the Better Business Bureau of Metropolitan Houston, Inc. v. John Moore Services, Inc. and John Moore Renovation, LLC , 441 S.W.3d 345 ( 2013 )

Opinion issued July 16, 2013
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
————————————
NO. 01-12-00990-CV
———————————
THE BETTER BUSINESS BUREAU OF
METROPOLITAN HOUSTON, INC., Appellant
V.
JOHN MOORE SERVICES, INC. AND
JOHN MOORE RENOVATION, LLC, Appellees
On Appeal from the 269th Judicial District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 2012-35162
OPINION
This interlocutory appeal arises from a dispute between the Better Business
Bureau of Metropolitan Houston, Inc. and John Moore, Inc. over a business quality
rating and the right to display past awards. Asserting that a lawsuit John Moore
filed against the Bureau was related to its exercise of free speech, the Bureau filed
a motion to dismiss pursuant to the Texas Citizen’s Participation Act (TCPA). See
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 27.001–.011 (West Supp. 2012). The trial
court denied the motion. We reverse and remand for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
Background
The Better Business Bureau is a non-profit corporation that seeks to promote
ethical business practices, and it espouses a mission of “advancing marketplace
trust” by setting standards for trustworthy businesses, encouraging best business
practices, promoting business role models, and denouncing substandard
marketplace behavior. To these ends, the Bureau rates business in the greater
Houston area on a letter-grade scale and publishes information about area
businesses on its website. On its website, the Bureau notes that its letter grades
represent its “opinion of the business” and that the “grades are not a guarantee of a
business’s reliability or performance.” The Bureau also invites selected businesses
to become “accredited” members by asking them to abide by Bureau-promulgated
standards and to pay a membership fee. In exchange, the Bureau offers accredited
members the use of the Better Business Bureau seal, a page for the business on the
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Bureau’s website, and various services to help resolve disputes between
businesses, such as a mediation program.
John Moore is in the business of providing home repair and maintenance
services, such as air conditioner repair, pest control, and plumbing. Before
December 2010, John Moore was an accredited business with the Houston Better
Business Bureau, and it had received an “A+” rating on the Bureau’s website.
From 2003 to 2010, John Moore received the Bureau’s “Award of Excellence,”
which the company displayed on its advertising materials. John Moore’s president,
Don Valentine, served as Chairman of the Houston Bureau from 2007 to 2008. In
late 2010, however, John Moore resigned from the Houston Bureau, complaining
about the methodology it used to determine its business ratings. The resignation
coincided with the Houston Bureau’s decision to revoke John Moore’s
accreditation in response to numerous consumer complaints. John Moore then
informed the Houston Bureau that it moved its business headquarters to the Bryan-
College Station area. Because the move of headquarters meant that the Houston
Bureau no longer considered John Moore an area business, it changed its letter
grade for the company to “NR” for “not rated.”
In 2012, the Houston Bureau learned that John Moore was continuing to
display a Houston address on its advertising and that the company’s office in
Bryan-College Station had no indications of actual business activity. John Moore
3
had also continued to display Better Business Bureau markings, including the
Award of Excellence logo, on the company’s website, trucks, employee uniforms,
and written invoices. After learning of these activities, the Houston Bureau once
again considered John Moore as a Houston-area business, and it resumed
publication of a business rating on its website. Additionally, the Houston Bureau
filed a trademark infringement lawsuit in federal court to challenge John Moore’s
continued use of the Bureau markings. For its part, John Moore believed it had the
right to continue to display the awards because no temporal restrictions on their use
were imposed when it originally received the awards. The Houston Bureau gave
John Moore an “F” rating for a high number of consumer complaints, the failure to
address those complaints, and the company’s allegedly misleading use of the
Bureau’s trademarks.
John Moore then filed this lawsuit, asserting numerous causes of action
against the Houston Bureau. The Bureau filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to the
TCPA, which applies to legal actions based on, related to, or in response to the
exercise of the rights of free speech, petition, and association. See TEX. CIV. PRAC.
& REM. CODE ANN. § 27.003(a). John Moore responded in support of the viability
of only four of its causes of action: defamation, business disparagement, fraud, and
tortious interference with business relationships. The trial court held a hearing and
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timely denied the motion to dismiss. The Bureau then filed this interlocutory
appeal.
Analysis
The TCPA provides a procedure for dismissing meritless suits that are based
on the defendant’s exercise of the rights of free speech, petition, or association as
defined within the statute. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 27.003. If the
legal action is “based on, relates to, or is in response to” the exercise of those
constitutional rights, a party may file to dismiss “the legal action.” See id.
§ 27.003(a). In deciding whether to grant a motion under the TCPA and dismiss
the lawsuit, the statute instructs a trial court to “consider the pleadings and
supporting and opposing affidavits stating the facts on which the liability or
defense is based.” Id. § 27.006(a).
I. Appellate jurisdiction
John Moore challenges our appellate jurisdiction to review the trial court’s
ruling, so we address that as a threshold matter. The parties do not dispute that
section 27.008(a) permits an interlocutory appeal when a motion to dismiss is
denied by operation of law due to the trial court’s failure to rule. See
id. § 27.008(a). But the trial court in this case did timely rule on the Houston
Bureau’s motion. John Moore, relying on the opinion of the Second Court of
Appeals in Jennings v. WallBuilder Presentations, Inc., 378 S.W.3d 519, 525 (Tex.
5
App.—Fort Worth 2012, pet. filed), contends that section 27.008 does not provide
an interlocutory appeal under these circumstances.
We disagree. This court has recently held, along with several other intermediate
courts of appeal, that “section 27.008 permits an interlocutory appeal from the trial
court’s written order denying a motion to dismiss under the TCPA.” KTRK
Television, Inc. v. Robinson, No. 01-12-00372-CV, slip op. at 11 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] July 11, 2013, no pet. h.) (citing Direct Commercial Funding,
Inc. v. Beacon Hill Estates, LLC, No. 14–12–00896–CV, 2013 WL 407029 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Jan. 24, 2013, order); Better Bus. Bureau of Metro.
Dallas, Inc. v. BH DFW, Inc., No. 05-12-00587-CV, 2013 WL 2077636, at *6
(Tex. App.—Dallas May 15, 2013, no pet. h.); San Jacinto Title Svcs., LLC v.
Kingsley Props., LP, No. 13-12-00352-CV, 2013 WL 1786632, at *4 (Tex. App.—
Corpus Christi Apr. 25, 2013, no pet. h.)). Accordingly, we have interlocutory
appellate jurisdiction over this appeal, and thus we address the denial of the Bureau’s
motion to dismiss.
II. Application of the TCPA
The Bureau argues that dismissal of John Moore’s suit was required because
it demonstrated by a preponderance of the evidence that the claims are a response
to the Bureau’s exercise of its right to free speech, and John Moore failed to
present clear and specific evidence to support each element of its claims to
6
establish its prima facie case. John Moore disputes these points and also asserts
that a business transaction exemption to the statute applies. 1 We address each
contention in turn.
A. Exercise of “the right of free speech”
To obtain dismissal under the TCPA, a defendant must show “by a
preponderance of the evidence that the legal action is based on, relates to, or is in
response to the party’s exercise of the right of free speech; the right to petition; or
the right of association.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 27.005(b). We
review this determination de novo as an application of law to facts. See
Newspaper Holdings, Inc. v. Crazy Hotel Assisted Living, Ltd., No. 01-12-00581-
CV, 2013 WL 1867104, at *6 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] May 2, 2013, no
pet. h.); see also Rehak Creative Servs., Inc. v. Witt, No. 14-12-00658-CV, 2013
WL 2211654, at *6 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] May 21, 2013, no. pet. h.).
1
John Moore also argues that an interpretation of the “clear and specific
evidence” standard in the TCPA that requires a high burden of proof before
trial would violate the open-courts provision of the Texas Constitution and
the right to a trial by jury. To the extent that John Moore argues that the
statute is unconstitutional, that argument was waived due to failure to
present it to the trial court. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a); see also Sw. Elec.
Power Co. v. Grant, 73 S.W.3d 211, 222 (Tex. 2002) (“A litigant must raise
an open-courts challenge in the trial court.”); In re Doe 2, 19 S.W.3d 278,
284 (Tex. 2000) (attacks on the presumption that a statute is constitutional
should be raised as an affirmative defense through appropriate pleadings
before the trial court).
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The TCPA defines “the exercise of the right of free speech” as “a
communication made in connection with a matter of public concern.” TEX. CIV.
PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 27.001(3). John Moore contends that the statute only
applies to speech for the purpose of participation in government, and that the
statute does not apply to lawsuits relating to commercial speech.
We review questions of statutory construction de novo. Tex. Lottery
Comm’n v. First State Bank of DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d 628, 635 (Tex. 2010). In
interpreting statutes, our primary purpose is to give effect to the legislature’s intent
by relying on the plain meaning of the text adopted by the legislature, unless a
different meaning is supplied by statutory definition or is apparent from the
context, or the plain meaning leads to absurd results. Id.
The expressly stated purpose of the TCPA “is to encourage and safeguard
the constitutional rights of persons to petition, speak freely, associate freely, and
otherwise participate in government to the maximum extent permitted by law and,
at the same time, protect the rights of a person to file meritorious lawsuits for
demonstrable injury.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 27.002. John
Moore’s interpretation places great weight on the words “and otherwise participate
in government” as a limitation on the preceding list of “constitutional rights” that
the statute is intended to “encourage and safeguard.” Id. But this interpretation
would render completely meaningless the references to the constitutional rights to
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“speak freely” and “associate freely,” if neither adds any additional meaning to the
protection of the constitutional right “to petition” and to “otherwise participate in
government.” Id.
The right to free speech that is protected by the statute is expressly defined
to include “communication made in connection with a matter of public concern,”
id. § 27.001(3), with a “matter of public concern” itself being defined to include,
among other things, “a good, product, or service in the marketplace.” Id.
§ 27.001(7)(E). These broadly defined references to speech rights do not support
any inference that only a limited subclass of such communications is protected.
John Moore’s interpretation is further undermined by the statute’s unqualified
protection of the “exercise of the right of free speech,” considering that the First
Amendment protects speech conveying information about products and transaction
in the commercial marketplace. See 44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island, 517 U.S.
484, 503–04, 116 S. Ct. 1495 (1996); Va. State Bd. of Pharmacy v. Va. Citizens
Consumer Council, Inc., 425 U.S. 748, 762, 96 S. Ct. 1817 (1976).
We conclude that the scope of the statute is not limited only to protect
speech directed toward the government. Accord BH DFW, 2013 WL 2077636, at
*7 (concluding that a Better Business Bureau’s rating of a company was a
communication relating to an issue of public concern within the meaning of the
TCPA); Newspaper Holdings, 2013 WL 1867104, at *7 (applying TCPA to tort
9
claims against a newspaper and its source). The exercise of the right of free speech
as contemplated by the TCPA includes a person’s right to communicate reviews or
evaluations of services in the marketplace. The Houston Better Business Bureau’s
rating system falls within this definition. Opinion of the quality of a business’s
products and services are published based on the Bureau’s own criteria, including
customer feedback and complaints about those products and services. The Bureau
characterizes its business ratings as “opinions,” and it discloses its criteria for
determining those opinions.
Because the Houston Bureau presented evidence that the legal actions at
issue all relate to or are in response to the expression of opinions regarding the
quality of John Moore’s goods and services, principally business ratings and
associated commentary, the legal actions are necessarily “related to” a matter of
public concern, John Moore’s products and services in the marketplace. See TEX.
CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 27.001, 27.005(b). Therefore, the Houston
Bureau met its burden to prove that John Moore’s legal action related to the
exercise of its right of free speech.
B. Applicability of statutory exclusion
John Moore additionally argues that the TCPA does not apply because the
Houston BBB is primarily engaged in the business of selling advertising and
customer relations services. Section 27.010(b) provides that the TCPA “does not
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apply to a legal action brought against a person primarily engaged in the business
of selling or leasing goods or services, if the statement or conduct arises out of the
sale or lease of goods, services . . . or a commercial transaction in which the
intended audience is an actual or potential buyer or customer.” Id. § 27.010(b).
Because the intended audience of the Houston Bureau’s statements and
conduct that John Moore complains about in this case is the consumer public at
large, not the businesses to which the Bureau attempts to “sell” its membership
services, the exemption does not apply. The statements or conduct that John
Moore complains of are (1) the rating system, (2) the rating the Houston Bureau
gave John Moore on its website and in its customer service interactions, and (3) the
notice on its website that John Moore is not entitled to display the Award of
Excellence logo. The intended audience all of these statements is the public
consumer, not businesses who may be eligible for accreditation.
Even if, based on the evidence John Moore presented, the Bureau could be
considered a business primarily engaged in selling membership services, the actual
or potential buyers or customers of those services would be the accredited
businesses, not the general public. In its lawsuit, John Moore does not complain of
or make allegations regarding the Houston Bureau’s statements or conducts related
to selling its membership services to businesses, which would be the potential
11
buyers or customers of the Houston Bureau. Thus, we conclude that the exemption
does not apply to John Moore’s legal action in this case.
C. Prima facie case
To avoid dismissal of a claim covered by the TCPA, a plaintiff must
establish “by clear and specific evidence a prima facie case for each essential
element of the claim in question.” Id. § 27.005(c). The Houston Bureau contends
that John Moore failed to do so. The Legislature’s use of the term “prima facie
case” implies a minimal factual burden: “prima facie” evidence is “the minimum
quantum of evidence necessary to support a rational inference that the allegation of
fact is true.” Newspaper Holdings, 2013 WL 1867104, at *6; see also Rodriguez v.
Printone Color Corp., 982 S.W.2d 69, 72 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1998,
pet. denied). Conclusory statements are not probative and accordingly will not
suffice to establish a prima facie case. See In re E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.,
136 S.W.3d 218, 223–24 (Tex. 2004). The statute requires that the proof offered
address and support each “essential element” of every claim asserted with “clear
and specific evidence.” See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 27.005(c).
Accordingly, we examine the pleadings and the evidence in a light favorable to
John Moore to determine whether it marshaled “clear and specific” evidence to
support each element of its causes of action. See Newspaper Holdings, 2013 WL
1867104, at *6.
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As the statute does not define “clear and specific” evidence, these terms are
given their ordinary meaning. See TGS-NOPEC Geophysical Co. v. Combs, 340
S.W.3d 432, 439 (Tex. 2011). “Clear” means “free from obscurity or ambiguity,”
“easily understood,” “free from doubt,” or “sure.” MERRIAM-WEBSTER’S
COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY 229 (11th ed. 2003); see also BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY
287 (9th ed. 2009) (“unambiguous,” “sure,” or “free from doubt”). “Specific”
means “constituting or falling into a specifiable category,” “free from ambiguity,”
or “accurate.” MERRIAM-WEBSTER’S COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY, supra, at 1198;
see also BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY, supra, at 1528 (“explicit” or “relating to a
particular named thing”). Clear and specific evidence has also been described as
evidence that is “unaided by presumptions, inferences, or intendments.” Rehak
Creative Servs., 2013 WL 2211654, at *7 (citing McDonald v. Clemens, 464
S.W.2d 450, 456 (Tex. Civ. App.—Tyler 1971, no writ)).
Attached to its response to the motion to dismiss, John Moore filed the
affidavit of its president, Don Valentine, as evidence to support its claims. John
Moore also attached copies of relevant pages from the Houston Bureau’s website
to show the “F” rating, as well as copies of some customer complaints it had
received along with the affidavit of its customer service director. 2
2
John Moore’s brief also extensively relies on evidence that was excluded by
the trial court, such as the transcript of a recorded conversation between
13
We consider each cause of action to determine whether it has been supported
by clear and specific evidence.
1. Defamation
Defamation is a false and injurious impression of a plaintiff published
without legal excuse. See Turner v. KTRK Television, Inc., 38 S.W.3d 103, 115
(Tex. 2000); Randall’s Food Mkts., Inc. v. Johnson, 891 S.W.2d 640, 646 (Tex.
1995). To maintain a defamation cause of action, the plaintiff must prove that the
defendant: (1) published a statement; (2) that was defamatory concerning the
plaintiff; (3) while acting with either actual malice, if the plaintiff was a public
official or public figure, or with negligence, if the plaintiff was a private
individual, regarding the truth of the statement. WFAA-TV, Inc. v. McLemore, 978
S.W.2d 568, 571 (Tex. 1998); see also Neely v. Wilson, No. 11-0228, 2013 WL
3240040, at *5 (Tex. June 28, 2013). “[S]tatements that are not verifiable as false
cannot form the basis of a defamation claim.” Neely, 2013 WL 3240040, at *6
(citing Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co., 497 U.S. 1, 21–22, 110 S. Ct. 2695, 2707
(1990)). A statement is defamatory if the words tend to injure the plaintiff’s
reputation, exposing it to public hatred, contempt, ridicule, or financial injury, or if
John Moore’s president and the president of the Houston Bureau. John
Moore has not challenged the trial court’s evidentiary rulings, and our
analysis does not consider the excluded evidence.
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it tends to impeach the person’s honesty, integrity, or virtue. TEX. CIV. PRAC. &
REM. CODE ANN. § 73.001 (West 2012). To qualify as defamatory, a statement
should be derogatory, degrading, somewhat shocking, and contain elements of
disgrace. Means v. ABCABCO, Inc., 315 S.W.3d 209, 214 (Tex. App.—Austin
2010, no pet.) (citing 1 ROBERT D. SACK, SACK ON DEFAMATION 2–17 (3d ed.
2009)). But a communication that is merely unflattering, abusive, annoying,
irksome, or embarrassing, or that only hurts the plaintiff’s feelings, is not
actionable. Id.
Whether words are capable of the defamatory meaning the plaintiff
attributes to them is a question of law for the court. Carr v. Brasher, 776 S.W.2d
567, 570 (Tex. 1989); Musser v. Smith Protective Servs., Inc., 723 S.W.2d 653,
654–55 (Tex. 1987). Questions of law are subject to de novo review. In re
Humphreys, 880 S.W.2d 402, 404 (Tex. 1994). Whether a publication is an
actionable statement of fact depends on its verifiability and the context in which it
was made. See Bentley v. Bunton, 94 S.W.3d 561, 580–83 (Tex. 2002). We
construe the statement as a whole based upon a reasonable person’s perception of
it. Vice v. Kasprzak, 318 S.W.3d 1, 17 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet.
denied).
15
a. “Not accredited”
John Moore alleges that it was defamed by statements that it was never
accredited with the Houston Bureau and that it was not Better Business Bureau
accredited in 2012. In his affidavit, Valentine identified a statement on the
Houston Bureau’s website that John Moore “is not BBB accredited” as misleading,
untruthful, and harmful because the company “was BBB accredited with the
Bryan-College Station BBB and in turn the Dallas BBB.” For the same reasons,
Valentine complained that the “NR” classification for “not rated” listed on the
Houston Bureau website from 2010 to 2012 was false and misleading.
A statement that a business is not Better Business Bureau “accredited,” even
if false, is not defamatory. Such a statement does not impugn John Moore’s
reputation by suggesting that it engaged in wrongful or unethical conduct. See,
e.g., Musser, 723 S.W.2d at 655. Instead, these statements would merely suggest
that John Moore did not obtain accreditation with the Better Business Bureau—a
purely optional accolade. The printout from the Houston Bureau’s website that
John Moore included in its evidence explains:
Businesses are under no obligation to seek BBB accreditation, and
some businesses are not accredited because they have not sought BBB
accreditation.
To be accredited by BBB, a business must apply for accreditation and
BBB must determine that the business meets BBB accreditation
standards, which include a commitment to make a good faith effort to
resolve any consumer complaints. BBB Accredited Businesses must
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pay a fee for accreditation review/monitoring and for support of BBB
services to the public.
In short, accusing John Moore of not being accredited or never having been
accredited does no more than characterize the company as abstaining from
participation. Instead of portraying unaccredited businesses as worthy of public
hatred, contempt, or ridicule, the Houston Bureau confirmed that businesses are
not obligated to seek accreditation and must pay for the designation. Accordingly,
the allegations regarding John Moore’s purported non-accreditation are not
defamatory.
Likewise, the statement on the Houston Bureau website from 2010 to 2012
that listed John Moore as “not rated” is not defamatory. Even if untrue, not being
rated does not expose John Moore “to public hatred, contempt, ridicule, or
financial injury.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 73.001. The statement
does not suggest that John Moore committed some wrong or engaged in any
nefarious activities. Like being unaccredited by the Bureau, having no rating on
the website suggests merely that John Moore has no rating. See Musser, 723
S.W.2d at 655 (holding statement not defamatory as matter of law that does not
charge plaintiff with commission of a crime, violation of any law or contract, or
with any unethical acts and business dealings).
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b. Advertising excellence awards
Next, John Moore alleges it was defamed by a statement that it was not
permitted to advertise having won Bureau awards of excellence. In his affidavit,
Valentine pointed to “bold and extra large language” on the website “which clearly
and improperly implied that John Moore Services only ‘claimed’ to have won all
the Education Foundation Awards for Excellence, but hadn’t actually won them.”
The Houston Bureau’s statements regarding John Moore’s disputed right to
display the “Award of Excellence” mark are non-defamatory because, as Valentine
himself acknowledged, the website truthfully described the parties’ opposing
contentions concerning the use of the marks. The Houston Bureau explained on its
website that John Moore “continue[s] to advertise winning numerous BBB Awards
for Excellence for the years 2003–2010,” despite the fact that the Bureau “has
asked that this practice cease.” Acknowledging that a dispute exists over these
advertising of these awards is not a defamatory statement, let alone a statement
showing the Bureau’s negligent regard for the truth, as a defamation showing
requires.
Moreover, despite characterizing the webpage as having “clearly and
improperly implied” that the awards had not been actually won, John Moore did
not present clear and specific evidence of the actual content of these statements—
as opposed to what Valentine contends they “implied”—to facilitate a
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determination of whether they were defamatory. John Moore did not include a
copy of that webpage, actually quote the allegedly offending language, or even
describe in detail what the Houston BBB website stated, as opposed to Valentine’s
conclusory description of what he thought the website “implied.”
c. “F” rating
John Moore also complains about the publication of the “F” rating on the
Houston Bureau website. But the “F” rating itself cannot be defamatory because it
is the Bureau’s self-described “opinion” of the quality of John Moore’s services,
which lacks a high degree of verifiability. See Neely, 2013 WL 3240040, at *6;
Vice, 318 S.W.3d at 18. Even to the extent such an opinion is verifiable based on
the standards the Bureau uses to determine its ratings, the “F” is not a false and
defamatory statement. The Bureau considers customer complaints regarding the
business in its standards for determining the ratings, and the website identified
customer complaints and advertising issues as the reason for John Moore’s low
rating. The consumer complaint evidence that John Moore itself filed in response
to the motion to dismiss includes several complaints about the company’s costly
services and poor customer support, supporting the low opinion expressed on the
website.
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Accordingly, after carefully reviewing the record, we conclude that John
Moore failed to adduce clear and specific evidence to establish a prima facie case
that the Houston Bureau made any actionable defamatory statements.
2. Business disparagement
To prevail on a business disparagement claim, a plaintiff must establish that
(1) the defendant published false and disparaging information, (2) with malice,
(3) without privilege, (4) that resulted in special damages to the plaintiff. Forbes
Inc. v. Granada Biosciences, Inc., 124 S.W.3d 167, 170 (Tex. 2003); Hurlbut v.
Gulf Atl. Life Ins. Co., 749 S.W.2d 762, 766 (Tex. 1987). “A business
disparagement claim is similar in many respects to a defamation action.” Forbes,
124 S.W.3d at 170. The two torts differ in the interest protected: a defamation
claim protects an injured party’s personal reputation, while a business
disparagement claim protects economic interests. Id. “[A] business disparagement
defendant may be held liable ‘only if he knew of the falsity or acted with reckless
disregard concerning it, or if he acted with ill will or intended to interfere in the
economic interest of the plaintiff in an unprivileged fashion.’” Id. (quoting
Hurlbut, 749 S.W.2d at 766). Accordingly, at a minimum, a statement must be
defamatory to support a business disparagement claim. See, e.g., Rehak Creative
Servs., 2013 WL 2211654, at *9; Means, 315 S.W.3d at 212. John Moore makes
the same allegations to support its business disparagement claim as it made
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regarding its defamation claim. But as explained above, it did not present clear
and specific evidence establishing that the Houston Bureau published a false and
defamatory statement, which is essential to a business disparagement claim. See
Hurlbut, 749 S.W.2d at 766. Accordingly, John Moore did not present a prima
facie case of business disparagement.
3. Fraud
A person commits fraud by (1) making a representation of material fact
(2) that is false (3) and was known to be false or asserted recklessly without
knowledge of its truth (4) with the intent that the misrepresentation be acted upon,
and (5) the person to whom the misrepresentation is made justifiably relies upon it
and (6) is injured as a result. Aquaplex, Inc. v. Rancho La Valencia, Inc., 297
S.W.3d 768, 774 (Tex. 2009). The defendant’s acts or omissions must be a cause-
in-fact of the plaintiff’s injury, i.e., a substantial factor in bringing about an injury
which otherwise would not have occurred. See Formosa Plastics Corp. USA v.
Presidio Eng’rs & Contractors Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 47 (Tex. 1998); Marathon
Corp. v. Pitzner, 106 S.W.3d 724, 727 (Tex. 2003). The maker of the
misrepresentation must have had reason to expect the plaintiff to rely on his
statement when the statement was made. Ernst & Young, L.L.P. v. Pac. Mut. Life
Ins. Co., 51 S.W.3d 573, 580 (Tex. 2001). The transaction sued upon must be of
the type the defendant could have contemplated. See id. Furthermore, promises of
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future performance generally do not constitute actionable fraud, as they are not
representations of fact, but may be actionable if made with the intent and purpose
to deceive and with no intention of performing. Formosa Plastics, 960 S.W.2d at
48.
In its original petition and response to the motion to dismiss, John Moore
alleged specifically that the Houston Bureau falsely represented the following
information to it:
(1) that John Moore could continue advertising its receipt of the
Awards of Excellence, even after it was no longer a member of the
Houston BBB, by not placing any restrictions on the awards when
they were given to John Moore from 2003 to 2010; (2) that John
Moore could not advertise with the BBB “trademark(s)” registered to
the Council of Better Business Bureaus, Inc., since it is no longer a
member of the Houston BBB; (3) that the Houston BBB would not
include price complaints in a business’s complaint record, nor would
it factor price complaints into the overall rating of a business; (4) that
the Houston BBB is an independent and unbiased rating agency; and
(5) that the Houston BBB follows its mission statement and values
statement that claims its goal is to “[b]e honest and ethical in all of its
business activities;” “[t]reat everyone with integrity[,] . . . respect and
dignity;” and “communicate with honesty.”
John Moore referred to its affidavits as evidence of the damages it suffered as a
result of these allegedly fraudulent representations. In those affidavits, John
Moore stated that the Houston Bureau’s “statements to John Moore’s current and
prospective customers are false and are causing John Moore to lose customers,
valuable goodwill and revenue.” Based on representations that it could continue to
display Bureau markings, John Moore allegedly “continued to spend millions of
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dollars in advertising with the Awards.” John Moore also stated it suffered a 20%
decrease in business after the Houston BBB posted the “F” rating on its website.
a. Alleged misrepresentations regarding advertising of awards
The first category of misrepresentations alleged in support of the fraud claim
relate to John Moore’s advertising of its past awards from the Bureau. The
allegations are that John Moore was told “that it could continue advertising its
receipt of the Awards of Excellence, even after John Moore was no longer a
member of the Houston BBB, by not placing any restrictions on the awards when
they were given to John Moore from 2003 through 2010,” yet it was subsequently
told that it “cannot advertise with the BBB trademark(s), registered to the Council
of Better Business Bureaus, Inc., since they are no longer members of the Houston
BBB.”
The allegation that the Houston Bureau did not affirmatively restrict John
Moore’s use of the Bureau’s markings and award insignia does not amount to a
misrepresentation of a material fact. To the extent John Moore was “encouraged”
to advertise the awards in the past, there is no allegation that this encouragement
was tantamount to a perpetual license to use Bureau trademarks, nor could it mean
that the Bureau could never take a subsequent position that it would be misleading
for a company with a current “F” rating to prominently feature Bureau awards in
its advertising. Even if John Moore was encouraged at one point to advertise its
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Better Business Bureau status and awards, that does not preclude the Houston
Bureau from later taking the position that to continue such advertising is
misleading in light of John Moore’s current rating and status.
John Moore also relies on a letter it received from the manager of the
Education Foundation of the Better Business Bureau of Greater Houston and South
Texas as a representation that it could continue to display the awards, but this letter
actually undermines any claim of reasonable reliance. The letter confirmed “that
John Moore Services has been ‘grandfathered’ to use the wreath version of the
Awards for Excellence logo as a graphic element in its advertising as long as the
current BBB logo is also displayed on the ad.” The letter also acknowledged that
John Moore “invested heavily in signage for its vehicles using the wreath graphic
when the [award] program was first resurrected years ago.” Nevertheless, the
letter also stated: “Although this ‘grandfather’ exemption will eventually end, it is
currently in effect to avoid saddling the Company with the expense of re-painting
all its fleet and re-designing all of its advertising graphics.” The full context of the
letter defeats any justifiable reliance by John Moore on further investment in
signage, uniforms, or other similar uses of the Bureau logo. The letter indicated
that the “exemption” would not be permanent, and that it was intended to save
John Moore the expense of repainting and redesigning existing materials—not to
authorize fresh expenditures on promotional materials featuring the Bureau and
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Awards of Excellence logos. The letter also cannot be reasonably read to suggest
that the Bureau was forfeiting its right to ever take the position in the future that it
would be misleading for an F-rated or nonrated business to advertise Bureau
awards it had won in the past.
John Moore also complains that the Houston Bureau represented that it
“cannot advertise with the BBB trademark(s), registered to the Council of Better
Business Bureaus, Inc., since they are no longer members of the Houston BBB.”
John Moore may disagree with the Bureau, but the statement is not an actionable
misrepresentation of material fact. The statement reflects the Houston Bureau’s
legal position. The Houston Bureau sued John Moore in court for trademark
infringement, so John Moore was presumably aware of the Houston Bureau’s
position regarding the display.
b. Alleged misrepresentations about rating based on price complaints
John Moore alleges that the Houston Bureau represented that it “would not
count price complaints” in its record of a complaints or factor such price
complaints into the Bureau’s rating. But John Moore failed to provide any
evidence to establish that it reasonably relied on this alleged misrepresentation.
John Moore did not present evidence that it acted or failed to act due to the
Bureau’s alleged misrepresentation. See Ernst & Young, 51 S.W.3d at 577
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(plaintiff establishes reliance by showing that the defendant’s acts and
representations induced it to either act or refrain from acting to its detriment).
c. Alleged misrepresentations of independence and neutrality
The original petition and response to the motion to dismiss alleged that the
Bureau committed fraud by misrepresenting that it “is an independent and unbiased
rating agency” and that it follows its mission statement and values statement that
claims the Houston Bureau’s goal is to “‘[b]e honest and ethical in all of its
business activities;’ ‘[t]reat everyone with integrity[,] respect and dignity;’ and
‘communicate with honesty.’” But John Moore presented no clear and specific
evidence of when or how the Houston Bureau represented that it was “independent
and unbiased,” and it provided no evidence that made any reference whatsoever to
the Bureau’s “mission statement and values statement.” For instance, John Moore
did not provide any relevant context for the alleged misrepresentations, such as
who made them, where and when they were made, or even how they were
communicated (such as orally, in writing, or on the website). John Moore also
presented no clear and specific evidence to establish the element that it justifiably
relied on the alleged representation that the Bureau is a neutral and unbiased rating
agency. In sum, John Moore did not offer clear and specific evidence to establish
its claim that the Houston Bureau made an actionable misrepresentation about its
neutrality.
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Accordingly, John Moore’s evidence does not clearly and specifically
establish all of the essential elements of a prima facie fraud claim for the alleged
misrepresentations made by the Houston Bureau.
4. Tortious interference
To establish a cause of action for tortious interference with contract, a
plaintiff must prove that (1) a contract subject to interference exists, (2) the
defendant committed a willful and intentional act of interference with the contract
(3) the act proximately caused injury, and (4) the plaintiff sustained actual damages
or loss. ACS Investors, Inc. v. McLaughlin, 943 S.W.2d 426, 430 (Tex. 1997). To
establish a cause of action for tortious interference with prospective contract or
business relationships, a plaintiff must show that (1) there was a reasonable
probability that the parties would have entered into a business relationship; (2) the
defendant committed an independently tortious or unlawful act that prevented the
relationship from occurring; (3) the defendant either acted with a conscious desire
to prevent the relationship from occurring or knew the interference was certain or
substantially certain to occur as a result of the conduct; and (4) the plaintiff
suffered actual harm or damages as a result of the defendant's interference.
Richardson-Eagle, Inc. v. William M. Mercer, Inc., 213 S.W.3d 469, 475 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. denied).
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John Moore’s tortious interference with contract claims fail for failing to
establish by clear and specific evidence the essential element of the existence of a
contract subject to interference. John Moore argues that the evidence showed that
some complaining customers mentioned on the Bureau’s website that they would
file complaints demanding their money back from John Moore and that there was
interference with its contracts with the Dallas and Bryan-College Station chapters.
But John Moore offered no clear and specific evidence of any of these contracts or
their terms.
“To prevail on a tortious interference claim, a plaintiff must present
evidence that the defendant interfered with a specific contract.” Funes v. Villatoro,
352 S.W.3d 200, 213 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, pet. denied). To
establish interference, “the plaintiff must present evidence that some obligatory
provision of a contract has been breached.” Id. John Moore did not present
evidence regarding the terms of any of contracts with customers or the other Better
Business Bureau chapters, or how those contracts were breached. Instead, John
Moore only alleged that such contracts exist. John Moore also did not clearly and
specifically demonstrate what injuries or damages it suffered as a result of the
interference—two other necessary elements of the tortious interference claim. It
only contended that its general revenues fell after the “F” rating was published.
This does not amount to clear and specific evidence establishing the essential
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elements of a prima facie claim that the Houston Bureau willfully and intentionally
interfered with John Moore’s contracts with its customers and other Better
Business Bureau chapters.
John Moore’s tortious interference with business relationships claim also
fails because it did not present clear and specific evidence that the Houston BBB
committed an “independently tortious or unlawful act.” Brown v. Swett &
Crawford of Tex., Inc., 178 S.W.3d 373, 381–82 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2005, no pet.). As discussed above, John Moore did not present clear and specific
evidence to establish a prima facie claim that the Houston BBB committed any
other tortious or unlawful acts. Thus, John Moore necessarily has failed to present
a prima facie claim supported by clear and specific evidence of interference with
business relationships. See id. at 382–83 (noting that this element requires
determining the validity of the plaintiff’s only tort claim).
Conclusion
We hold that the Houston Better Business Bureau satisfied its burden under
the TCPA to show that John Moore’s claims against it are based on, relate to, or
are in response to, the exercise of their free speech rights. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. &
REM. CODE ANN. § 27.005(b). We further hold that John Moore has failed to
sustain its burden to show, by clear and specific evidence, a prima facie case for
each essential element of its claims, or that its claims fall within the commercial-
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speech exemption. See id. §§ 27.005(c), 27.010(b). We therefore reverse the trial
court’s denial of the motion to dismiss and remand the case to the trial court for
further proceedings. See id. § 27.009(a).
Michael Massengale
Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Sharp and Massengale.
Justice Sharp, dissenting. Dissent to follow.
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