Orthopaedic and Spine Center v. Keystone Automotive Industries, Inc. ( 2014 )

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judges McCullough and Decker
UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia
ORTHOPAEDIC AND SPINE CENTER
MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
v. Record No. 0917-14-1 JUDGE STEPHEN R. McCULLOUGH
DECEMBER 23, 2014
KEYSTONE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRIES, INC., AND
SEDGWICK CLAIMS MANAGEMENT SERVICES, INC.
FROM THE VIRGINIA WORKERS’ COMPENSATION COMMISSION
W. Edgar Spivey (Kaufman & Canoles, P.C., on briefs), for
appellant.
Katharina Kreye Alcorn (Midkiff, Muncie & Ross, P.C., on brief),
for appellees.
This case calls upon us to descend into a modern Slough of Despond, otherwise known as
medical billing. The Orthopaedic and Spine Center, OSC, seeks full payment for medical
services it provided to an employee of Keystone Automotive Industries. Keystone contends it is
contractually entitled to a deep discount for those services. The commission found in Keystone’s
favor. On appeal, OSC argues that the commission: (1) erred in finding that Keystone or
Sedgwick Claims Management Services, the third-party administrator for Keystone, was entitled
to discounts through a contract with First Health Group; (2) should have found that Keystone and
Sedgwick waived any right to rely on the First Health/OSC contract; and (3) erred in failing to
enforce the clear and explicit terms of the First Health/OSC contract, specifically, those that
prohibit a retroactive denial of charges. We conclude that Keystone failed to meet its burden of
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
proving the existence of a contractual relationship between First Health and Keystone or
Sedgwick. Therefore, we reverse the commission’s decision.1
BACKGROUND
In September 2007, OSC provided health services to a Keystone employee who had been
injured on the job. The bill for those services totaled $13,449. Sedgwick reviewed the claim on
behalf of Keystone and forwarded it to Coventry Health Care. Coventry provides “cost and care
management solutions for insurance carriers, third party administrators and self-insured
employers.” Coventry, in turn, “forwarded [the bill] to Aetna for repricing.” “Repricing” means
that Aetna reduces the bill according to a contractually-agreed reimbursement rate.
In 2005, Coventry acquired First Health. Two years later, in 2007, Coventry acquired the
assets of Concentra/Focus. Concentra/Focus had a preexisting contractual relationship with
Aetna. Upon acquiring Concentra/Focus, Coventry continued the relationship with Aetna. This
contractual relationship gave Coventry access to the “Aetna WC access bridge focus[/]workers’
comp access.” Based on these “network reductions” obtained via Aetna, Sedgwick agreed to pay
OSC $2,402 out of the $13,449 billed.
On October 15, 2007, Sedgwick mailed an “Explanation of Review” to OSC, referencing
the “Aetna WC Access Bridge Focus/Aetna Workers Comp Access” and itemizing the claimed
discounts. The Explanation of Review also directed OSC to contact “Coventry Health Care
Workers C” should it have any questions regarding this analysis.
When OSC contested these discounts, Keystone initially claimed that the Aetna contract
bound OSC to accept them. Later, following this Court’s decision in Orthopaedic & Spine Ctr.
v. Muller Martini Mfg. Corp., 61 Va. App. 482, 737 S.E.2d 544 (2013), Keystone abandoned
1
In view of our holding on the first assignment of error, we do not address appellant’s
second and third assignments of error.
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that position and argued, instead, that an agreement between OSC and a different entity, First
Health, bound OSC to an even more sharply discounted bill – reimbursing $2,326.64 instead of
the Aetna contract’s $2,402.
There is no dispute that, in 2002, OSC and First Health entered into a contract that
established a “PPO Plan.” Section 1.5 of the contract specifies that only certain “Payors” will be
covered by the contract:
Provider understands that by execution of this Agreement,
Provider agrees to participate in a Preferred Provider Panel (PPO
Plan) being created by First Health. Provider further understands
that First Health will offer to certain Payors the opportunity to
contract with First Health to utilize the services of the health care
providers participating in the Preferred Provider Panel. Payors
may elect to use some or all of the providers participating in First
Health’s PPO Plan. First Health will supply Provider with [a] list
of all Payors that have entered into Agreements with First Health
to utilize Provider’s services.
The contract defines “covered medical services” as “those services provided to a Participating
Patient for which the Payor is obligated to pay pursuant to the Payor’s Health Plan.”
“Participating patients” are those employees who have “elected to receive care from Provider
and who are covered by the Payor’s Benefit or Insurance Plan.” A “payor agreement”
“is an instrument between a Payor and First Health or its authorized representative which
provides for Participating Providers to render health care services pursuant to this Agreement to
Participating Patients at the reimbursement amounts set forth herein.” The contract defines a
“Payor” as
an employer, trust fund, insurance carrier, health care service plan,
trust, nonprofit hospital service plan, a governmental unit, any
other entity which has an obligation to provide medical services or
benefits for such services to Participating Patients, or any other
entity which has contracted with First Health to use First Health’s
PPO Plan.
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Providers under this contract are reimbursed for services at a lower rate. In exchange, Providers
gain access to more patients, and Payors must make full payment within thirty days of receiving
an accurate and complete bill.
Maureen Sample, Coventry’s Director of National Networks, admitted that Keystone did
not contract with First Health and had no knowledge if Keystone had a contract with
Concentra/Focus. Initially, she testified that Sedgwick had access to the First Health workers’
comp network. She also stated that Sedgwick was a client of First Health, that Sedgwick was a
member of First Health’s client network, and that she had seen the contract, but it had “been a
very long time.” She further explained that Sedgwick was a client of Concentra for a period of
time. “[W]hen Sedgwick was a client of First Health, Sedgwick actually moved their claim
management services to Concentra prior to the acquisition,” but Sedgwick returned to Coventry
when Coventry acquired “the Concentra/Focus business.” When asked whether she had
produced the Sedgwick-First Health agreement in this case, however, she clarified her testimony:
“The Sedgwick agreement I think that was in place at the time of the date of this service was the
Sedgwick agreement with Concentra/Focus, not directly with First Health.” She was not aware
of any contracts between OSC and Concentra/Focus.
When the deputy commissioner found in favor of Keystone, OSC appealed to the full
commission. The commission found that “there [was] sufficient evidence of a contract between
First Health and Sedgwick to establish that the defendants [were] entitled to third party
beneficiary status under the medical provider’s First Health Agreement.” Further, the
commission found that Sample’s testimony “provide[d] evidence of an agreement between First
Health and Sedgwick whereby Sedgwick had access to the First Health network of providers . . .
and the reduced reimbursement rates.” Finally, the commission found that the way the bill was
processed provides “further evidence of a contractual relationship between Sedgwick and
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Coventry.” Commissioner Marshall dissented, on the basis that Keystone failed to establish the
applicability of the First Health discounts, either through documentary evidence or through
Sample’s testimony.
ANALYSIS
I. KEYSTONE BEARS THE BURDEN OF PROVING ITS ENTITLEMENT TO A DISCOUNT
THROUGH A CONTRACT WITH FIRST HEALTH.
As a threshold matter, the parties contest who bears the burden of proof. According to
Keystone, OSC bore the burden “to prove the breach [of contract] and the extent and amount of
damage resulting from that breach.” For its part, OSC argues that it is Keystone that must prove
its contractual entitlement to the discounts that it claims.
Medical reimbursements in workers’ compensation cases are governed by statute. Code
§ 65.2-605(A) provides that an employer is liable for medical services “limited to such charges
as prevail in the same community for similar treatment when such treatment is paid for by the
injured person.” Medical providers may, of course, contractually obligate themselves to provide
services at a discounted rate rather than at the prevailing community rate. The party claiming
that the default statutory standard has been displaced by a contractual agreement bears the
burden of proving such an agreement. See Robertson v. Gilbert, 219 Va. 620, 624, 249 S.E.2d
787, 789 (1978) (requiring the plaintiff to “bear the burden of proving the existence of the
contract alleged in his bill of complaint”); Bloomberg-Michael Furniture Co. v. Coppes Bros. &
Zook, 141 Va. 18, 32, 126 S.E. 59, 63 (1925) (requiring the party alleging the existence of a
contract to “establish by a preponderance of the evidence the existence of a contract on which to
base a recovery for a breach thereof”); see also Banks v. Plow & Hearth Co., 2013 VA Wrk.
Comp. LEXIS 750 (Aug. 26, 2013) (“The [c]ommission will uphold contractual agreements
between health care providers and insurers, but the insurer has the burden of proving the
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existence and applicability of any contract that it claims entitles it to a discount.”). In this
instance, that burden fell on Keystone.
II. KEYSTONE DID NOT MEET ITS BURDEN OF PROVING THE EXISTENCE OF A CONTRACT
BETWEEN SEDGWICK AND FIRST HEALTH.
“Decisions of the commission as to questions of fact, if supported by credible evidence,
are conclusive and binding on this Court.” Manassas Ice & Fuel Co. v. Farrar, 13 Va. App. 227,
229, 409 S.E.2d 824, 826 (1991). In addition, we will review the evidence in the light most
favorable to the party who prevailed below. Wainwright v. Newport News Shipbldg. & Dry
Dock Co., 50 Va. App. 421, 430, 650 S.E.2d 566, 571 (2007). “[T]he commission’s legal
determinations are not binding on appeal and will be reviewed de novo.” Id. We review issues
of contract interpretation de novo. Schuiling v. Harris, 286 Va. 187, 192, 747 S.E.2d 833, 836
(2013).
There is no question that Coventry acquired First Health, and OSC signed a contract with
First Health. No evidence, however, establishes that the employer, Keystone, is entitled to any
First Health discount. Sample testified that she was not aware of any such contractual
relationship. The question, then, is whether Sedgwick, the claims administrator for Keystone,
can avail itself of the discounts provided for in the contract between First Health and OSC.
Under the terms of First Health’s contract with OSC, it is plain that OSC has not opened
its doors to provide discounted services to all comers. Rather, the discounted services are
available to particular “Payors,” i.e., those who have signed an agreement with First Health. To
demonstrate its entitlement to the claimed discounts, Keystone was required to establish the
existence of an agreement between Sedgwick and First Health. No such contract between
Sedgwick and First Health was introduced into evidence.
Ordinarily, under the best evidence rule, when the terms of a contract are in dispute, the
contract itself must be presented. “It is elementary law that ‘where the contents of a writing are
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desired to be proved, the writing itself must be produced, or its absence sufficiently accounted
for before other evidence of its contents can be admitted.’” Butts v. Commonwealth, 145 Va.
800, 816, 133 S.E. 764, 769 (1926) (quoting 1 Simon Greenleaf, A Treatise on the Law of
Evidence 682 (16th ed. 1899)); see also Rule 2:1002. The Supreme Court explained the basis for
the rule as follows:
Observation and experience have taught us that human memory is
very frail, and that the unaided testimony of witnesses is a very
unsatisfactory means of establishing facts of long standing. This is
especially true when a witness undertakes to give his recollection
of the contents of writings.
Butts, 145 Va. at 816, 133 S.E. at 769.
It is settled law that the commission operates under more relaxed rules of evidence. See,
e.g., Derby v. Swift & Co., 188 Va. 336, 341, 49 S.E.2d 417, 419 (1948) (“Hearsay evidence is
admissible under the Workmen’s Compensation Act and is used as the basis of an award.”). We
will assume, for purposes of this opinion, that Keystone was not required to produce the actual
contract between First Health and Sedgwick but could, instead, rely on Sample’s deposition
testimony. Sample’s testimony, however, still fails to establish the existence of a contract
between First Health and Sedgwick. She testified that Sedgwick “ha[d] access to the First Health
workers’ comp network.” She stated that she had seen “the Sedgwick First Health agreement”
but that it had “been a very long time.” She immediately clarified, however, that “[t]he
Sedgwick agreement I think that was in place at the time of the date of this service was the
Sedgwick agreement with Concentra/Focus, not directly with First Health.” To her knowledge,
OSC had not entered into a Preferred Provider Agreement with Concentra/Focus.
Sample’s testimony falls short of establishing that Sedgwick was a Payor entitled to the
First Health PPO network’s discounts when OSC provided services to Keystone’s employee. At
best, Sample’s testimony establishes a relationship between Sedgwick and Concentra/Focus
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when services were provided, not between Sedgwick and Concentra/First Health. Keystone
presented no testimony from Sedgwick and no documentary evidence to establish Sedgwick’s
contractual entitlement to a discount with First Health. The mere fact that Sedgwick was a client
of Coventry’s client does not prove its entitlement to a discount via First Health.
Further, we cannot agree with the commission that Sedgwick’s repricing process with
Coventry provides evidence of a relationship between Sedgwick and First Health. Coventry
acquired First Health in 2005 and Concentra/Focus in 2007. The Explanation of Review and the
repricing that occurred is consistent with Sample’s testimony about a relationship between
Sedgwick and Concentra/Focus (later acquired by Coventry) but not a relationship between
Sedgwick and First Health. Indeed, Sample specifically testified that Sedgwick “sent the
medical provider’s bill to Focus now Coventry for repricing.”
We conclude that Keystone failed to meet its burden of proving a contractual
relationship, between First Health and Sedgwick, that would entitle Keystone to benefit from the
discounts specified in the contract between First Health and OSC.2
III. THE DOCTRINE OF LACHES DOES NOT BAR OSC’S CLAIM.
Finally, we conclude that the equitable doctrine of laches does not bar OSC’s claim.
“Laches is the neglect or failure to assert a known right or claim for an unexplained period of
time under circumstances prejudicial to the adverse party.” Berglund Chevrolet, Inc. v.
Landrum, 43 Va. App. 742, 755, 601 S.E.2d 693, 699 (2004). “The litigant raising laches as a
defense bears the burden of demonstrating both the requisite delay and prejudice.” Id. As in
Berglund, the employer cannot establish any prejudice such as lost evidence or witnesses who
2
We express no opinion on any other discounts Keystone might be entitled under
contracts other than the one with First Health. Our opinion is limited to resolving the question
presented, namely, whether Keystone established its entitlement to a discount based on a contract
between Sedgwick and First Health.
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could not be found due to the delay in bringing the claim. Id. Keystone cites a number of pages
in the record in an effort to establish prejudice. We have reviewed those parts of the record, but
they simply do not support Keystone’s claim of prejudice. Accordingly, we find that Keystone
has not established the applicability of the doctrine of laches to its dispute with OSC.
CONCLUSION
We reverse the decision of the commission.
Reversed.
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