Robert L. Malcom v. Cobra Acquisitions, LLC ( 2020 )


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  •                                    In The
    Court of Appeals
    Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
    ________________________
    No. 07-19-00405-CV
    ________________________
    ROBERT L. MALCOM, APPELLANT
    V.
    COBRA ACQUISITIONS, LLC, APPELLEE
    On Appeal from the 242nd District Court
    Hale County, Texas
    Trial Court No. B42941-1909; Honorable Kregg Hukill, Presiding
    April 30, 2020
    MEMORANDUM OPINION
    Before PIRTLE, PARKER, and DOSS, JJ.
    Appellant, Robert L. Malcom, sold his business to Appellee, Cobra Acquisitions,
    LLC, and the parties entered into two agreements containing restrictive covenants. Cobra
    accused Malcom of violating the restrictive covenants and filed suit for breach of contract.
    In the interim, the trial court granted a temporary injunction against Malcom for violating
    certain non-competition provisions. By six issues, Malcom challenges the temporary
    injunction. The Table of Contents of Malcom’s brief lists six issues as follows:
    1. Whether the trial court abused its discretion in granting an application for
    temporary injunction when there was no showing of probable injury.
    2. Whether the trial court abused its discretion in granting an application for a
    temporary injunction when there was no showing of a lack of an adequate
    remedy at law.
    3. Whether the trial court abused its discretion in granting an application for
    temporary injunction when there was no showing of a likelihood of success
    on the merits.
    4. Whether the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the affidavit of Cory
    Mahan, over the objection of [Malcom].
    5. Whether the trial court abused its discretion by failing to reform
    unreasonable terms of the covenant not to compete pursuant to Sec. 15.51
    of the Texas Business and Commerce Code.
    6. Whether dissolution of the temporary injunction is necessary as injunctive
    relief is governed by principles of equity, which require a balancing of the
    equities.
    The issues presented in the body of Malcom’s brief, which do not comport with the issues
    presented above, provide as follows:1
    I.         STANDARDS OF REVIEW
    II.        THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN GRANTING THE
    TEMPORARY INJUNCTION ABSENT SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE OF A
    PROBABLE RIGHT OF RECOVERY.
    III.       THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN GRANTING THE
    TEMPORARY INJUNCTION ABSENT SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE OF
    IRREPARABLE INJURY AND LACK OF ADEQUATE LEGAL REMEDY.
    There is no issue four in the body of the brief dedicated to Malcom’s complaint regarding
    1
    admission of Cory Mahan’s affidavit. Instead, under issue II, Malcom commingles his argument that
    Mahan’s affidavit is conclusory and then presumes the trial court improperly considered it with his argument
    on a probable right of recovery.
    2
    V.          THE NON-COMPETITION AGREEMENT AND THE RESULTING
    TEMPORARY INJUNCTION ARE BOTH UNENFORCEABLE
    BECAUSE THEY ARE VAGUE AND OVERLY BROAD AND NOT
    SPECIFIC IN THEIR TERMS.
    VI.         DISSOLUTION OF THE TEMPORARY INJUNCTION IS NECESSARY
    AS INJUNCTIVE RELIEF IS GOVERNED BY PRINCIPLES OF
    EQUITY, WHICH REQUIRE A BALANCING OF THE EQUITIES.
    For the reasons that follow, we affirm the trial court’s Temporary Injunction.
    BACKGROUND
    Prior to the events at issue in this controversy, Malcom worked at Xcel Energy and
    was also a spiritual director at a halfway house for men. In 2012, he decided to leave his
    position at Xcel in order to establish Higher Power Electrical, LLC, a limited liability
    corporation, launched to train the residents of the halfway house in a trade that would
    help them find gainful employment. The enterprise grew into a power distribution network
    that was in the business of building, maintaining, and repairing transmission and
    distribution lines and substations for investor-owned utilities (IOU).2 Its territories included
    Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and other southern states. Five years after its inception,
    the business employed ten to twelve crews.
    In 2017, Keith Ellison,3 then President of Cobra approached Malcom about
    purchasing Higher Power for $4,000,000.4 After negotiations, Malcom agreed to sell his
    business to Cobra and, because of the good will that Malcom had developed, Cobra
    2
    IOUs are publicly traded companies unlike cooperatives.
    3
    Ellison was eventually indicted for corruption for unfairly soliciting federal government contracts
    in Puerto Rico during the hurricane recovery effort.
    4
    During his testimony Malcom insisted the sales price was $5,000,000 but section 2.02(a) of the
    Purchase Agreement recites the purchase price as $4,000,000 minus the escrow amount of $750,000.
    3
    agreed to keep him as president for a three-year transition period. On April 21, 2017,
    Malcom and Cobra signed a Purchase Agreement containing the details of the sale. That
    same date, the parties entered into an Employment Agreement whereby Cobra employed
    Malcom as president for the transition period. Malcom’s annual base salary was set at
    $200,000 plus potential bonuses.
    Pursuant to the terms of the Purchase Agreement, Malcom was prohibited from
    working for competitors in Texas, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. He was also prohibited
    from soliciting Higher Power’s customers and employees until two years following his
    termination from employment (known as the “restricted period” in the Employment
    Agreement).
    The relevant provisions of the Purchase Agreement are as follows:
    Section 5.02 Non-competition; Non-solicitation
    (a) During the Restricted Period . . . Seller shall not . . . engage in or assist
    others in engaging in the Company Business or any division or business
    segment of any Company Business . . . or intentionally interfere in any
    material respect with the business relationships (whether formed prior
    to or after the date of this Agreement) between the Company or its
    Affiliates and customers or suppliers of the Company or its Affiliates or
    cause, induce or encourage any material actual or prospective client,
    customer, supplier or licensor of the Company or its Affiliates (including
    any existing or former client or customer of the Company or its Affiliates
    during the Restricted Period), or any other Person who has a material
    business relationship with the Company or its Affiliates, to terminate or
    modify any such actual or prospective relationship.
    (b) During the Restricted Period, Seller shall not, and shall not permit any
    of his respective Affiliates to, directly hire or solicit any employee of the
    Company or encourage any such employee to leave such employment
    or hire any such employee who has left such employment.
    4
    (c) During the Restricted Period, Seller shall not, and shall not permit any
    of his respective Affiliates to, directly solicit or entice, or attempt to solicit
    or entice, any clients or customers of the Company or potential clients
    or customers of the Company for purposes of diverting their business or
    services from the Company.
    (d) Seller acknowledges that a breach or threatened breach of this Section
    5.02 would give rise to irreparable harm to Buyer, for which monetary
    damages would not be an adequate remedy, and hereby agrees that in
    the event of a breach or a threatened breach by Seller of any such
    obligations, Buyer shall, in addition to any and all other rights and
    remedies that may be available to it in respect of such breach, be entitled
    to equitable relief, including a temporary restraining order, an injunction,
    specific performance and any other relief . . . .
    (e) Seller acknowledges that the restrictions contained in this Section 5.02
    are reasonable and necessary to protect the legitimate interests of Buyer
    and constitute a material inducement to Buyer to enter into this
    Agreement and consummate the transactions contemplated by this
    Agreement. . . .
    The Purchase Agreement also included several disclosure schedules.                     Disclosure
    Schedule 3.09(a) provided in part as follows:
    Material Contracts
    (i) Contracts with Material Customers and Material Suppliers
    Material Customers
    1.      Xcel Energy
    2.      AEP
    3.      Lea County
    The Employment Agreement contained language similar to the restrictions in the
    Purchase Agreement including the following provision:
    6. Restrictive Covenants
    (c) In light of Employee’s access to Confidential Information and position of
    trust and confidence with the Company, Employee hereby agrees that,
    during his employment and for a period of two (2) years following such
    5
    termination (the “Restricted Period”), Employee shall not, and shall not
    permit any of his Affiliates to, directly or indirectly, in the Territory (defined
    below): engage in or assist others in engaging in the business of any
    Restricted Business (defined below) or any division or business segment of
    any Restricted Business, have an interest in any Restricted Business or any
    division or business segment of any Restricted Business in any capacity,
    including as a partner, shareholder, member, employee, principal, agent,
    trustee or consultant, or intentionally interfere in any material respect with
    the business relationships (whether formed prior to or after the date of this
    Agreement) between the Company or its Affiliates and customers or
    suppliers of the Company or its Affiliates or cause, induce or encourage any
    material actual or prospective client, customer, supplier or licensor of the
    Company or its Affiliates and any Person that becomes a client or customer
    of the Company or its Affiliates during the Restricted Period), or any other
    Person who has a material business relationship with the Company or its
    Affiliates, to terminate or modify any such relationship. For purposes of this
    Agreement:
    (i) “Affiliates” of a Person means any other person that directly or indirectly,
    through one or more intermediaries, controls, is controlled by, or is under
    common control with, such Person. The term “control” (including the terms
    “controlled by” and “under common control with”) means the possession,
    directly or indirectly, of the power to direct or cause direction of the
    management and policies of a Person, whether through the ownership of
    voting securities, by contract or otherwise.
    (ii) “Person” means an individual, corporation, partnership, joint venture,
    limited liability company, governmental authority, unincorporated
    organization, trust, association or other entity.
    (iii) “Restricted Business” means the business of servicing investor-owned
    utilities, including providing services to the oil and gas industry.
    (iv) “Territory” means the State of Texas, the State of New Mexico and the
    State of Oklahoma.
    Malcom did not complete his three-year employment transition period after the sale
    of Higher Power. Instead, on October 13, 2018, he resigned as president and was
    succeeded by Cory Mahan. After resigning, Malcom performed a “low voltage job” for his
    father-in-law and, in February 2019, still in the time frame of the restricted period of two
    years following his resignation, Malcom was recruited by Max Wolford to work for BHI
    Energy, a direct competitor of Higher Power that engaged in servicing IOUs. Malcom
    6
    advised BHI that he remained under restrictive covenants until October 2020, and the
    decision was made to hire him as vice president of operations for territories east of the
    Mississippi River to avoid the territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. Wolford
    served as vice president of operations west of the Mississippi River which included Texas,
    New Mexico, and Oklahoma.
    Higher Power interpreted Malcom’s duties at BHI as a breach of the restrictive
    covenants in the Purchase Agreement and Employment Agreement. Specifically, Higher
    Power alleged that Malcom hired at least six crews away from Higher Power and caused
    two of Higher Power’s customers (Otero County Electric Cooperative, Inc. and Lea
    County Electric Cooperative, Inc.) to transfer their businesses to BHI.
    On September 16, 2019, Cobra filed suit against Malcom seeking declaratory
    relief, including a temporary injunction against Malcom for violating certain provisions of
    the Purchase Agreement and the Employment Agreement. The cause of action alleged
    in the underlying suit is a breach of contract claim. By its pleading, verified by Mahan,
    Cobra alleged that Malcom engaged in a “competing business” and caused employees
    of Higher Power to terminate or modify their employment. That same day, the trial court
    issued a temporary restraining order.
    One month later, the trial court held a hearing to determine whether to grant a
    temporary injunction. After the hearing, the trial court granted a temporary injunction
    enjoining Malcom from (1) engaging in company business in Texas, New Mexico, and
    Oklahoma, including work for Otero and Lea County as they were former clients of Higher
    Power, (2) soliciting and hiring Higher Power’s current or former employees, and (3)
    7
    soliciting, contacting, enticing, or attempting to solicit or entice Higher Power’s clients or
    customers in Texas, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. Following the trial court’s ruling,
    Malcom requested findings of fact and conclusions of law, but none were filed. Pursuant
    to section 51.014(a)(4) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code, Malcom filed this
    interlocutory appeal.5 See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 51.014(a)(4) (West Supp.
    2019).
    STANDARD OF REVIEW
    The decision to grant or deny a temporary injunction is within the sound discretion
    of the trial court. Walling v. Metcalfe, 
    863 S.W.2d 56
    , 58 (Tex. 1993). Therefore, we
    review a trial court’s order granting a temporary injunction for clear abuse of discretion.
    Henry v. Cox, 
    520 S.W.3d 28
    , 33 (Tex. 2017). In that process, we limit the scope of our
    review to the validity of the order, without reviewing or deciding the underlying merits, and
    we will not disturb the order unless it is “so arbitrary that it exceed[s] the bounds of
    reasonable discretion.”
    Id. at 33-34
    (quoting Butnaru v. Ford Motor Co., 
    84 S.W.3d 198
    ,
    204 (Tex. 2002) (op. on reh’g)).              No abuse of discretion exists if some evidence
    reasonably supports the trial court’s ruling. 
    Henry, 520 S.W.3d at 34
    ; 
    Butnaru, 84 S.W.3d at 211
    . Further, the trial court does not abuse its discretion when it makes a decision
    based on conflicting evidence. Loye v. Travelhost, Inc., 
    156 S.W.3d 615
    , 619 (Tex.
    App.—Dallas 2004, no pet.). In our review, we draw all legitimate inferences from the
    evidence in the light most favorable to the decision and review any legal determinations
    de novo.
    Id. We do
    not resolve factual disputes, Bright Land & Cattle, LLC v. PG-M Int’l,
    LLC, No. 07-16-00336-CV, 2017 Tex. App. LEXIS 2083, at *6 (Tex. App.—Amarillo March
    5
    Trial on the merits was scheduled for December 18, 2019, but was vacated pending this appeal.
    8
    9, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.), and where, as here, no findings of fact or conclusions of law
    are filed, the trial court’s determination of whether to grant or deny a temporary injunction
    “must be upheld on any legal theory supported by the record.” Davis v. Huey, 
    571 S.W.2d 859
    , 862 (Tex. 1978); Tom James of Dallas, Inc. v. Cobb, 
    109 S.W.3d 877
    , 884 (Tex.
    App.—Dallas 2003, no pet.).
    In a temporary injunction hearing the trial court, as factfinder, judges the credibility
    of the witnesses and assigns what weight it chooses to their testimony. S. Plains SNO,
    Inc. v. Eskimo Hut Worldwide, Ltd., No. 07-19-00003-CV, 2019 Tex. App. LEXIS 3015, at
    *13 (Tex. App.—Amarillo April 12, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citations omitted).
    Accordingly, we are bound to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial
    court's decision. Bright Land & Cattle, 2017 Tex. App. LEXIS 2083, at *6.
    APPLICABLE LAW
    A temporary injunction is an extraordinary remedy granted to preserve the status
    quo pending a trial on the merits. 
    Butnaru, 84 S.W.3d at 204
    . An applicant seeking relief
    must plead and prove the three specific elements: (1) a cause of action against the
    defendant, (2) a probable right to the relief sought on that cause of action, and (3) a
    probable, imminent, and irreparable injury in the interim if the injunction is not granted.
    Id. A probable
    right of recovery is proven by alleging the existence of a right and
    presenting evidence tending to illustrate that the right is being denied. Friona Indep. Sch.
    Dist. v. King, 
    15 S.W.3d 653
    , 657 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2000, no pet.). The movant for
    a temporary injunction is not required to prove ultimate success on its cause of action.
    9
    Bright Land & Cattle, LLC, 2017 Tex. App. LEXIS 2083, at *5. A movant “must show only
    a likelihood of success on the merits.” DeSantis v. Wackenhut Corp., 
    793 S.W.2d 670
    ,
    686 (Tex. 1990). The movant’s burden is met simply by alleging a cause of action and
    presenting evidence tending to sustain it. Bright Land & Cattle, LLC, 2017 Tex. App.
    LEXIS 2083, at *5.
    The movant for a temporary injunction must establish that it is threatened with an
    actual irreparable injury if the injunction is not granted. See, e.g., Marketshare Telecom,
    L.L.C. v. Ericsson, Inc., 
    198 S.W.3d 908
    , 925 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.)
    (citing Markel v. World Flight, Inc., 
    938 S.W.2d 74
    , 80 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1996, no
    pet.)). “An injury is irreparable if the injured party cannot be adequately compensated in
    damages or if the damages cannot be measured by any certain pecuniary
    standard.” 
    Butnaru, 84 S.W.3d at 204
    . “[A] legal remedy is inadequate if, among other
    things, damages are difficult to calculate or their award may come too late.” SHA, LLC v.
    Northwest Tex. Healthcare Sys., No. 07-13-00320-CV, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 38, at *3
    (Tex. App.—Amarillo Jan. 3, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.).
    However, when a temporary injunction is sought to enforce a restrictive covenant,
    the party seeking the injunction is not required to prove irreparable injury for which there
    is no adequate remedy at law. See Letkeman v. Reyes, 
    299 S.W.3d 482
    , 486 (Tex.
    App.—Amarillo 2009, no pet.) (citing Jim Rutherford Investments, Inc. v. Terrarmar Beach
    Community Ass’n, 
    25 S.W.3d 845
    , 849 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet.
    denied)). See also Munson v. Milton, 
    948 S.W.2d 813
    , 815 (Tex. App.—San Antonio
    1997, pet. denied). Instead, all that is required is proof that the defendant intends to
    commit an act that would breach the restrictive covenant. 
    Letkeman, 299 S.W.3d at 486
    .
    10
    CORY MAHAN’S AFFIDAVIT
    Before addressing the issues related to the Temporary Injunction, we address the
    issue of Mahan’s affidavit in support of Cobra’s pleading. Rule 682 of the Texas Rules of
    Civil Procedure requires a sworn petition for injunction to be verified by affidavit. TEX. R.
    CIV. P. 682. As noted in footnote 
    one, supra
    , Malcom did not specifically dedicate an
    issue to the affidavit. Instead, he commingled the argument with other another issue.
    Following closing arguments at the hearing, the parties debated whether the
    affidavit constituted sufficient evidence to support issuance of a temporary injunction.
    Malcom made a hearsay objection and asked that the affidavit be excluded. The trial
    court noted Malcom’s objection and announced the following:
    I’ll make some reference in my ruling to whether or not I considered [the
    affidavit] or whether or not I sustained your objection.
    The temporary injunction is silent on whether the trial court ruled on the hearsay objection
    or whether it considered the affidavit. Malcom concedes “the Court failed to do so.” But
    in this court, he argues that the affidavit is conclusory and then suggests “it is presumable
    that the Court did in fact, consider this affidavit as evidence, and such was an abuse of
    discretion.”
    First, Appellant’s hearsay objection in the trial court does not comport with his
    argument on appeal that the affidavit is conclusory. The differing theories result in waiver
    of the issue. See Jem Int’l, Inc. v. Warner Props., L.P., No. 07-17-00042-CV, 2018 Tex.
    App. LEXIS 7764, at *9 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Sept. 24, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing
    Knapp v. Wilson N. Jones Mem’l Hosp., 
    283 S.W.3d 163
    , 170 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009,
    no pet.)). Second, there is nothing in the record to indicate the trial court ruled on
    11
    Malcom’s hearsay objection, even implicitly. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(2). See also In
    re R.A.W., 07-13-00316-CV, 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 3039, at *12 (Tex. App.—Amarillo
    March 27, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.). Without obtaining a ruling, Malcom has again
    forfeited his complaint.
    PRESERVATION OF ERROR ON SPECIFICITY OF THE TEMPORARY INJUNCTION
    One of Malcom’s complaints is that the Temporary Injunction fails to comply with
    the requirements of Rule 683 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure. Cobra responds that
    Malcom failed to preserve his complaint by not first raising it in the trial court. While we
    agree with Cobra that Malcom failed to preserve the issue, the path to that conclusion is
    not without controversy.
    Rule 683 provides in pertinent part that an order granting an injunction “shall set
    forth the reasons for its issuance; shall be specific in terms; shall describe in reasonable
    detail and not by reference to the complaint or other documents, the act or acts sought to
    be restrained . . . .” TEX. R. CIV. P. 683. In the underlying case, the Temporary Injunction
    recites the trial court’s findings as follows:
    1. Plaintiff and Defendant (the “Parties”) entered into an agreement for the
    purchase by Plaintiff of Higher Power Electrical, LLC (the “Company”),
    from Defendant dated April 21, 2017 (the Purchase Agreement);
    2. Defendant worked as President of the Company following
    consummation of the transaction contemplated in the Purchase
    Agreement until his resignation on October 13, 2018;
    3. Defendant went to work for BHI Energy in approximately February 2019;
    4. BHI Energy is engaged, inter alia, in the Company Business as defined
    by the Purchase Agreement, including in the Territory (Texas, New
    Mexico and Oklahoma) as defined by the Purchase Agreement;
    12
    5. AEP is an investor owned utility (IOU) as defined in the Purchase
    Agreement operating in the Territory as defined by the Purchase
    Agreement;
    6. Defendant engaged in the Company Business or assisted BHI in
    engaging in the Company Business in the Territory (Texas) when he
    reviewed documents and participated in email communications
    regarding BHI Energy work or proposed work for AEP in Texas;
    7. Oklahoma Gas & Electric (OG&E) is an IOU as defined in the Purchase
    Agreement operating in the Territory as defined by the Purchase
    Agreement;
    8. Defendant engaged in the Company Business or assisted BHI in
    engaging in the Company Business in the Territory (Oklahoma) when
    he participated in a meeting with OG&E officials and participated in email
    communications regarding BHI Energy work or proposed work for OG&E
    in Oklahoma;
    9. Otero and Lea County Cooperatives, although not IOUs, are entities who
    are clients or customers of the Company.
    10. To the extent the Purchase Agreement might be construed to prohibit
    Defendant from employment in the Company Business outside of the
    Territory, it [sic] overly broad.
    11. There is evidence that Defendant engaged in other conduct that violated
    the terms of the Purchase Agreement; and
    12. There exists a probable right of recovery by Plaintiff and a probable
    injury to Plaintiff.
    As relevant here, the trial court then described the acts sought to be restrained as
    (1) engaging in the company business in Texas, New Mexico, and Oklahoma including
    work for Otero and Lea County Cooperatives which were clients of Higher Power, (2)
    soliciting, hiring, or encouraging any person employed by Higher Power, and (3) soliciting,
    contacting, enticing, or attempting to solicit or entice any clients or customers of Higher
    Power in Texas, New Mexico, or Oklahoma to divert their businesses from Higher Power.
    13
    Malcom contends the Temporary Injunction is unenforceable and should be
    dissolved because the provisions are not specific and detailed. Specifically, Malcom
    complains the trial court failed to issue a finding on the absence of an adequate legal
    remedy or the existence of an irreparable injury which cannot be adequately
    compensated in damages and that the “only indicia of any probable injury . . . is the
    conclusory statement appearing in finding number [12].”
    A temporary injunction that fails to comply with the mandatory requirements of Rule
    683 is void. See Interfirst Bank San Felipe N.A. v. Paz Construction Co., 
    715 S.W.2d 640
    , 641 (Tex. 1986). Courts of appeals are split on whether a party can waive the right
    to complain of the failure of a temporary injunction to comply with Rule 683. See Tex.
    Tech Univ. Health Scis. Ctr. v. Rao, 
    105 S.W.3d 763
    , 768 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2003, pet.
    dism’d).
    Relying on Paz Construction, most appellate courts have held that a complaint of
    a trial court’s failure to comply with Rule 683 is not waived on appeal. See Indep. Capital
    Mgmt. L.L.C. v. Collins, 
    261 S.W.3d 792
    , 795 n.1 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.); EOG
    Res., Inc. v. Gutierrez, 
    75 S.W.3d 50
    , 52-53 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2002, no pet.) Big
    D Properties, Inc. v. Foster, 
    2 S.W.3d 21
    , 23 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1999, no pet.); 360
    Degree Communications Co. v. Grundman, 
    937 S.W.2d 574
    , 575 (Tex. App.—Texarkana
    1996, no writ).
    But the Third Court of Appeals and this court, expressing a minority view, have
    applied the principles of procedural default and have found that failure to make a trial
    objection to the form of the injunction waives the party’s right to complain on appeal. See
    14
    Taylor House Authority v. Shorts, 
    549 S.W.3d 865
    , 880 (Tex. App.—Austin 2018, no pet.);
    Emerson v. Fires Out, Inc., 
    735 S.W.2d 492
    , 493-94 (Tex. App.—Austin 1987, no writ);
    
    Rao, 105 S.W.3d at 768
    . See also Hoist Liftruck Mfg. v. Carruth-Doggett, Inc., 
    485 S.W.3d 120
    , 127 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, no pet.) (citing 
    Rao, 105 S.W.3d at 768
    and explaining why error preservation rules “should apply with double force in
    expedited proceedings”).
    In Rao, the trial court made a finding that “Rao tendered evidence of imminent
    harm, irreparable injury and an inadequate legal 
    remedy.” 105 S.W.3d at 767
    . Texas
    Tech complained that the finding was conclusory and did not meet the requirements of
    specificity required by Rule 683.
    Id. Notwithstanding the
    conclusory nature of the trial
    court’s findings, this court found that Texas Tech’s complaint regarding Rule 683 had not
    been preserved. In addition, we reviewed the complaint and found the trial court’s stated
    reasons in the temporary injunction were sufficient to comply with Rule 683. See
    id. at 768.
    See also Pinebrook Props., Ltd. v. Brookhaven Lake Prop. Owners Ass’n, 
    77 S.W.3d 487
    , 504-05 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2002, pet. denied) (finding a recitation of the
    reasons that an injunction issued because the defendants had no adequate remedy at
    law, the rights involved were unique and irreplaceable, and money damages would not
    be a sufficient remedy were sufficient to meet the requirements of Rule 683).
    Adhering to our precedent in Rao, we find that Malcom did not preserve his
    complaint that the Temporary Injunction was not specific enough. However, even if he
    had preserved the issue, his complaint that finding number 12 is conclusory for failing to
    include a finding on the absence of an adequate legal remedy or the existence of an
    irreparable injury is groundless. In its finding, the trial court recited that “a probable injury”
    15
    exists. Such a finding subsumes that the injury is irreparable and that there is an absence
    of an adequate legal remedy. See 
    Butnaru, 84 S.W.3d at 204
    . Similar findings have
    been found sufficient to meet the specificity requirements of Rule 683. See 
    Rao, 105 S.W.3d at 767
    (citing Pinebrook Props., 
    Ltd., 77 S.W.3d at 504-05
    ). Appellant’s complaint
    regarding Rule 683 is overruled.
    TRIAL COURT’S FAILURE TO REFORM UNREASONABLE TERMS OF COVENANT                    OR
    DISSOLVE THE TEMPORARY INJUNCTION UNDER EQUITABLE PRINCIPLES
    One of Malcom’s issues is abuse of discretion by the trial court in failing to reform
    unreasonable terms of the non-competition covenant pursuant to section 15.51 of the
    Texas Covenant Not to Compete Act. See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 15.50 - .52
    (West 2011). Section 15.51, however, “applies only when the issue of enforceability of
    the covenant is finally determined and reformation is made as part of the final remedy.”
    See Primary Health Physicians, P.A. v. Wallace Sarver, D.O., 
    390 S.W.3d 662
    , 665 (Tex.
    App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.). An appeal from a ruling on a temporary injunction based on
    a non-competition covenant does not present for appellate review the definitive question
    of whether the covenant is enforceable under the Act. Insgroup, Inc. v. Langley, No. 14-
    18-01071-CV, 2020 Tex. App. LEXIS 2685, at *20 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] April
    7, 2020, no pet. h.) (mem. op.). Additionally, at this stage, we do not consider arguments
    aimed at the merits of the underlying breach of contract claim. See Comed Med. Sys.,
    Co. v. AADCO Imaging, LLC, No. 03-14-00593-CV, 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 1762, at
    *11 (Tex. App.—Austin Feb. 25, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.) (noting that “consistent with
    the purposes of a temporary injunction, an appeal of such an order does not present the
    merits of the underlying case for review . . . .”).
    16
    In another issue, Malcom contends that equitable principles require dissolution of
    the Temporary Injunction because he is a mere individual challenging a corporate entity
    and the non-competition covenant is “facially unconscionable and overly broad.” Again,
    Malcom invokes the Covenant Not to Compete Act. As previously noted, the Act does
    not apply until the enforceability of the covenant is finally determined. See Insgroup, Inc.,
    2020 Tex. App. LEXIS 2685, at *20.
    Ultimately, the only question before us in this interlocutory appeal is whether the
    trial court abused its discretion in issuing the Temporary Injunction.              We will
    simultaneously consider Malcom’s remaining issues challenging the trial court’s
    discretion in issuing the Temporary Injunction.
    ANALYSIS
    In his quest for dissolution of the Temporary Injunction, Malcom does not contest
    the first element—whether Cobra met its burden to plead and prove a cause of action
    against him. Nevertheless, we note that Cobra pleaded a breach of contract claim and
    presented evidence in support of its claim. As previously noted, when a temporary
    injunction is sought to enforce a restrictive covenant, the party seeking the injunction need
    only show that the defendant intends to commit an act that would breach the restrictive
    covenant. See 
    Letkeman, 299 S.W.3d at 486
    .
    The second and third elements that must be pleaded and proved are a probable
    right to recovery, i.e., a likelihood of success in the underlying suit, and a probable and
    irreparable injury which includes the absence of an adequate legal remedy. Through
    17
    testimony and numerous emails and exhibits, to be discussed herein, Cobra has satisfied
    its burden.
    At the hearing on Cobra’s petition for injunctive relief, testimony was presented by
    Mark Guess, its chief of operations officer, Max Wolford, a vice president at BHI, and
    Malcom. Mahan, Malcom’s successor at Higher Power, disregarded a subpoena to
    appear and testify. Guess had only been employed by BHI since May 2018.
    It is undisputed that BHI is a direct competitor of Higher Power. Guess testified he
    had reviewed the Purchase Agreement and was aware of the restrictive covenants
    agreed to by Malcom to not compete and to not solicit Higher Power’s clients or
    employees. The Employment Agreement prohibited Malcom or any of his “affiliates”—a
    person under his control—from engaging or assisting others in engaging in “restricted
    business”—the business of servicing investor-owned utilities, including providing services
    to the oil and gas industry—in the territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Oklahoma.
    Two of Higher Power’s former clients included Otero and Lea County, both
    cooperatives and not IOUs. Guess testified that Higher Power lost those clients to BHI
    because of Malcom. During cross-examination, however, he was asked whether the
    decline in the price of Higher Power’s stock as well as lost clients and contracts could
    have been attributable to the scandal involving its former president and his indictment for
    corruption during the hurricane recovery efforts in Puerto Rico. Guess answered that he
    was not familiar with what drives the stock market and added that he did not know the
    particulars of the corruption allegation.
    18
    The two agreements involved in the sale of Higher Power prohibited Malcom from
    directly hiring or soliciting any Higher Power employees during the two-year restricted
    period. On April 18, 2019, Malcom emailed Wolford and others recommending salaries
    for three employees of Higher Power once they became employees of BHI. Malcom also
    suggested hiring one of the employees as a journeyman instead of as a foreman. Tommy
    Strickland, general foreman for Higher Power, was one of the employees discussed in
    the email. Malcom made a recommendation on his salary at BHI in the position of
    foreman.
    The evidence showed that Strickland worked for Higher Power until May 3, 2019.
    However, before leaving his position, he was part of an email chain dated April 26th and
    27th, in which he engaged with the operations manager of Otero. Otero’s operations
    manager asked Strickland to reschedule a meeting “to show up on the 8th” (presumably
    in May after Strickland went to work for BHI) “to get together on a price from BHI Energy
    before we can get started.” Strickland then emailed Wolford at BHI advising him that
    Otero’s operations manager wanted a price list. Wolford responded, “I’ll get with [Malcom]
    to put things together.” Malcom then emailed Wolford and Strickland asking Strickland to
    “get me the underground unit spreadsheet.”
    In another email chain, BHI’s vice president of finance asked for confirmation of
    rates for new jobs. Some of the jobs listed included Lea County, Oklahoma Gas and
    Electric, and Texas New Mexico Power. Lea County was listed in Schedule 3.09(a) of
    the Purchase Agreement as a “material customer” of Higher Power that was unavailable
    to Malcom. The other two companies were located in the territory in which Malcom was
    prohibited from engaging in company business. The prohibition notwithstanding, Malcom
    19
    responded to the email that “the rates are good except for these” and pointed some of
    them out. As the email chain continued, Malcom eventually expressed his approval for
    the new job numbers.
    In another email chain, Malcom was actively involved with another former client of
    Higher Power listed in Schedule 3.09(a) of the Purchase Agreement—West Texas AEP.
    Other email chains introduced into evidence showed that Malcom participated in
    discussions and scheduled meetings to discuss crews for Texas New Mexico Power and
    Oklahoma Gas and Electric, companies in the restricted territories.
    Wolford testified he was hired by BHI on April 15, 2019, as operations manager for
    territories west of the Mississippi. He testified that Malcom was not involved in work in
    the restricted territories and instead was in charge of operations east of the Mississippi.
    Wolford also testified that BHI did not solicit Higher Power’s clients. According to Wolford,
    Otero’s operations manager was dissatisfied with Higher Power and reached out to him
    to make a change. He also testified that he was the one who offered Strickland and his
    crews positions at BHI. According to Wolford, it was common in the industry for crews to
    follow their superintendents or foremen and that Malcom had not been involved in
    soliciting Higher Power’s employees.
    Regarding the numerous emails, Wolford claimed that it was very common to send
    them to a “wide list of people” who may not be involved with the subject of the email. He
    denied any knowledge of why Strickland and Malcom might have been communicating
    by emails concerning price lists.
    20
    During cross-examination, Wolford testified he was not an “affiliate” of Malcom’s
    and that Malcom had no control over him or over operations in Texas, New Mexico, or
    Oklahoma. They were equals at BHI—he managed the territory west of the Mississippi
    and Malcom managed operations east of the Mississippi.
    Malcom testified he did not hire Strickland or any crews from Higher Power. He
    claimed that Wolford hired Strickland and echoed Wolford’s testimony that crews follow
    their foremen. He claimed he was simply included in many email chains as a part of the
    company practices; however, he was not involved in any company business in the
    restricted territories. He was adamant that his role with BHI in servicing clients in the
    restricted territory was purely administrative.      He denied being involved in any
    negotiations that would violate the restrictive covenants and claimed that his participation
    in emails involving pricing was “post pricing” after agreements had already been reached.
    When questioned about certain emails involving Strickland and other Higher Power
    employees, he explained that he sent those emails for Wolford because Wolford did not
    yet have his company computer. He also explained that he was involved in many emails
    with other businesses because his opinion was often sought given his experience and
    reputation in the business. He denied approaching any of Higher Power’s clients and
    speculated that Strickland probably influenced Otero into leaving Higher Power and
    becoming a client of BHI.
    Malcom testified he left Higher Power before the three-year transition period
    expired because he was dissatisfied with the company. He had been notified by a co-
    worker of a sexual harassment claim against Cobra’s then-president and he was
    21
    frustrated by the operations in Puerto Rico. He also heard that Mahan was going to
    replace him as president and he would be moved to sales.
    The trial court was confronted with conflicting testimony. However, the numerous
    emails either sent or received by Malcom, on their face, appear to directly violate some
    of the restrictive covenants to which he had agreed. For the most part, Malcom was not
    a passive recipient of the email chains. The emails showed that Malcom had more than
    a passive involvement with hiring decisions concerning former Higher Power employees.
    They also showed that job numbers depended on his approval and that he was involved
    in meetings with companies in the restricted territories. Contrary to his testimony, the
    emails showed his participation to be more than solely in an administrative capacity.
    There is evidence that Malcom intended to commit acts in breach of the restrictive
    covenants to which he had agreed. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to
    the trial court’s ruling and deferring to the trial court’s role as fact finder, we find no abuse
    of discretion in the issuance of the Temporary Injunction. Malcom’s remaining issues are
    overruled.
    CONCLUSION
    Having overruled or otherwise disposed of all of Malcom’s issues, the trial court’s
    Temporary Injunction is affirmed.
    Patrick A. Pirtle
    Justice
    22