in the Federal Arbitration Act.69 Consequently, the Civil Service Act could, as with
67
353 S.W.3d at 907-11.
68
See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); McConnell v. Southside Indep. Sch. Dist., 858 S.W.2d 337,
341 (Tex. 1993); City of Houston v. Clear Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671, 678 (Tex. 1979).
69
Smith, 292 S.W.3d at 19, 21; see Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 171.088(a)(3)(A);
see also 9 U.S.C. § 10 (identical language in Federal Arbitration Act).
18
arbitration awards, potentially insulate from judicial review not only factual errors by a hearing
examiner, but a wide range of legal ones as well.70 In fact, several of our sister courts, taking a cue
from arbitration decisions, had previously construed the Act that way.71 But, in its recent decisions,
the Texas Supreme Court expressly disapproved of these cases and the underlying notion that
judicial review of hearing examiner decisions works the same way as review of arbitration awards,72
reasoning that the “jurisdiction” of a Civil Service Act hearing examiner—and thus the range
of decisions that are insulated from judicial review—is much narrower than that of the typical
arbitrator. The court has pointed to two basic reasons for this.
First, the high court has observed that while arbitrators usually derive their authority
from broadly worded contractual agreements, and that these powers are further augmented
by legal principles favoring arbitration, “an independent hearing examiner’s jurisdiction is created by
the Act and comes with significant constraints.”73 These constraints include numerous “deadlines,
70
See, e.g., East Tex. Salt Water Disposal Co., Inc. v. Werline, 307 S.W.3d 267, 272
(Tex. 2010) (“Because Texas law favors arbitration, judicial review of an arbitration award is
extraordinarily narrow.”); Universal Computer Sys., Inc. v. Dealer Solutions, L.L.C., 183 S.W.3d
741, 752 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied) (“Review [of an arbitration award]
is so limited that a court may not vacate an arbitration award even if it is based upon a mistake of
fact or law.”).
71
See, e.g., City of Houston v. Clark, 252 S.W.3d 561, 567 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.) (concluding that courts “lack jurisdiction to review the merits of the
hearing examiner’s decision, including issues regarding whether the hearing examiner abused his
discretion and ignored or misinterpreted controlling law”); City of Pasadena v. Smith, 263 S.W.3d
80, 84-85 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006) (holding that trial court lacked jurisdiction to
review hearing examiner’s decision that erred in applying law), rev’d, 292 S.W.3d at 17-22.
72
E.g., Smith, 292 S.W.3d at 21.
73
Id. at 20.
19
procedures, and limitations” under the Act that “both confer[] and limit[] the power of a hearing
examiner.”74 Further, the court has concluded, “the Act does not empower a hearing examiner
to make rules.”75
The second distinction emphasized by the supreme court, related to the first, is that
the Act’s delegation of decision-making authority to a hearing examiner potentially implicates the
constitutional limitations on delegations of “legislative” power to private entities, which the court
apparently considers hearing examiners to be.76 A delegation of power by the Legislature without
“reasonable standards” to govern its exercise “is an abdication of the authority to set governmental
policy which the Constitution assigns to the legislative department,” and the risk of such evils
is considered to be especially grave when the delegation is made to a private entity as opposed to
a public one.77 Accordingly, private delegations are permissible under the Texas Constitution,
to summarize the relevant limitations, only “if the legislative purpose is discernable and there is
74
Kelley, 309 S.W.3d at 541-42 (citing Smith, 292 S.W.3d at 20).
75
Smith, 292 S.W.3d at 20.
76
See id. at 17-20. As previously noted, a hearing examiner may be chosen by the parties’
agreement or through a process of selection from a list of “qualified” and “neutral” arbitrators
prepared by either the AAA, a private entity, or the FMCS, which is a federal agency. See Tex. Loc.
Gov’t Code § 143.057(d); Proctor v. Andrews, 972 S.W.2d 729, 734 (Tex. 1998) (citing 29 U.S.C.
§ 171). Although the Texas Supreme Court suggested in Proctor that the constitutionality of the
Civil Service Act’s delegation of power to FMCS to select the list of proposed hearing examiners
might be analyzed differently than its delegation of the same power to AAA, see Proctor,
972 S.W.2d at 734, the court has not drawn any such distinctions when analyzing the Act’s
delegation of authority to a hearing examiner, once chosen, to decide the appeal. See Kelley,
309 S.W.3d at 541-42; Smith, 292 S.W.3d at 17-18.
77
Smith, 292 S.W.3d at 17-18.
20
protection against the arbitrary exercise of power.”78 Although the Texas Supreme Court has not
yet definitively addressed whether the Act’s delegation of decision-making authority to hearing
examiners comports with these limitations, it has strongly cautioned that the delegation raises
“constitutional concerns” if the Act’s provisions that define and constrain hearing examiners’
authority cannot be enforced through “meaningful” judicial review:79
[I]f the Act does not bind hearing examiners to definite standards for reaching
decisions and instead gives them broad latitude in determining not only factual
disputes but the applicable law, they become not merely independent arbiters
but policy makers, which is a legislative function. This would raise nondelegation
concerns . . . . It is one thing for a hearing examiner to determine whether conduct
for which an officer . . . has been disciplined occurred as charged; it is quite another
thing for a hearing examiner to decide whether conduct that did occur deserves
discipline. If a city can invoke judicial review to require that a hearing examiner’s
ruling be made according to law, one concern of the nondelegation doctrine is
satisfied. But . . . “if the right of appeal provided by [the Act] does not afford a city
meaningful review of a hearing examiner’s decision, . . . delegation of grievance
decisions to an independent hearing examiner may raise constitutional problems.”80
And it follows, in the supreme court’s view, that these constitutional concerns must also guide
construction of a hearing examiner’s “jurisdiction” as it bears upon whether the Act permits judicial
review of a particular action or decision of the examiner:
78
Clark, 197 S.W.3d at 320 (quoting Proctor, 972 S.W.2d at 735); see also Texas Boll
Weevil Eradication Found., Inc. v. Lewellen, 952 S.W.2d 454, 472 (Tex. 1997) (prescribing eight-
factor test for determining whether private delegation of legislative power exceeds constitutional
limitations).
79
See Kelley, 309 S.W.3d at 541-42; Smith, 292 S.W.3d at 17-18; see also Lewellen,
952 S.W.2d at 472 (identifying susceptibility of private delegate’s actions “to meaningful review by
a state agency or other branch of state government” as one of the eight factors applied when
evaluating constitutionality of private delegation).
80
Smith, 292 S.W.3d at 18-19; accord Kelley, 309 S.W.3d at 541-42 (quoting Smith,
292 S.W.3d at 18-19).
21
Thus, in construing the scope of judicial review permitted by [the Act], we must be
mindful . . . that “[w]hen faced with multiple constructions of a statute, we must
interpret the statutory language in a manner that renders it constitutional if it is
possible to do so.”81
The supreme court has acknowledged that “[i]t is difficult to distill from these
statutory and constitutional constraints a simple, precise standard for determining whether a hearing
examiner has exceeded his jurisdiction.”82 But in City of Pasadena v. Smith, it offered the following
as “[t]he most accurate test we can state”:
[A] hearing examiner exceeds his jurisdiction when his acts are not authorized by the
Act or are contrary to it, or when they invade the policy-setting realm protected by
the nondelegation doctrine.83
To date, the supreme court’s specific applications of these concepts have focused on
whether a hearing examiner’s acts were “authorized by the Act or . . . contrary to it,” as opposed to
being consistent with the Act yet nonetheless “invad[ing] the policy-setting realm.” In City of Waco
v. Kelley, the court held that a hearing examiner “exceeded his jurisdiction” in imposing disciplinary
remedies the court concluded were not authorized by the Civil Service Act under the circumstances
presented—a temporary suspension exceeding fifteen days in duration, a demotion, and back pay to
the extent the employee was awarded compensation during a period of suspension.84 Similarly, in
81
Smith, 292 S.W.3d at 19 (quoting Clark, 197 S.W.3d at 320).
82
Id. at 21.
83
Id.
84
309 S.W.3d at 541-49.
22
Smith, the supreme court held that a hearing examiner had exceeded his jurisdiction in summarily
reinstating an indefinitely suspended employee based solely on noncompliance with an Act provision
that the examiner erroneously believed to require the department head to personally attend the
hearing.85 The court reasoned that (1) the Act required the hearing examiner to hear evidence and
base his decision on it, yet he had refused to hear evidence; (2) in contrast to the Act’s provisions
requiring immediate reinstatement if the letter of suspension failed to provide adequate notice of the
grounds for suspension, nothing in the Act required or authorized reinstatement as the penalty for
noncompliance with the provision on which the examiner had relied; and (3) the provision of the Act
on which the examiner relied had not applied in the first place.86
Also instructive is City of DeSoto v. White, in which the court held that a department
head’s failure to provide the notice regarding appeal rights that the Civil Service Act required to be
included with the letter of suspension did not deprive the hearing examiner of his jurisdiction under
the Act to proceed with the appeal and impose discipline (i.e., mandate immediate reinstatement),
but should be remedied instead by abating the hearing to afford the municipality opportunity to
cure the omission.87 Applying the Dubai analysis of whether a statutory notice requirement is
“jurisdictional” (i.e., a prerequisite to a tribunal’s subject-matter jurisdiction) as opposed to merely
mandatory,88 the White court looked to whether the Act evidenced “clear legislative intent” to make
85
292 S.W.3d at 17-18.
86
See id. at 17-21 & n.47.
87
288 S.W.3d at 393-401.
88
See Dubai Petroleum Co. v. Kazi, 12 S.W.3d 71, 75-77 (Tex. 2000).
23
the notice requirement a prerequisite for a hearing examiner’s “jurisdiction” to hear an appeal and
impose discipline, considering the Act’s text, “the presence or absence of specific consequences for
noncompliance,” and the consequences that would result from each alternative construction.89 To
reach its conclusion, the supreme court reasoned that, first, the Act did not expressly make the
notice requirement jurisdictional, nor was the requirement made a statutory prerequisite to suit.90
It next observed that the Act had not specified any particular consequences for noncompliance with
the notice requirement, which it found particularly significant when contrasted with the Act’s
requirement of “prompt[] reinstate[ment]” where the letter of suspension “does not specifically point
out . . . the act or acts . . . that allegedly violated the civil service rules . . . .”91 “By arguing that
the City’s failure to provide the required notice is jurisdictional,” the court emphasized, “White
seeks the same remedy provided for in section 143.052(f) [the provision mandating “prompt[]
reinstate[ment]” for inadequate notice of charges]—dismissal,” and that “‘[w]hen the Legislature
includes a right or remedy in one part of a code but omits it in another, that may be precisely
what the Legislature intended,’ and ‘we must honor that difference.’”92 Finally, regarding the
“consequences” of holding that the notice requirement was jurisdictional, the court reasoned that
reinstating an officer “without an adjudication of the very serious allegations against him,” which
89
See White, 288 S.W.3d at 393-97 (citing Helena Chem. Co. v. Wilkins, 47 S.W.3d 486,
495 (Tex. 2001); Dubai Petroleum Co., 12 S.W.3d at 75-77).
90
See id. at 395-96.
91
Id. at 396 (quoting Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code § 143.052(f)).
92
Id. (quoting PPG Indus., Inc. v. JMB/Houston Ctrs. Partners Ltd. P’ship, 146 S.W.3d 79,
84 (Tex. 2004)).
24
included abusing sick leave policy and “subsequently l[ying] to a supervisor about his actions . . .
cannot be the result the Legislature intended,” given “the vital role of police officers . . . in our
society, and the need for continued public trust in the exercise of their duties,” and “especially where
an interpretation which concludes that the provision is not jurisdictional would still protect the
officer’s appellate rights” through the abatement remedy.93
MacAvoy—the Tyler Court of Appeals decision on which appellees and the hearing
examiner relied—applied the Texas Supreme Court’s reasoning from Smith and White to resolve a
dispute, similar to the present one, regarding whether or how a municipality’s noncompliance with
Subchapter B affects a hearing examiner’s authority to impose discipline under the Civil Service Act.
MacAvoy, a police officer for the City of Athens, was indefinitely suspended by the police chief
pursuant to the Civil Service Act after an internal investigation revealed that he had engaged in
sexual relations with a woman while on duty and committed other violations of departmental
policy.94 The investigation had been triggered when the woman’s husband had notified the police
department of MacAvoy’s actions. MacAvoy appealed the suspension to an independent hearing
examiner and argued, similar to Bracey here, that Subchapter B barred his suspension and required
his reinstatement because he had not been provided a signed, written “complaint” from the woman
or her husband.95 Although the hearing examiner proceeded to hear evidence (a fact distinguishing
the case from Smith), he ultimately agreed with MacAvoy that Subchapter B barred his discipline
93
Id. at 396-97 & n.6.
94
353 S.W.3d at 906.
95
Id.
25
and, on that sole basis, ordered him reinstated.96 The City of Athens appealed the hearing examiner’s
decision to the district court, which granted summary judgment that the examiner had not “exceeded
his jurisdiction” in ordering MacAvoy reinstated.97 Concluding otherwise, the Tyler Court of
Appeals reversed.
While conceding that Subchapter B, by its terms, applied to “disciplinary actions”
reviewed or imposed by Civil Service Act hearing examiners, the Tyler court found fault with
the examiner’s reinstatement of the officer on the sole basis that the City had not complied
with Subchapter B. In the court’s view, this application of Subchapter B made it tantamount to a
jurisdictional prerequisite that must be satisfied in order for a hearing examiner to have power to
impose discipline under the Civil Service Act.98 Because hearing examiners have no authority to
create procedural rules, per Smith, the controlling question, the court reasoned, became whether the
Legislature had intended Subchapter B itself to impose this sort of “jurisdictional” limitation on
hearing examiners under the Civil Service Act. Following the Texas Supreme Court’s analysis in
White, the Tyler court concluded that Subchapter B was not intended to be this sort of requirement.
It observed that while Subchapter B’s requirements were clearly mandatory, nothing in that statute
purported to make them jurisdictional; that Subchapter B “contains no specific consequences for
noncompliance”; and that the consequences of the alternative constructions further suggested that
96
Id. at 906, 910 n.5.
97
Id.
98
See id. at 908, 910 n.5.
26
the Legislature had not intended Subchapter B to defeat the jurisdiction of a hearing examiner under
the Civil Service Act:
If the tendering of a complainant’s statement prior to discipline is jurisdictional, a
police officer cannot be relieved of duty even for very serious infractions if the
statement is not provided prior to the imposition of discipline. On the other hand, if
the statement requirement is not jurisdictional, a hearing examiner can hear a case
where the officer[’s] . . . right to due process is respected even if the statement is
presented at a time after the initial discipline is imposed.99
In light of these considerations, the Tyler court held that “[i]n the absence of a legislative directive
that the failure to provide a complainant’s statement prior to discipline means that the officer will
escape discipline, the hearing examiner exceeded his jurisdiction by crafting such a rule.”100
Bracey emphasizes that MacAvoy is not binding precedent on this Court, and
urges that we should not follow its analysis here. He disputes the Tyler court’s assessment that
Subchapter B “contains no specific consequences for noncompliance” that are material to hearing
examiners, insisting that “[d]isciplinary action may not be taken against the officer” could not be
any clearer in specifying the consequences for failing to give “a copy of the signed complaint . . . to
the officer.” But more fundamentally, Bracey asserts that MacAvoy asked and answered the wrong
question. What MacAvoy addressed, Bracey suggests, is whether compliance with Subchapter B
affects the “jurisdiction” of a hearing examiner only in the sense of whether “his acts are not
authorized by the [Civil Service] Act or are contrary to it”—i.e., the first two components of the
99
Id. at 909-10 (footnote omitted).
100
See id. at 910 (citing Smith, 292 S.W.3d at 21, for proposition that “a hearing examiner
exceeds his jurisdiction when his acts are not authorized by the Act or are contrary to it”).
27
“test” the Texas Supreme Court announced in Smith.101 In fact, Bracey goes as far as to concede
that, at least in this sense, “[appellees’] failure to comply with Subchapter B did not cause the
hearing examiner to be without jurisdiction.” But the real question presented in cases like these,
Bracey reasons, instead concerns the third component of the Smith test—whether the hearing
examiner, even if otherwise acting consistently with the Civil Service Act, nonetheless “exceeded
his jurisdiction” through acts that “invade the policy-setting realm protected by the nondelegation
doctrine.”102 Specifically, Bracey contends that Subchapter B embodies the Legislature’s intent and
policy judgment that failure to provide a police officer a written “complaint” as required under
Subchapter B is of sufficient gravity to preclude “disciplinary action,” including that reviewed or
imposed by hearing examiners in appeals under the Civil Service Act, and require reinstatement.
By failing to give effect to Subchapter B, Bracey insists, the hearing examiner supplanted the
Legislature’s policy judgments with her own.
Appellees counter in part that even if the hearing examiner somehow failed to
construe or apply Subchapter B properly, that error would be insulated from judicial review because
it would not implicate the examiner’s “jurisdiction” as contemplated by the Civil Service Act. They
reason that the Act empowers hearing examiners to construe and apply statutes like Subchapter B
in the course of deciding disciplinary appeals, that hearing examiner decisions are “final and
binding on all parties” so long as the examiner remains within this “jurisdiction,” and that “getting
it wrong” is not the same as lacking jurisdiction to decide a question in the first place. We disagree
101
292 S.W.3d at 21 (“a hearing examiner exceeds his jurisdiction when his acts are not
authorized by the Act or are contrary to it”).
102
Id.
28
with appellees that the Act permits or requires courts to ignore the question of Subchapter B’s
implications for and effects on a hearing examiner’s authority.
While the Texas Supreme Court continues to recognize that “‘[a]sserting that a
decision made by a hearing examiner is incorrect is not the same as asserting that the hearing
examiner did not have jurisdiction,’”103 the reasoning of its recent decisions guides us to classify
the error of which Bracey complains as going to the examiner’s “jurisdiction” and not just the
merits of her decision. If, as Bracey argues, the Legislature intended Subchapter B’s prohibition
against “disciplinary action,” once activated, to require Civil Service Act hearing examiners to
reinstate a suspended police officer regardless of whether discipline would otherwise be authorized
under the Act, a hearing examiner’s disregard of that prohibition (or even the existence of delegated
power to do so) would, if unchecked by “meaningful judicial review,” represent the sort of “broad
latitude in determining not only factual disputes but the applicable law” and “whether conduct that
did occur deserves discipline” that the supreme court considers to imperil the constitutional validity
of the Act’s delegation of decision-making authority to hearing examiners under the nondelegation
doctrine.104 Whether viewed as “policymaking” (as Bracey characterizes it) or in terms of an external
statutory limitation on the disciplinary authority that a hearing examiner would otherwise
possess under the Civil Service Act (as the MacAvoy court analyzed it), the hearing examiner’s
failure to give effect to Subchapter B would “exceed her jurisdiction,” construed in light of
these “constitutional concerns.” It follows that the district court had subject-matter jurisdiction to
103
Id. (quoting Smith, 263 S.W.3d at 85).
104
Id. at 19-20.
29
determine—and necessarily had to determine—whether Subchapter B actually had this intent
and effect in order to decide whether the hearing examiner’s decision “exceeded her jurisdiction.”105
In contending that the Act instead bars further judicial inquiry about Subchapter B’s proper
construction and effect, appellees rely—tellingly—on court of appeals’ decisions that were explicitly
disapproved by the Texas Supreme Court in Smith.106
As for whether Subchapter B required the hearing examiner to reinstate Bracey,
appellees again rely heavily on MacAvoy. Notwithstanding Bracey’s attempts to distinguish the
case, we find several facets of its analysis instructive and persuasive. Whether viewed in terms of
the White and Dubai analysis of “jurisdictional” requirements or whether hearing examiners
are “policymaking” in lieu of following the governing law, the gravamen of MacAvoy is that even if
the “disciplinary actions” prohibited under Subchapter B include the discipline reviewed or imposed
by Civil Service Act hearing examiners, neither Subchapter B nor the Act reflects legislative intent
to mandate automatic reinstatement as the sole remedy hearing examiners can impose (per the White
analysis) and that, in the absence of such a mandate in the statute, hearing examiners actually lack
jurisdiction to impose reinstatement as an automatic or categorical remedy (per Smith). In effect, the
MacAvoy court reconciled what were potentially conflicting statutory commands—“thou shalt not
impose ‘disciplinary action,’” sayeth Subchapter B, while the Civil Service Act, at least as construed
105
See Harris Cnty. v. Sykes, 136 S.W.3d 635, 642 (Tex. 2004) (noting “courts always have
jurisdiction to determine their own subject-matter jurisdiction” (citing Camacho v. Samaniego,
831 S.W.2d 804, 809 (Tex. 1992))).
106
See City of Laredo v. Leal, 161 S.W.3d 558, 563 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2004,
pet. denied); Nuchia v. Tippy, 973 S.W.2d 782, 786 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1998, no pet.); see also
Smith, 292 S.W.3d at 21 & nn.49 & 50 (noting that cited opinions failed to “accurately restate[] the
restrictions on a hearing examiner’s authority”).
30
in Smith, seems to forbid the converse, automatic reinstatement—by construing the statutes
collectively to mean that hearing examiners are bound to enforce Subchapter B, but through
some remedy other than automatic reinstatement, presumably some form of abatement or other
opportunity to cure the notice defect, as in White. We agree with this view of the relationship
between Subchapter B and the Civil Service Act.
On one hand, Bracey unquestionably comes within the class of law enforcement
officers who are now protected by Subchapter B, and assuming (as we must in the posture of
this appeal) that appellees failed to provide him a written “complaint” as the statute required,
Subchapter B states unambiguously that “[d]isciplinary action may not be taken” against him
“unless a copy of the signed complaint is given to [him].” Yet nothing in either Subchapter B nor
the Civil Service Act states that automatic reinstatement is the sole remedy or means by which this
prohibition can be enforced. The absence of such language stands in contrast to the Act’s explicit
requirement of “prompt[] reinstate[ment]” if the letter of suspension “does not specifically point out
. . . the act or acts . . .that allegedly violated the civil service rules.”107 Such distinctions in the rights
and remedies available in those situations, as the Texas Supreme Court emphasized in White,
“‘may be precisely what the Legislature intended’”—“and ‘we must honor that difference.’”108 The
supreme court emphasized a similar distinction in Smith, pointing out that the statutory provision on
which the hearing examiner had erroneously relied in reinstating an employee based on the failure
of the department head to attend the hearing did “not authorize rendition of a default judgment as
107
Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code § 143.052(f).
108
288 S.W.3d at 396 (quoting PPG Indus., Inc., 146 S.W.3d at 84).
31
an automatic penalty for noncompliance” and relying in part on the absence of such an authorization
in holding that the hearing examiner “exceeded his jurisdiction” in imposing such a remedy.109
Informed by Smith and White, we conclude, as did the MacAvoy court, that the hearing examiner
would have “exceeded her jurisdiction” had she reinstated Bracey based solely on appellees’ failure
to comply with Subchapter B.110
Bracey’s sole complaint is that the hearing examiner “exceeded her jurisdiction”
by failing to reinstate him based on Subchapter B. We have concluded that, to the contrary, the
examiner had no jurisdiction to award him that remedy based solely on any failure by appellees to
provide him one or more written “complaints” required by Subchapter B. Bracey has not preserved
any complaint that the hearing examiner failed to enforce Subchapter B through a remedy that
would be within her jurisdiction to award. Accordingly, the hearing examiner did not “exceed her
jurisdiction” as a matter of law.111 The district court did not err in granting appellees’ summary-
109
292 S.W.3d at 20.
110
In the alternative, if Subchapter B and the Civil Service Act cannot be reconciled in this
manner, then we would hold that the Act’s provisions defining and limiting the hearing examiner’s
“jurisdiction” would control under the principle that a specific statute will ordinarily prevail over a
general statute when the two cannot be reconciled. See, e.g., City of Waco v. Lopez, 259 S.W.3d 147,
153-54 (Tex. 2008) (holding specific statutory scheme in Human Rights Act provided exclusive
remedy to aggrieved employee and controlled over more general procedures and remedies in
Whistleblower Act).
111
We express no opinion as to whether appellees’ provision of the letter of suspension to
Bracey—which, as the hearing examiner suggested, would seem to contain substantively the same
information regarding Dinwiddie and Fholer’s allegations against Bracey that would have been
provided in the signed, written “complaints” Bracey demands, if not more—sufficed to cure
any violation of Subchapter B. Certainly the safer approach for employers in appellees’ position
would be to provide the information in the form of the signed, written “complaints” described in
Subchapter B.
32
judgment motion or denying Bracey’s motion as to Bracey’s appeal of the hearing examiner’s
decision.
Declaratory-judgment claims
Bracey next argues that the district court erred in granting summary judgment as to
his declaratory-judgment claims. He principally argues that the ground on which appellees relied,
which was framed in terms of “arbitration and award,” is inapposite because proceedings before
independent hearing examiners under the Civil Service Act are not, strictly speaking, arbitration.112
Whatever the merits of this conceptual distinction, the hearing examiner’s decision, which we have
now concluded was properly upheld by the district court on summary judgment, gives rise to a more
fundamental—and jurisdictional—barrier to Bracey’s declaratory claims.113
In the absence of an applicable waiver of governmental immunity, Bracey can
seek to enforce Subchapter B solely through the ultra-vires exception to sovereign and
governmental immunity.114 Bracey’s declaratory-judgment claims against Chief Baldwin, in his
112
See City of League City v. Blevins, 821 S.W.2d 212, 215 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 1991, no writ) (holding “proceedings held before an independent third party hearing
examiner pursuant to [the Civil Service Act] are not in the nature of an arbitration and are not subject
to the provisions of the Texas General Arbitration Act”).
113
Even if not squarely raised by appellees, we have the power and duty to consider these
jurisdictional concerns sua sponte. See Rusk State Hosp. v. Black, 392 S.W.3d 88, 95-96
(Tex. 2012); Texas Ass’n of Bus. v. Texas Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 446 (Tex. 1993).
114
See Mission Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Garcia, 253 S.W.3d 653, 656 & n.2 (Tex. 2008)
(noting that “governmental immunity protects subdivisions of the State, including municipalities”
from lawsuits and liability for money damages); cf. Texas Dep’t of Transp. v. Sefzik, 355 S.W.3d
618, 620-21 (Tex. 2011) (per curiam) (noting that sovereign immunity provides similar protection
to suits against the state); Texas A & M Univ. Sys. v. Koseoglu, 233 S.W.3d 835, 844 (Tex. 2007)
(sovereign immunity generally extends to Texas state officials who are sued in their official
33
official capacity, would be in the nature of such a claim: he seeks to compel the City of Killeen,
through Chief Baldwin, to enforce what Bracey contends is a mandatory statutory prohibition against
“disciplinary action.”115 Further, as Bracey points out, some of our sister courts, albeit in cases
not involving the Civil Service Act, have granted declaratory and injunctive relief to compel
reinstatement of police officers based on Subchapter B violations.116 But as the Texas Supreme
Court has more recently made clear in City of El Paso v. Heinrich, the sole relief that Bracey
could obtain through the ultra vires exception would be declaratory or injunctive relief to
compel prospective compliance with Subchapter B—i.e., to reinstate him going forward from the
time of judgment—and governmental immunity would continue to bar any retrospective relief,
such as retroactive reinstatement and back pay.117 And while governmental immunity would not bar
Bracey’s claim for prospective reinstatement, the hearing examiner’s decision renders that claim
moot—whatever the theoretical merits of Bracey’s declaratory claim, it remains that Bracey would
still be dismissed from the Killeen Police Department by virtue of a hearing examiner decision that
capacities because that is merely “‘another way of pleading an action against the entity of which
[the official] is an agent’” (quoting Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165 (1985))). Although
the UDJA provides limited waivers of immunity, Bracey’s claims regarding violations of
Subchapter B fall outside of them. See Sefzik, 355 S.W.3d at 620-22.
115
See id. at 620-21 & n.2 (observing that claims that sought “to compel a government
official . . . to perform some act that [the plaintiff] considers to be nondiscretionary” distinguished
them as “within the ultra vires rationale”).
116
See Guthery, 112 S.W.3d at 724 (rendering judgment that city and police chief violated
Subchapter B by failing to provide copies of signed “complaints” and ordering reinstatement of
disciplined officer with back pay and benefits).
117
284 S.W.3d 366, 373-77 (Tex. 2009).
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he cannot overturn.118 Bracey’s declaratory-judgment claim, in other words, seeks no relief that the
district court has subject-matter jurisdiction to award, and the district court properly dismissed it.119
CONCLUSION
We affirm the district court’s judgment dismissing Bracey’s claims.
__________________________________________
Bob Pemberton, Justice
Before Justices Puryear, Pemberton, and Field
Affirmed
Filed: November 6, 2013
118
See Klein v. Hernandez, 315 S.W.3d 1, 3 (Tex. 2010) (“Appellate courts are prohibited
from deciding moot controversies because the separation-of-powers article prohibits advisory
opinions on abstract questions of law.” (citing Tex. Const. art. II, § 1; Brooks v. Northglen Ass’n,
141 S.W.3d 158, 164 (Tex. 2004))).
119
In urging that the hearing examiner’s decision should not be deemed to foreclose his
declaratory claims, Bracey refers us to a Dallas Court of Appeals decision involving a
similar declaratory judgment claim alleging that the City of Dallas had violated Subchapter B
and disciplined an employee in spite of it. Nelson v. City of Dallas, 278 S.W.3d 90, 92
(Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, pet. denied). The Nelson court held that an administrative tribunal under
Dallas’s civil service system had primary jurisdiction to decide whether the city had violated
and erroneously applied Subchapter B and, accordingly, that the declaratory claim should be
abated pending the administrative process. See id. at 98 (“Even if the City erroneously applies
[Subchapter B], that error can be addressed in the administrative process and ultimately in
the courts under the judicial review provided by the City charter and ordinances.”). The gist of
Bracey’s complaint is that the Civil Service Act and Nelson collectively force him unfairly into an
administrative process that deprives him of any remedy for appellees’ violations of Subchapter B.
If that is so, it is a function of the disciplinary procedures that the Legislature has provided in the
Civil Service Act, which we are bound to enforce. Consequently, Bracey’s remedy for this perceived
flaw in the Act would lie with that branch of government, not the courts.
35