Jeremy Alan Andrews v. the State of Texas ( 2023 )


Menu:
  • Affirmed and Opinion Filed April 26, 2023
    S   In The
    Court of Appeals
    Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
    No. 05-21-00388-CR
    No. 05-21-00389-CR
    JEREMY ALAN ANDREWS, Appellant
    V.
    THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
    On Appeal from the 219th Judicial District Court
    Collin County, Texas
    Trial Court Cause Nos. 219-81590-2021 & 219-81521-2021
    MEMORANDUM OPINION NUNC PRO TUNC
    Before Justices Carlyle and Goldstein1
    Opinion by Justice Goldstein
    Following a jury trial, Jeremy Andrews was convicted on two counts of
    assault on a woman he was dating: (1) third-degree assault causing bodily injury2
    and (2) second-degree assault by impeding breathing and circulation,3 both enhanced
    by a prior conviction for family violence. The jury assessed punishment at twenty
    1
    The Honorable Lana Myers, Justice, participated in the submission of this cause and the issuance of
    this Court’s original opinion on December 28, 2022. Justice Myers retried from the Court on December 31,
    2022.
    2
    TEX. PEN. CODE ANN. § 22.01(b)(2)(A).
    3
    Id. § 22.01(b–2), now codified at § 22.01(b–3).
    years’ confinement on the first count and life imprisonment on the second. Appellant
    claims the trial court erred by admitting certain extraneous evidence pursuant to
    Code of Criminal Procedure article 38.371 and the rules of evidence. We affirm in
    this memorandum opinion. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.4.
    Appellant complains the evidence was (1) not in the indictment; (2) confused
    the jury; (3) inflamed the jury’s passions; and (4) was more prejudicial than
    probative. He suggests the fact that the jury would also hear about his prior
    adjudicated offense, an element of the charged offense in this case, had an effect as
    well. He recites the concern that the jury reached its verdict based on “character
    conforming acts and fear rather than the evidence presented.”
    But beyond reciting legal standards and providing a bare history of the hearing
    admitting the 38.371 evidence, appellant does little else. He mentions in his
    statement of facts that six of the eight witnesses the State presented in its case in
    chief testified to extraneous assaultive acts, citing the fourth and fifth volumes of the
    reporter’s record as a whole but no associated page references. He notes that, at
    punishment, the State presented seven more witnesses testifying to assaultive
    violence but does not point us to any punishment-phase objection on the grounds he
    raises on appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1. Appellant provides exactly zero examples
    of the testimony about which he complains, no citations to the record directing us to
    the testimony, and no analysis why admitting the testimony of any witness, much
    less specific witness testimony, was an abuse of discretion. See Lewis v. State, No.
    –2–
    AP-77,045, 
    2017 WL 1493489
    , at *20 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017) (not designated for
    publication) (inadequate briefing to generally complain about extraneous offense
    evidence without specifically identifying it). Appellant fails to explain how the
    alleged errors were harmful, other than to complain—without citation—that the
    State argued the jury should convict him “because he is a bad person regardless of
    the strength of the underlying facts of the case.” See Wilson v. State, 
    473 S.W.3d 889
    , 901 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015, pet. ref’d) (citing Cardenas v. State,
    
    30 S.W.3d 384
    , 393 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)) (inadequate briefing when appellant
    fails to address harm). Appellant’s issues on appeal are inadequately briefed and
    present nothing for our review. See Lucio v. State, 
    351 S.W.3d 878
    , 896–97 (Tex.
    Crim. App. 2011); TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i).
    Assuming appellant had adequately briefed his complaints, they fail. We
    review a trial court’s decision to admit evidence of prior crimes, wrongs, or bad acts
    for an abuse of discretion. Powell v. State, 
    63 S.W.3d 435
    , 438 (Tex. Crim. App.
    2001). Under that standard, we affirm admissibility rulings when they are within the
    zone of reasonable disagreement. James v. State, 
    623 S.W.3d 533
    , 541 (Tex. App.—
    Fort Worth 2021, no pet.). We have reviewed the record and cannot find a ruling
    that falls beyond the zone of reasonable disagreement, considering Code of Criminal
    Procedure article 38.371 and the applicable rules of evidence.
    Article 38.371 “provides another non-character-conformity purpose for
    admitting extraneous-offense evidence” in addition to those listed in Texas Rule of
    –3–
    Evidence 404(b)(2). James, 623 S.W.3d at 545. The court allowed the victim in these
    cases to testify during the State’s case-in-chief regarding appellant’s prior
    continuous physical and mental abuse of her. This evidence showed the physical and
    mental control appellant exerted over the victim and explained her fear of him, which
    led to her reticence to report the abuse to authorities and her repeated decisions to
    remain in a relationship with him. See id. at 545–46; Brickley v. State, No. 03-19-
    00784-CR, 
    2021 WL 1418978
    , at *8 (Tex. App.—Austin Apr. 15, 2021, pet. ref’d)
    (mem. op., not designated for publication) (evidence of past incident of abuse
    admissible under article 38.371 because it contextualized the nature of the
    relationship between defendant and victim and helped explain some of victim’s
    conduct during the incident and her hesitancy in reporting the offense); TEX. CODE
    CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.371; TEX. R. EVID. 404(b).
    Regarding the rule 403 complaint, we cannot agree that the evidence at trial
    misled the jury, caused undue delay, or was unnecessary and cumulative. Though
    damaging to his case, appellant has not overcome the presumption that “relevant
    evidence is more probative than prejudicial.” See Montgomery v. State, 
    810 S.W.2d 372
    , 389 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (op. on reh’g). The extraneous abuse evidence was
    probative of appellant’s culpability for the charged offenses, which were strikingly
    similar to the others. See Miller v. State, No. 06-20-00015-CR, 
    2020 WL 4044717
    ,
    at *2 (Tex. App.—Texarkana July 20, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
    –4–
    publication) (evidence of prior assaults against the same victim bears on the nature
    of the relationship between defendant and victim and is relevant).
    To evaluate the probative and prejudicial value of evidence, we consider
    several factors: (1) the inherent probative force of the evidence; along with (2) the
    proponent’s need for it; balanced against any tendency of the evidence (3) to suggest
    a decision on an improper basis, (4) to confuse or distract the jury from the main
    issues, (5) to be given undue weight by a jury that has not been equipped to evaluate
    the probative force of the evidence, and (6) the likelihood that presentation of the
    evidence will consume an inordinate amount of time or merely repeat evidence
    already admitted. Gigliobianco v. State, 
    210 S.W.3d 637
    , 641–42 (Tex. Crim. App.
    2006).
    Under this framework, the victim’s testimony regarding appellant’s prior
    abuse established the nature of their relationship, see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN.
    art. 38.371(b); and was not cumulative because the repeated nature of the abuse over
    time showed the complete picture of the relationship, see Camacho v. State, No. 01-
    20-00282-CR, 
    2021 WL 2832970
    , at *8 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July 8,
    2021, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication). The evidence pertained to
    appellant’s history of abuse against the victim, her fear, appellant’s level of control,
    the victim’s reluctance to report and decision to stay. This evidence contextualized
    the short-term relationship from April to September 2018; established relevance
    beyond character conformity and demonstrated appellant’s intent to commit the
    –5–
    charged offenses near the end of September 2018. See James, 623 S.W.3d at 547–
    48. As noted, the extraneous abuse evidence explained the delay in the victim
    reporting the charged assaults as well as her reluctance to disclose it even during the
    police interview, which appellant used to attack her credibility during trial. See
    James, 623 S.W.3d at 551.
    Also, presenting the extraneous evidence did not take an inordinate amount of
    time. Only two witnesses during the State’s guilt-phase case-in-chief testified
    specifically to extraneous assaults.4 The victim’s extraneous testimony took 30 of
    her roughly 150 pages of testimony. It took 60 pages for the victim to testify
    regarding the charged offenses. See Hernandez v. State, 
    203 S.W.3d 477
    , 481 (Tex.
    App.—Waco 2006, pet. ref’d) (upholding admission of extraneous offense over rule
    403 objection when it took less time to develop extraneous offense than charged
    offense). The other extraneous witness spent some 4 pages of the transcript testifying
    regarding the abuse she saw appellant visit on the victim, and appellant’s counsel
    did not cross-examine her. See 
    id.
    Finally, the extraneous evidence was violent in nature, but was similar to the
    charged assaults, both including verbal threats, physical beatings, and strangling.
    The trial court gave limiting instructions in the jury charge, and we presume the
    4
    Two others were the victim’s co-worker, who described her observations of the victim, and the
    victim’s neighbor, who provided observations of appellant and the victim.
    The State also introduced a video of appellant’s arrest by Trophy Club police, but he does not mention
    this video in his brief, and we construe no complaint regarding the video.
    –6–
    instructions mitigated any potential the evidence had to irrationally affect the jurors.
    See James, 623 S.W.3d at 549. Appellant failed to rebut this presumption. Id.
    There is no requirement for the trial court to perform the balancing test on the
    record, and when—as here—the record is silent, we presume the trial court
    performed the appropriate balancing test before admitting the evidence. See
    Williams v. State, 
    958 S.W.2d 186
    , 195–96 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997); James, 623
    S.W.3d at 551. On this record, were the issues adequately briefed, we could not find
    the “clear disparity” between the prejudice this evidence may create and the
    significant probative value in this case. See Hammer v. State, 
    296 S.W.3d 555
    , 568
    (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Appellant suffered no unfair prejudice. See Pawlak v. State,
    
    420 S.W.3d 807
    , 811 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (“[A]ll evidence against a defendant
    is, by its very nature, designed to be prejudicial.”). Rule 403 addresses only unfair
    prejudice. 
    Id.
     (citing Wheeler v. State, 
    67 S.W.3d 879
    , 889 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)
    (Keller, P.J., concurring) (“Rule 403 renders evidence inadmissible only when the
    prejudice involved is ‘unfair.’”). The trial court’s actions did not amount to an abuse
    of discretion given the allegations against appellant, the history between him and the
    victim, and the interplay between article 38.371 and the rules of evidence.
    To the extent appellant complains of extraneous evidence at punishment, he
    has failed to point us to an objection to that evidence during the punishment phase,
    and we have found none. Were it adequately briefed this issue would present nothing
    for our review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1.
    –7–
    We overrule appellant’s issues and affirm the judgment of the trial court.
    /Bonnie Lee Goldstein/
    BONNIE LEE GOLDSTEIN
    JUSTICE
    Do Not Publish
    TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b)
    210388F.U05
    –8–
    S
    Court of Appeals
    Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
    JUDGMENT NUNC PRO TUNC
    JEREMY ALAN ANDREWS,                         On Appeal from the 219th Judicial
    Appellant                                    District Court, Collin County, Texas
    Trial Court Cause No. 219-81590-
    No. 05-21-00388-CR          V.               2021.
    Opinion delivered by Justice
    THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee                 Goldstein. Justice Carlyle
    participating.
    Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is
    AFFIRMED.
    Judgment entered this 26th day of April, 2023.
    –9–
    S
    Court of Appeals
    Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
    JUDGMENT NUNC PRO TUNC
    JEREMY ALAN ANDREWS,                          On Appeal from the 219th Judicial
    Appellant                                     District Court, Collin County, Texas
    Trial Court Cause No. 219-81591-
    No. 05-21-00389-CR          V.                2021.
    Opinion delivered by Justice
    THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee                  Goldstein. Justice Carlyle
    participating.
    Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is
    AFFIRMED.
    Judgment entered this 26th day of April, 2023.
    –10–