Washington Federal v. United States ( 2020 )

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
No. 13-385C
(Filed Under Seal: July 9, 2020)
(Reissued for Publication: July 16, 2020) ∗
*************************************
WASHINGTON FEDERAL et al., *
*
Plaintiffs, * Motion to Dismiss; RCFC 12(b)(1); RCFC
* 12(b)(6); Jurisdiction; Standing; Direct
v. * Claims; Conservators; Shareholders;
* Fannie; Freddie; FHFA
THE UNITED STATES, *
*
Defendant. *
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Steve W. Berman, Seattle, WA, for plaintiffs.
Kenneth M. Dintzer, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for defendant.
OPINION AND ORDER
SWEENEY, Chief Judge
Plaintiffs in this case challenge the imposition by the United States of conservatorships
on the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie”) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage
Corporation (“Freddie”). Plaintiffs also take issue with the conditions of the conservatorships for
Fannie and Freddie (collectively, the “Enterprises”), such as the initial and amended funding
agreements between the Enterprises and the United States Department of the Treasury
(“Treasury”). Plaintiffs seek the return of money illegally exacted and just compensation for
their takings claim pursuant to the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution
(“Constitution”). Defendant moves to dismiss plaintiffs’ complaint, arguing that the court lacks
subject-matter jurisdiction over plaintiffs’ claims, plaintiffs lack standing to pursue their claims,
and plaintiffs fail to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. For the reasons stated
below, the court grants defendant’s motion to dismiss.
∗ The court initially issued this Opinion and Order under seal with instructions for the
parties to propose any redactions. The parties informed the court that no redactions were
necessary to the Opinion and Order.
I. BACKGROUND
A. The Enterprises are private companies that are under the control of a conservator.
1. The Enterprises operated independently before the financial crisis.
Congress created the Enterprises to help the housing market; the Enterprises purchase and
guarantee mortgages originated by private banks before bundling those mortgages into securities
that are sold to investors. 1 1st Am. Compl. ¶¶ 25, 27, 29. Congress chartered Fannie in 1938
and established Freddie in 1970. Id. ¶¶ 25, 27. Both Enterprises were initially part of the federal
government before Congress reorganized them into for-profit companies owned by private
shareholders. Id. Freddie is organized under Virginia law, and Fannie is organized under
Delaware law. Fairholme II, 147 Fed. Cl. at 15. The Enterprises, consistent with the applicable
state laws, issued their own common and preferred stock. Id.; 1st Am. Compl. ¶¶ 26, 28.
Common shareholders obtained the right to receive dividends, collect any residual value, and
vote on various corporate matters. Fairholme II, 147 Fed. Cl. at 15; 1st Am. Compl. ¶ 31. Those
owning preferred stock acquired the right to receive dividends and a liquidation preference.
Fairholme II, 147 Fed. Cl. at 15; 1st Am. Compl. ¶¶ 32-33.
The Enterprises, up until the financial crisis in the late 2000s, were consistently
profitable; Fannie had not reported a full-year loss since 1985, and Freddie had not reported such
a loss since becoming privately owned. Fairholme II, 147 Fed. Cl. at 15; 1st Am. Compl. ¶¶ 1-2.
Although the Enterprises recorded losses in 2007 and the first two quarters of 2008, the
Enterprises continued to generate sufficient cash to pay their debts and retained sufficient capital
to operate. Fairholme II, 147 Fed. Cl. at 15; 1st Am. Compl. ¶¶ 104-105, 121-122. Otherwise
stated, the Enterprises were not in any apparent financial distress or otherwise at risk of
insolvency. 1st Am. Compl. ¶¶ 115, 130.
2. Congress created the Federal Housing Finance Agency to regulate the Enterprises and
authorized the agency to serve as a conservator for each Enterprise.
In the midst of the financial crisis during the summer of 2008, Congress enacted the
Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 (“HERA”), Pub. L. No. 110-289, 122 Stat. 2654(codified as amended in scattered sections of 12 U.S.C.). In that statute, Congress created the
Federal Housing Finance Agency (“FHFA”) and provided it with supervisory and regulatory
authority over the Enterprises. See 12 U.S.C. § 4511(a)-(b) (2018). 2 Congress further
authorized the FHFA Director to, in limited circumstances, appoint the FHFA as the conservator
1
This background section is a less comprehensive version of the court’s recitation of
facts in a related case, Fairholme Funds, Inc. v. United States, 147 Fed. Cl. 1 (2019) (“Fairholme
II”), interlocutory appeals docketed, Nos. 20-121, 20-122 (Fed. Cir. June 18, 2020).
2
Congress has not amended the relevant portions of HERA since enacting the law in
2008. The court, therefore, refers to the most recent version of the United States Code.
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(“FHFA-C”) for each Enterprise to reorganize, rehabilitate, or wind up its affairs. 3 Id.§ 4617(a)(2). Specifically, the Director is authorized to appoint a conservator if, among other
things, an Enterprise consents, is undercapitalized, or lacks sufficient assets to pay its
obligations. Id. § 4617(a)(3). 4 The conservator, once appointed, functions independently; it is
not “subject to the direction or supervision of any other agency of the United States or any State
in the exercise of [its] rights, powers, and privileges . . . .” Id. § 4617(a)(7).
Congress also delineated the scope of the FHFA-C’s powers in HERA. See generally id.
§ 4617. As soon as it is appointed, the FHFA-C “immediately succeed[s] to . . . all rights, titles,
powers, and privileges of the [Enterprise], and of any stockholder, officer, or director of such
[Enterprise] with respect to the [Enterprise] and the assets of the [Enterprise] . . . .” Id.
§ 4617(b)(2)(A). Congress also conferred the conservator with the power to “[o]perate the
[Enterprise].” Id. § 4617(b)(2)(B). Pursuant to that power, the conservator “may,” among other
things, “perform all functions of the [Enterprise],” “preserve and conserve the assets and
property of the [Enterprise],” and “provide by contract for assistance in fulfilling any
function . . . of the [conservator].” Id. The conservator “may” also “take such action as may be
. . . necessary to put the [Enterprise] in a sound and solvent condition; . . . and appropriate to
carry on the business of the [Enterprise] and preserve and conserve the assets and property of the
[Enterprise].” Id. § 4617(b)(2)(D). Rounding out the panoply of powers, Congress also
provided that the conservator “may . . . exercise . . . such incidental powers as shall be necessary
to carry out [its enumerated powers]” and “take any action authorized by [12 U.S.C. § 4617(b)],
which [it] determines is in the best interest of the [Enterprise] or the [FHFA].” Id.§ 4617(b)(2)(J). By describing the FHFA-C’s role primarily in terms of what powers it “may”
exercise, see generally id. § 4617, Congress provided the FHFA-C with significant discretion on
when or how it uses its powers, see United States v. Rodgers, 461 U.S. 677, 706 (1983) (“The
word ‘may,’ when used in a statute, usually implies some degree of discretion.”). Simply stated,
the FHFA has “extraordinarily broad flexibility to carry out its role as conservator.” Perry
Capital LLC v. Mnuchin, 864 F.3d 591, 606 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (“Perry II”), cert. denied, 138 S.
Ct. 978 (2018).
3. Congress authorized Treasury to purchase securities issued by the Enterprises.
At the same time that it established the FHFA, Congress authorized the Treasury
Secretary to buy securities issued by the Enterprises in limited circumstances. 12 U.S.C.
§§ 1455(l) (Freddie), 1719(g) (Fannie). Congress included a sunset clause on this power; the
Secretary could not purchase securities after December 31, 2009. Id. §§ 1455(l)(4), 1719(g)(4).
Until that date, the Secretary was permitted to purchase the securities if he determined that doing
so was necessary to provide stability to the financial markets, prevent disruptions in the
3
To avoid any ambiguity, the court reiterates that it is using “FHFA” to refer to the
agency acting in its regulatory role and “FHFA-C” when discussing the agency acting as a
conservator.
4
Congress enticed the Enterprises to consent to a conservatorship by insulating their
board members from any liability to shareholders or creditors for agreeing in good faith to the
FHFA’s appointment of a conservator. 12 U.S.C. § 4617(a)(6).
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availability of mortgage finance, and protect taxpayers. Id. §§ 1455(l)(1)(B), 1719(g)(1)(B). As
part of his obligation to protect taxpayers, the Secretary could only purchase securities after
considering:
(i) The need for preferences or priorities regarding payments to the Government.
(ii) Limits on maturity or disposition of obligations or securities to be purchased.
(iii) The [Enterprise’s] plan for the orderly resumption of private market funding
or capital market access.
(iv) The probability of the [Enterprise] fulfilling the terms of any such obligation
or other security, including repayment.
(v) The need to maintain the [Enterprise’s] status as a private shareholder-owned
company.
(vi) Restrictions on the use of [Enterprise] resources, including limitations on the
payment of dividends and executive compensation and any such other terms and
conditions as appropriate for those purposes.
Id. §§ 1455(l)(1)(C), 1719(g)(1)(C).
4. The FHFA became the conservator for each Enterprise.
On September 6, 2008, the FHFA placed each Enterprise into conservatorship. 1st Am.
Compl. ¶ 7. The board of directors of each Enterprise consented to the conservatorship. Id.
¶¶ 7, 87; see also 12 U.S.C. § 4617(a)(3)(I) (permitting the FHFA Director to appoint a
conservator when “[t]he [Enterprise], by resolution of its board of directors or its shareholders or
members, consents to the appointment”). According to plaintiffs, the consent obtained was
invalid due to intimidation and coercion by the FHFA. 1st Am. Compl. ¶¶ 7, 67, 87-101.
5. The FHFA-C contracted with Treasury to obtain funding for the Enterprises.
On September 7, 2008, the FHFA-C entered into a Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement
(“PSPA”) with Treasury for each Enterprise. Id. ¶ 68. Treasury entered into the agreements
pursuant to its authority under HERA to buy the Enterprises’ securities. Fairholme II, 147 Fed.
Cl. at 17. The PSPA for each Enterprise is materially identical. Id. Under the PSPAs, Treasury
committed to provide up to $100 billion to each Enterprise to ensure that the Enterprises
maintained a positive net worth. Id.; 1st Am. Compl. ¶ 69. If an Enterprise’s liabilities exceeded
its assets, then the Enterprise could draw on Treasury’s funding commitment in an amount equal
to the difference between the Enterprise’s liabilities and assets. Fairholme II, 147 Fed. Cl. at 17.
In return for Treasury’s funding commitment, the Enterprises surrendered stock,
dividends, commitment fees, and control. First, with respect to the stock, Treasury acquired one-
million shares of preferred stock in each Enterprise and warrants to purchase 79.9% of their
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respective common stock at a nominal price. Id. Treasury’s preferred stock had an initial
liquidation preference of $1 billion, but the amount increased dollar-for-dollar when an
Enterprise drew on Treasury’s funding commitment. Id. In the event of a liquidation, Treasury
was entitled to recover the full liquidation value of its shares before any other shareholder would
receive compensation. Id. Second, Treasury bargained for the right to a quarterly cash dividend
equal to 10% of its liquidation preference. Id. An Enterprise that decided against paying a cash
dividend in a specific quarter could make an in-kind payment: the value of the dividend would
be added to the liquidation preference, and the dividend rate would increase to 12%. Id. Those
in-kind payments, however, did not count as a draw from Treasury’s funding commitment. Id. at
18. Third, Treasury received the right to a quarterly commitment fee from each Enterprise, but
Treasury could waive the fee each year. Id. If Treasury did not waive the fee, the Enterprise
could elect to pay the amount in cash or make an in-kind payment by increasing the liquidation
preference. Id. Fourth, Treasury obtained de facto control over various aspects of each
Enterprise; the Enterprises needed to obtain Treasury’s consent before awarding dividends,
issuing stock, transferring assets, incurring certain types of debt, and making certain
organizational changes. Id.
The FHFA-C and Treasury amended each Enterprise’s PSPA in May 2009, to increase
Treasury’s funding commitment to each Enterprise from $100 billion to $200 billion. 1st Am.
Compl. ¶ 74. On December 24, 2009, the FHFA-C and Treasury executed another amendment
to the PSPAs; they abolished the specific dollar cap and replaced it with a formula to allow
Treasury’s total commitment to each Enterprise to exceed $200 billion. Id. ¶ 75; Fairholme II,
147 Fed. Cl. at 18.
On August 17, 2012, Treasury and the FHFA-C executed the third amendment to each
PSPA (“PSPA Amendment”). 1st Am. Compl. ¶ 76; Fairholme II, 147 Fed. Cl. at 19. A key
component of the amended PSPAs is the requirement—referred to as the “Net Worth Sweep”—
that each Enterprise pay Treasury a quarterly dividend equal to 100% of each Enterprise’s net
worth (except for a small capital reserve amount) rather than a dividend based on a set
percentage of the liquidation preference. 5 1st Am. Compl. ¶ 204; Fairholme II, 147 Fed. Cl. at
19. Additionally, under the amended PSPAs, the Enterprises are not obligated to pay a periodic
commitment fee. Fairholme II, 147 Fed. Cl. at 19. Through the conservatorships and the
PSPAs, plaintiffs allege that the United States has expropriated all of their economic interests in
Fannie and Freddie stock, along with any other property rights they had in their stock. See 1st
Am. Compl. ¶¶ 15, 172, 177, 182-186, 192, 201, 203-205, 220, 222, 225.
B. Plaintiffs own Fannie and/or Freddie stock.
There are three named plaintiffs in this putative class action. “Washington Federal is a
subsidiary of Washington Federal, Inc., and is headquartered in Seattle, Washington.” Id. ¶ 17.
Washington Federal and Michael McCredy Baker, another named plaintiff, owned preferred
5
The capital reserve for each Enterprise started at $3 billion and was set to decrease to
$0 by January 2018, but the Enterprises and Treasury agreed in December 2017 to reset the
capital reserve amount to $3 billion in the first quarter of 2018. Fairholme II, 147 Fed. Cl. at 19
n.5.
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stock in Fannie and Freddie at the time of the alleged taking/illegal exaction. Id. ¶¶ 17-18. The
third named plaintiff is the City of Austin Police Retirement System, which owned common
stock in Fannie and Freddie at the time of the alleged taking/illegal exaction. Id. ¶ 19.
Plaintiffs assert that there are four categories of class action plaintiffs encompassed in
this suit. The four classes are holders of (1) Fannie common stock, (2) Freddie common stock,
(3) Fannie preferred stock, and (4) Freddie preferred stock, who owned their stock on or before
September 5, 2008. Id. ¶ 209. The United States is excluded from each class. Id.
II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Plaintiffs filed their class action complaint on June 10, 2013. After jurisdictional
discovery proceeded in Fairholme, a related case, see supra note 1, plaintiffs filed their first
amended complaint on March 8, 2018. 6 In their amended complaint, plaintiffs plead two direct
claims brought in their individual capacities as shareholders.
Plaintiffs first assert that the imposition of the conservatorships on the Enterprises
constitutes a Fifth Amendment taking (count I) of their property rights in their stock. Plaintiffs
further assert, in the alternative, that the imposition of the conservatorships constitutes an illegal
exaction of their economic interests in their stock (also in count I). Although plaintiffs’ decision
to combine two alternative legal claims in the sole count of their amended complaint effectively
obscures the delineation of these claims, the amended complaint supplies sufficient clarity for the
resolution of the motion pending before the court.
On October 1, 2018, defendant moved to dismiss—in a single, omnibus motion—the
claims in this case and eleven related cases before the undersigned. 7 The plaintiffs in each of the
twelve cases filed a response brief on their respective dockets; although some of the plaintiffs
relied on a joint brief, plaintiffs here filed a brief that stood alone. Defendant filed its omnibus
reply brief in each of the cases on May 6, 2019. The parties have fully briefed defendant’s
motion, and the court held a single oral argument on November 19, 2019, involving the plaintiffs
from each of the twelve cases that defendant moved to dismiss. The plaintiffs in those cases
collaborated during argument; each plaintiff argued some of the issues. Thus, the court infers
that the plaintiffs in this case have adopted the favorable arguments made by the plaintiffs in the
6
A fuller recitation of the procedural history of this case and related cases is provided in
Fairholme II, 147 Fed. Cl. at 21-23.
7
The eleven related cases are Fairholme Funds, Inc. v. United States, No. 13-465C;
Cacciapalle v. United States, No. 13-466C; Fisher v. United States, No. 13-608C; Arrowood
Indemnity Company v. United States, No. 13-698C; Reid v. United States, No. 14-152C; Rafter
v. United States, No. 14-740C; Owl Creek Asia I, L.P. v. United States, No. 18-281C; Akanthos
Opportunity Master Fund, L.P. v. United States, No. 18-369C; Appaloosa Investment Limited
Partnership I v. United States, No. 18-370C; CSS, LLC v. United States, No. 18-371C; and
Mason Capital L.P. v. United States, No. 18-529C.
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related cases to the extent that such arguments are relevant. 8 Defendant’s motion to dismiss is
now ripe for adjudication.
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
In ruling on a motion to dismiss a complaint pursuant to Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) of
the Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”), the court generally assumes
that the allegations in the complaint are true and construes those allegations in the plaintiff’s
favor. Trusted Integration, Inc. v. United States, 659 F.3d 1159, 1163 (Fed. Cir. 2011). With
respect to RCFC 12(b)(1), the plaintiff bears the burden of proving, by a preponderance of the
evidence, that the court possesses subject-matter jurisdiction. Id. The allegations in the
complaint must include “the facts essential to show jurisdiction.” McNutt v. Gen. Motors
Acceptance Corp., 298 U.S. 178, 189 (1936). And, if such jurisdictional facts are challenged in a
motion to dismiss, the plaintiff “must support them by competent proof.” Id.; accord Land v.
Dollar, 330 U.S. 731, 735 & n.4 (1947) (“[W]hen a question of the District Court’s jurisdiction is
raised, . . . the court may inquire by affidavits or otherwise, into the facts as they exist.” (citations
omitted)). If the court finds that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, it must, pursuant to RCFC
12(h)(3), dismiss the complaint.
A claim that survives a jurisdictional challenge remains subject to dismissal under RCFC
12(b)(6) if it does not provide a basis for the court to grant relief. Lindsay v. United States, 295
F.3d 1252, 1257 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“A motion to dismiss . . . for failure to state a claim upon
which relief can be granted is appropriate when the facts asserted by the claimant do not entitle
him to a legal remedy.”). To survive a motion to dismiss under RCFC 12(b)(6), a plaintiff must
include in the complaint “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell
Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). Indeed, “[t]he issue is not whether a plaintiff
will ultimately prevail but whether the claimant is entitled to offer evidence to support the
claims.” Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974), overruled on other grounds by Harlow v.
Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 814-19 (1982).
IV. SUBJECT-MATTER JURISDICTION
The court begins with jurisdiction because it is a “threshold matter.” Steel Co. v. Citizens
for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 94-95 (1998). Subject-matter jurisdiction cannot be waived or
forfeited because it “involves a court’s power to hear a case.” Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 546
U.S. 500, 514 (2006) (quoting United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 630 (2002)). “Without
jurisdiction the court cannot proceed at all in any cause. Jurisdiction is power to declare the law,
and when it ceases to exist, the only function remaining to the court is that of announcing the fact
and dismissing the cause.” Ex parte McCardle, 74 U.S. (7 Wall) 506, 514 (1868). Therefore, it
is “an inflexible matter that must be considered before proceeding to evaluate the merits of a
8
The court addresses in this opinion some arguments that were made primarily by the
plaintiffs in the related cases to provide context for the resolution of defendant’s motion to
dismiss. In addition, to the extent that any of plaintiffs’ less-developed arguments are not
discussed in this opinion, the court found such arguments to be unpersuasive.
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case.” Matthews v. United States, 72 Fed. Cl. 274, 278 (2006); accord K-Con Bldg. Sys., Inc. v.
United States, 778 F.3d 1000, 1004-05 (Fed. Cir. 2015). Either party, or the court sua sponte,
may challenge the court’s subject-matter jurisdiction at any time. Arbaugh, 546 U.S. at 506; see
also Jeun v. United States, 128 Fed. Cl. 203, 209-10 (2016) (collecting cases).
The ability of the United States Court of Federal Claims (“Court of Federal Claims”) to
entertain suits against the United States is limited. “The United States, as sovereign, is immune
from suit save as it consents to be sued.” United States v. Sherwood, 312 U.S. 584, 586 (1941).
The waiver of immunity “may not be inferred, but must be unequivocally expressed.” United
States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 537 U.S. 465, 472 (2003). Any such waiver must be
narrowly construed. Smith v. Orr, 855 F.2d 1544, 1552 (Fed. Cir. 1988). The Tucker Act, the
principal statute governing the jurisdiction of this court, waives sovereign immunity for claims
against the United States, not sounding in tort, that are founded upon the Constitution, a federal
statute or regulation, or an express or implied contract with the United States. 28 U.S.C.
§ 1491(a)(1) (2018); White Mountain, 537 U.S. at 472. However, the Tucker Act is merely a
jurisdictional statute and “does not create any substantive right enforceable against the United
States for money damages.” United States v. Testan, 424 U.S. 392, 298 (1976). Instead, the
substantive right must appear in another source of law, such as a “money-mandating
constitutional provision, statute or regulation that has been violated, or an express or implied
contract with the United States.” Loveladies Harbor, Inc. v. United States, 27 F.3d 1545, 1554
(Fed. Cir. 1994) (en banc).
Defendant raises two challenges to the court’s jurisdiction to entertain plaintiffs’ claims.
Specifically, defendant argues that 28 U.S.C. § 1491 bars plaintiffs’ claims because they sound
in tort. Defendant also contends that plaintiffs’ challenge to the conservatorships is untimely
under HERA. The court addresses each of these issues in turn. 9
A. Plaintiffs’ takings and illegal-exaction claims do not sound in tort.
Defendant first argues that plaintiffs’ Fifth Amendment takings and illegal-exaction
claims sound in tort because they are premised on purported misconduct by the United States.
Plaintiffs characterize defendant’s challenge to their takings and illegal-exaction claims, as
contrasted to its challenge to similar claims in the related cases, as untenable, inadequate,
perfunctory, and undeveloped. Pls.’ Br. in Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss (“Pls.’ Opp’n”) 17.
9
In Fairholme II, the court addressed numerous jurisdictional concerns that were not
raised or are not implicated in this case. See, e.g., 147 Fed. Cl. at 34-37 (rejecting the contention
of a putative intervenor that the Court of Federal Claims lacks jurisdiction to entertain Fifth
Amendment takings claims). Of note, the court disagreed with defendant’s contention that the
actions of the FHFA-C related to the Net Worth Sweep should not be considered to be those of
the United States. Id. at 25-34. Here, however, the focus is on the imposition of the
conservatorships by the FHFA; there is no dispute that the FHFA is the United States and that
plaintiffs’ claims are against the United States. See 12 U.S.C. § 4511(a) (establishing the FHFA
as an “independent agency of the Federal Government”).
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The court cannot agree with plaintiffs’ characterization of defendant’s argument but agrees with
plaintiffs that this jurisdictional challenge lacks merit. 10
When a party pleads the predicates for a takings claim or illegal-exaction claim, the court
possesses jurisdiction to entertain such claims. See Hansen v. United States, 65 Fed. Cl. 76, 80-
81 (2005) (“[S]o long as there is some material evidence in the record that establishes the
predicates for a [claim covered by the Tucker Act,] . . . a plaintiff succeeds in demonstrating
subject matter jurisdiction in this court . . . .”). Those claims, at a basic level, are contentions
that the government expropriated private property lawfully (takings) or unlawfully (illegal
exaction). See Orient Overseas Container Line (UK) Ltd. v. United States, 48 Fed. Cl. 284, 289
(2000) (“Takings claims arise because of a deprivation of property that is authorized by law.
Illegal exactions arise when the government requires payment in violation of the Constitution, a
statute, or a regulation.” (citation omitted)). If a party alleges the necessary predicates for these
claims, the court is not deprived of jurisdiction even if the complaint contains allegations that
could support a tort claim. See El-Shifa Pharm. Indus. Co. v. United States, 378 F.3d 1346, 1353
(Fed. Cir. 2004) (“That the complaint suggests the United States may have acted tortiously
towards the appellants does not remove it from the jurisdiction of the Court of Federal Claims.”);
Rith Energy, Inc. v. United States, 247 F.3d 1355, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (explaining that this
court has jurisdiction over a takings claim “even if the government’s action was subject to legal
challenge on some other ground”). Here, plaintiffs plead the predicates for their takings and
illegal-exaction claims by alleging, in essence, that they were forced to give their property to the
government because of authorized or unlawful government conduct. Therefore, it is of no import
to the court’s jurisdiction whether plaintiffs have alleged facts that would also support a tort
claim.
B. Plaintiffs’ claims were filed within the relevant limitations period.
Defendant also argues that plaintiffs’ challenge to the imposition of the conservatorships
is barred by a limitations period set by HERA. This statutory provision permits Fannie or
Freddie to challenge a conservatorship within thirty days of its imposition by the FHFA:
10
Plaintiffs argue that defendant, in its omnibus motion to dismiss which focused
primarily on the Net Worth Sweep and not on the imposition of the conservatorships, waived, in
large part, arguments that would more specifically address the claims in this suit. Pls.’ Opp’n
15-18 & n.5. The court disagrees. Plaintiffs’ amended complaint contained no statement that the
Net Worth Sweep was not a constituent part of the government actions that harmed plaintiffs—
indeed, the document gives the opposite impression. See 1st Am. Compl. ¶¶ 15, 172-186, 204-
205, 220, 222, 225. Even plaintiffs’ opposition brief, while announcing that the only
government action challenged in this suit is the imposition of the conservatorships in 2008, Pls.’
Opp’n 3, continues to reference the deleterious effects of the Net Worth Sweep as support for
plaintiffs’ claims, id. at 13-14. Because plaintiffs continued to clarify, in their briefs and at oral
argument, their focus on the imposition of the conservatorships as the basis of their claims,
defendant did not waive any arguments against plaintiffs’ claims by concentrating on the Net
Worth Sweep.
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If the [FHFA] is appointed conservator or receiver under this section, the
regulated entity may, within 30 days of such appointment, bring an action in the
United States district court for the judicial district in which the home office of
such regulated entity is located, or in the United States District Court for the
District of Columbia, for an order requiring the [FHFA] to remove itself as
conservator or receiver.
12 U.S.C. § 4617(a)(5)(A). Plaintiffs argue that HERA does not deprive this court of jurisdiction
over their takings and illegal-exaction claims. The court agrees with plaintiffs.
The court observes, first, that recent precedent from the United States Supreme Court
employs a “more stringent test for determining when statutory time limits are jurisdictional.”
Ford Motor Co. v. United States, 811 F.3d 1371, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (citing United States v.
Wong, 575 U.S. 402, 409-12 (2015)). Not only has defendant failed to muster any case law
showing that this HERA limitations provision applies to plaintiffs’ takings and illegal-exaction
claims, defendant has not provided any authority to support the proposition that this HERA
provision is a jurisdictional bar, rather than a procedural rule. 11 See Wong, 575 U.S. at 410
(noting that most limitations periods should be presumed to be procedural, not jurisdictional,
absent clear indicia to the contrary). The court finds no jurisdictional bar in HERA that deprives
this court of jurisdiction over plaintiffs’ claims.
This suit was filed on June 10, 2013. Plaintiffs’ claims focus on the imposition of the
conservatorships on September 6, 2008. The applicable statute of limitations is six years. 28
U.S.C. § 2501. As a question of jurisdiction, the court finds that plaintiffs’ claims are timely.
V. STANDING
In addition to asserting that the court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction to entertain
plaintiffs’ claims, defendant challenges plaintiffs’ standing to pursue their claims. A plaintiff
bears the burden of demonstrating that it has standing for each claim. Starr Int’l Co. v. United
States, 856 F.3d 953, 964 (Fed. Cir. 2017). It must establish, among other things, that it is
“assert[ing its] own legal rights and interests, and cannot rest [its] claim[s] to relief on the legal
11
Defendant’s reference to a discussion of HERA’s limitations provision in Perry II, 864
F.3d at 614, is unpersuasive. In the court’s view, those comments are dicta that expressly do not
address “constitutional claims” and, in any case, do not clearly state that HERA’s thirty-day
limitations provision is jurisdictional. Id. The other passages in the decisions relied upon by
defendant also do not address the timeliness of a shareholder’s takings or illegal-exaction claim
founded on the imposition of a conservatorship. See Gibson v. Resolution Tr. Corp., 51 F.3d
1016, 1020, 1026-27 (11th Cir. 1995) (affirming the dismissal of claims for declaratory and
injunctive relief against the conservator of a bank, holding that the plaintiffs could not challenge
the validity of the conservatorship pursuant to a provision similar to HERA’s thirty-day
limitations period); Resolution Tr. Corp. ex rel. First La. Fed. Sav. Bank v. Commerce Partners,
132 F.R.D. 443, 445-47 (W.D. La. 1990) (resolving a discovery dispute, holding that the parties
defending against a suit by the conservator of a bank could not challenge the validity of the
conservatorship pursuant to a provision similar to HERA’s thirty-day limitations period).
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rights or interests of third parties.” Kowalski v. Tesmer, 543 U.S. 125, 129 (2004). Further, the
label assigned to a claim is irrelevant; it is the substance of the allegations that controls. See
Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 752 (1984) (“[T]he standing inquiry requires careful examination
of a complaint’s allegations to ascertain whether the particular plaintiff is entitled to an
adjudication of the particular claim asserted.”), abrogated on other grounds by Lexmark Int’l,
Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc., 572 U.S. 118 (2014). Thus, in a suit brought by
shareholders, it is the substance of the allegations and not the label assigned to the allegations—
i.e., direct or derivative—that matters. See Starr, 856 F.3d at 966-67; see also In re Sunrise Sec.
Litig., 916 F.2d 874, 882 (3d Cir. 1990) (“Whether a claim is [direct] or derivative is determined
from the body of the complaint rather than from the label employed by the parties.”). A
shareholder lacks standing to litigate nominally direct claims that are substantively derivative in
nature because its personal request for relief would be based on the rights of the company. See
Starr, 856 F.3d at 966-67; see also Weir v. Stagg, No. 09-21745-CIV, 2011 WL 13174531, at *9
(S.D. Fla. Feb. 7, 2011) (“Shareholders do not have standing to bring a direct action for injuries
suffered by a corporation, but rather, must bring a derivative action.”). A shareholder, therefore,
must establish that the claims it labeled as direct are substantively direct in nature—i.e.,
premised on its injuries rather than the corporation’s injuries—to have standing to litigate those
claims. See Starr, 856 F.3d at 966-67.
Defendant argues that plaintiffs lack standing because their claims, pled as direct claims,
actually belong to the Enterprises and are therefore derivative in nature. The parties in this case
and the related cases fully briefed and argued this issue prior to the court issuing the Fairholme II
decision. The court concluded in Fairholme II that Fannie and Freddie shareholders lack
standing to pursue direct claims that are derivative in nature.
Thereafter, the court solicited short supplemental briefs from plaintiffs and defendant
regarding the applicability of the holdings in Fairholme II to this case. In their supplemental
brief, plaintiffs suggest that their allegations in support of the claims in the amended complaint,
for purposes of establishing standing, are materially different from the allegations regarding the
direct takings and illegal-exaction claims asserted in Fairholme. Defendant contends, however,
that the differences in the government actions referenced in the two suits does not change the fact
that the nature of plaintiffs’ alleged injuries is derivative, not direct, as was the case in
Fairholme.
A. Plaintiffs’ allegations of injury are not materially different from the allegations in
Fairholme.
Plaintiffs generally contend that their allegations are materially different from those
advanced in Fairholme, as regards standing. Plaintiffs point first to the fact that their suit is
founded on the imposition of the conservatorships by the FHFA, as contrasted with the
Fairholme allegations regarding the Net Worth Sweep effected by the amended PSPAs agreed to
by Treasury and the FHFA-C. Pls.’ Suppl. Br. on Mot. to Dismiss (“Pls.’ Suppl. Br.”) 1-2. This
suit, therefore, focuses largely on what occurred in September 2008, whereas the related cases,
including Fairholme, are focused primarily on what occurred in August 2012. Plaintiffs argue
that “[w]hether the Government’s unjustified imposition of the conservatorships under HERA
harmed shareholders, in the first place, is entirely distinct from [the] FHFA’s actions as
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conservator related to the [PSPA] Amendment—conduct that was central to finding the claims
derivative in Fairholme.” Pls.’ Suppl. Br. 4. Indeed, plaintiffs suggest that the standing inquiry
here is a matter of first impression.
While defendant concedes that the “statutory powers” at issue in Fairholme and this case
are different, it asserts that the type of injuries and the claims in the two cases are “virtually
identical.” Def.’s Resp. to Pls.’ Suppl. Br. (“Def.’s Resp.”) 1. The court agrees with defendant’s
statement, at least to the extent that the focus is properly placed on the claims alleged in this suit
and in Fairholme, rather than on the fact that plaintiffs here frame their injury as one caused by
the imposition of the conservatorships. The standing inquiry is governed more by the true nature
of the claim than by distinctions between the relative amount of emphasis that plaintiffs place on
certain events occurring in 2008 and the emphasis placed on the Net Worth Sweep in
Fairholme. 12 Cf. Katz v. Cisneros, 16 F.3d 1204, 1207 (Fed. Cir. 1994) (“Regardless of the
characterization of the case ascribed by [the plaintiff] in its complaint, we look to the true nature
of the action in determining the existence or not of jurisdiction.” (citing Livingston v. Derwinski,
959 F.2d 224, 225 (Fed. Cir. 1992))). Defendant persuasively argues that the standing inquiry
must focus on the nature of plaintiffs’ claims, not on the timing of the alleged injury.
It is true, as plaintiffs point out, that some of the facts discussed in Fairholme II are not
alleged here. That is because the Net Worth Sweep, as opposed to the imposition of the
conservatorships, gives rise to differently articulated claims in the related cases. But these are
distinctions without a difference. In all of the related cases presenting direct claims, the takings
and illegal-exaction claims have been premised on the expropriation of the plaintiffs’ economic
interests and property rights as shareholders. Thus, whether the primary focus is on the
imposition of the conservatorships or the Net Worth Sweep, the direct takings and illegal-
exaction claims are virtually indistinguishable for standing purposes.
Plaintiffs suggest that their injuries are different from those alleged in Fairholme. They
state, for example, that “the conservatorships eviscerated Plaintiffs’ bundle of property rights in
the [Enterprises] overnight.” Pls.’ Suppl. Br. 3. Plaintiffs also assert that the class members in
this suit “sustained billions of dollars in losses.” Id. Finally, plaintiffs argue that their situation
is not at all like those of the Fairholme plaintiffs, who alleged that their injuries were caused by
the overpayments made to Treasury as a consequence of the Net Worth Sweep, because here
plaintiffs “focus exclusively on the initial, wrongful government actions, and the direct harm to
investors holding shares at that time, from which all subsequent events flowed.” Id. at 4.
The court finds no significant distinction, for the standing inquiry, between the alleged
injuries here and those in Fairholme. First, although the Net Worth Sweep is less emphasized by
plaintiffs, that change to the PSPAs is clearly implicated, as it is in Fairholme, in plaintiffs’
claims. See supra note 10. Second, the allegedly “direct” harm to plaintiffs’ property interests in
their Fannie and Freddie stock is mirrored in the allegations in the Fairholme complaint. See 2d
Am. Compl. ¶¶ 169-174, 194-196, 202, Fairholme II, 147 Fed. Cl. at 1 (No. 13-465C). Finally,
12
In addition, plaintiffs’ amended complaint relies to a great extent on the Net Worth
Sweep to measure the extent of the injuries suffered by the class members. See supra note 10.
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for the reasons set forth below, when the test applied in Fairholme II is applied to the amended
complaint here, “plaintiffs do not identify an injury unique to them that is independent from any
Enterprise injury.” Def.’s Resp. 3. Thus, the standing analysis of Fairholme II applies to the
claims presented here in the amended complaint. 13
B. Plaintiffs’ claims actually belong to the Enterprises.
Having determined that plaintiffs’ allegations, for the purposes of the standing inquiry, do
not materially differ from those advanced in support of the direct takings and illegal-exaction
claims in Fairholme, the court turns to defendant’s contention that plaintiffs lack standing to
litigate these claims. Defendant’s standing argument is premised on its assertion that plaintiffs’
claims actually belong to the Enterprises––and are therefore derivative in nature––because, to
prevail, plaintiffs would need to establish an injury to the Enterprises and any relief would accrue
to the Enterprises. Plaintiffs counter that they assert direct claims and rely on two principal
authorities for this proposition: Tooley v. Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, Inc., 845 A.2d 1031(Del. 2004) (en banc), and Perry II.
The court observes, first, that federal law governs whether plaintiffs’ claims are direct or
derivative. See Starr, 856 F.3d at 965. But, as the parties acknowledge, federal law in this area
is informed by Delaware law. Id.; see also Kamen v. Kemper Fin. Servs., Inc., 500 U.S. 90, 97
(1991) (noting the “presumption that state law should be incorporated into federal common
law”). Under Delaware law, the test for whether a shareholder’s claim is derivative or direct
depends on the answers to two questions: “(1) who suffered the alleged harm (the corporation or
the suing stockholders, individually); and (2) who would receive the benefit of any recovery or
other remedy (the corporation or the stockholders, individually)?” Tooley, 845 A.2d at 1033.
“Normally, claims of corporate overpayment are . . . regarded as derivative [because] . . .
the corporation is both the party that suffers the injury (a reduction in its assets or their value) as
well as the party to whom the remedy (a restoration of the improperly reduced value) would
flow.” Gentile v. Rossette, 906 A.2d 91, 99 (Del. 2006), discussed in Starr, 856 F.3d at 965.
Such claims are derivative even “though the overpayment may diminish the value of the
corporation’s stock or deplete corporate assets that might otherwise be used to benefit the
stockholders, such as through a dividend.” Protas v. Cavanagh, No. CIV.A. 6555-VCG, 2012
WL 1580969, at *6 (Del. Ch. May 4, 2012); see also Hometown Fin. Inc. v. United States, 56
13
Section V.B, infra, is a version of the standing analysis in Section V.B of Fairholme II,
147 Fed. Cl. at 45-47, which has been modified to take into account plaintiffs’ arguments that
were timely raised. Any new arguments raised in plaintiffs’ supplemental brief are untimely and
waived. See United States v. Ford Motor Co., 463 F.3d 1267, 1276-77 (Fed. Cir. 2006)
(explaining that “[a]rguments raised for the first time in a reply brief are not properly before this
court” (citing Novosteel SA v. United States, 284 F.3d 1261, 1274 (Fed. Cir. 2002); United
States v. Nealy, 232 F.3d 825, 830-31 (11th Cir. 2000))); Ironclad/EEI v. United States, 78 Fed.
Cl. 351, 358 (2007) (noting that “under the law of this circuit, arguments not presented in a
party’s principal brief to the court are typically deemed to have been waived”). The court did not
invite plaintiffs, after the status conference held March 5, 2020, to challenge the standing
analysis presented in Fairholme II. See Order of March 19, 2020, at 2 n.2.
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Fed. Cl. 477, 486 (2003) (“[C]ourts have consistently held that shareholders lack standing to
bring cases on their own behalf where their losses from the alleged injury to the corporation
amount to nothing more than a diminution in stock value or a loss of dividends.”). Plaintiffs
argue that their claims differ from corporate overpayment claims because, in their terms, “the
jarring decline in the [Enterprises’] aggregate value resulting from the governmental seizure is
most reasonably viewed as the damages suffered by shareholders due to the loss of their rights in
the [Enterprises’].” Pls.’ Opp’n 22. According to plaintiffs, their “stock lost value because it
ceased to represent a significant ownership or economic right in the [Enterprises].” Id.Despite framing their loss as the loss of ownership rights, plaintiffs also recount in their
amended complaint the expropriation of the Enterprises’ assets by the FHFA through the
conservatorships. See 1st Am. Compl. ¶¶ 7-8, 12, 165, 172, 174-175, 177, 182-185. In the
amended complaint, plaintiffs’ injuries are attributed to both the imposition of the
conservatorships and the Net Worth Sweep. Id. Defendant accurately characterizes these
injuries as derivative: “Substantively, plaintiffs’ claims are derivative because plaintiffs’ alleged
injuries exist solely as a result of the Enterprises’ alleged injuries: first, from the Enterprises’
placement in conservatorship; and second, from the Enterprises’ payment of dividends pursuant
to the [PSPA Amendments].” Def.’s Reply in Support of its Omnibus Mot. to Dismiss 2.
The gravamen of plaintiffs’ takings and the illegal-exaction claims is indistinguishable
from an overpayment claim: The FHFA, through the imposition of the conservatorships and
subsequent manipulations of the Enterprises, gutted Fannie and Freddie and left nothing for the
shareholders. See 1st Am. Compl. ¶ 186. Plaintiffs’ claims are substantively derivative in nature
because they are premised on allegations that the Enterprises themselves were harmed by the
conservatorships. 14 See id. ¶¶ 8-10, 12, 68, 73, 77, 145, 147, 157, 164, 174-177, 182-186, 194-
195, 198-201, 204, 222; see also id. ¶ 200 (describing the damage from the imposition of the
conservatorships as the “damage to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and, in turn, to their
shareholders’ interests”). Plaintiffs cannot transform their substantively derivative claims into
direct claims by merely alleging that, as a result of the conservatorships, they were deprived of
their stockholder rights, such as the rights to receive dividends or liquidation payments, or the
right to vote on the management of the Enterprises. The claims remain derivative because
plaintiffs’ purported “harms are ‘merely the unavoidable result . . . of the reduction in the value
of the entire corporate entity.’” Protas, 2012 WL 1580969, at *6 (quoting Gentile, 906 A.2d at
14
Plaintiffs would remain unsuccessful if their allegations of improper government
conduct were construed to be indicative of some action other than simply a depletion of the
Enterprises’ assets. Any claims premised on waste and mismanagement are derivative in nature.
Kramer v. W. Pac. Indus., Inc., 546 A.2d 348, 353 (Del. 1988) (noting that “mismanagement
resulting in corporate waste, if proven represents a direct wrong to the corporation . . . [that] is
entirely derivative in nature”). Plaintiffs’ claims are also derivative in nature to the extent that
they are premised on (1) a purported reduction in share price as a consequence of the Enterprises
losing assets or (2) the FHFA-C acting unfairly by agreeing to transfer profits pursuant to the
PSPA Amendments. See Hometown, 56 Fed. Cl. at 486 (stock prices); In re Straight Path
Commc’ns Inc. Consol. S’holder Litig., No. CV 2017-0486-SG, 2017 WL 5565264, at *4 (Del.
Ch. Nov. 20, 2017) (“Sale of corporate assets to a controller for an unfair price states perhaps the
quintessential derivative claim . . . .”).
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99); see also Agostino v. Hicks, 845 A.2d 1110, 1122 (Del. Ch. 2004) (“[T]he inquiry should
focus on whether an injury is suffered by the shareholder that is not dependent on a prior injury
to the corporation.”). Because plaintiffs’ claims are derivative in nature, under Tooley and Starr,
plaintiffs lack standing to pursue those claims on their own behalf.
Turning to plaintiffs’ reliance on Perry II, the court considers whether this decision by the
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit supports plaintiffs’ standing
to assert their claims. The parties acknowledge that Perry II did not address takings and illegal-
exaction claims, but plaintiffs attempt to find a parallel between their constitutional claims and
the direct contract claims discussed in Perry II. According to defendant, however, the nature of
the claims in Perry II is not analogous to the nature of the claims in this case because the contract
claims considered to be direct in Perry II were asserted by the shareholders against their
contracting partners, the Enterprises. The court agrees with defendant that the standing analysis
in Perry II is not sufficiently analogous to the standing inquiry required here—those contract
claims could not have been derivative in nature because they were brought against the
Enterprises, now under a conservator, not on behalf of the Enterprises. See 864 F.3d at 628
(“These [contract claims] are ‘not claims that could plausibly belong to’ the [Enterprises]
because they assert that the [Enterprises] breached contractual duties owed to the class plaintiffs
by virtue of their stock certificates.” (quoting Citigroup Inc. v. AHW Inv. P’ship, 140 A.3d 1125,
1138 (Del. 2016) (en banc))). Perry II does not assist plaintiffs in establishing standing for their
claims.
In sum, plaintiffs have not shown that they have standing to litigate their claims because
they do not, and cannot, demonstrate that those claims are substantively direct claims.
Therefore, the court dismisses plaintiffs’ nominally direct claims on standing grounds. 15
C. Plaintiffs’ claims are direct claims, as pled, and cannot be deemed to be derivative
claims.
Plaintiffs, while acknowledging that they assert only direct claims, 16 attempt to avoid
dismissal of those claims for lack of standing by requesting, in a footnote, that the court permit
them to pursue their claims as derivative claims. The entirety of the argument is as follows:
Even if Plaintiffs’ claims were derivative in nature—and they are not—the
FHFA’s role in imposing the conservatorships and its close work with the
Treasury in effecting the Government’s goals create a conflict of interest that
15
Because plaintiffs’ claims must be dismissed for lack of standing, the court need not
reach defendant’s remaining arguments that these claims should be dismissed for failure to state
a claim upon which relief can be granted.
16
There is no dispute that the claims plaintiffs assert in their amended complaint are
framed as direct claims. For their takings and illegal-exaction claims, plaintiffs emphasize that
the harm to plaintiffs is direct. 1st Am. Compl. ¶¶ 224-225; see also Pls.’ Opp’n 20-22 & n.7
(arguing that plaintiffs’ claims are direct, not derivative). In addition, the relief requested by
plaintiffs is for monetary relief payable to them, not to the Enterprises. 1st Am. Compl. 82.
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prevents the FHFA from pursuing these claims under the Succession Clause [in
HERA]. As such, shareholders should be permitted to pursue these claims even if
the Court deems them to be derivative.
Pls.’ Opp’n 22 n.7 (citing Delta Sav. Bank v. United States, 265 F.3d 1017 (9th Cir. 2001); First
Hartford Corp. Pension Plan & Tr. v. United States, 194 F.3d 1279, 1295 (Fed. Cir. 1999)).
Because the First Hartford decision is binding precedent from the United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit (“Federal Circuit”), and the holding in First Hartford was followed by the
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in Delta Savings Bank, 265 F.3d at 1022-
24, the court focuses on First Hartford.
In First Hartford, the Federal Circuit held that a shareholder of a company could bring a
derivative claim, notwithstanding a succession clause, if the company was controlled by an entity
with a conflict of interest. 194 F.3d at 1283; accord id. at 1295 (remarking that the purpose of
derivative suits was to “permit shareholders to file suit on behalf of a corporation when the
managers or directors of the corporation, perhaps due to a conflict of interest, are unable or
unwilling to do so, despite it being in the best interests of the corporation”). The court in
Fairholme II concluded that, pursuant to First Hartford, the plaintiff who asserted derivative
claims in Fairholme had standing to litigate those claims due to the FHFA-C’s conflict of
interest. 147 Fed. Cl. at 49-51.
If plaintiffs had asserted derivative claims in their amended complaint, the “conflict of
interest” holding in First Hartford would have aided plaintiffs in their quest to establish standing.
But they did not do so. Thus, their reliance on this holding in First Hartford is misplaced.
As for plaintiffs’ suggestion that their direct claims could be deemed derivative, they
identify no authority for that recharacterization of their claims, even though they had the
opportunity to do so in their opposition brief. The court finds plaintiffs’ request to be
unsupported by authority and unpersuasive for the purpose of establishing plaintiffs’ standing to
bring the claims in their amended complaint. 17
VI. CONCLUSION
The court must dismiss plaintiffs’ claims for lack of standing. It therefore GRANTS
defendant’s motion to dismiss. The clerk is directed to enter judgment accordingly. No costs.
The court has filed this ruling under seal. The parties shall confer to determine proposed
redactions to which the parties agree. Then, by no later than Friday, July 17, 2020, the
parties shall file a joint status report indicating either that no redactions are necessary, or their
17
Derivative takings and illegal-exaction claims brought on behalf of the Enterprises are
asserted in some of the related cases, including Fairholme.
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agreement with the proposed redactions, attaching a copy of those pages of the court’s ruling
containing proposed redactions, with all proposed redactions clearly indicated.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
s/ Margaret M. Sweeney
MARGARET M. SWEENEY
Chief Judge
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