Katy Callender v. Petersburg Department of Social Services ( 2012 )

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Haley, McCullough and Senior Judge Willis
KATY CALLENDER
MEMORANDUM OPINION *
v. Record No. 1943-11-2 PER CURIAM
FEBRUARY 28, 2012
PETERSBURG DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF PETERSBURG
Pamela S. Baskervill, Judge
(Linda M. H. Tomlin; Tomlin & McKeen, PLLC, on brief), for
appellant. Appellant submitting on brief.
(Joan M. O’Donnell; Susan G. Andrews, Guardian ad litem for the
minor child, on brief), for appellee. Appellee and Guardian ad
litem submitting on brief.
Katy Callender (hereinafter “mother”) appeals the termination of her residual parental
rights to her child, M.B. Mother asserts the trial court erred in approving a goal of adoption and
in terminating her residual parental rights under Code § 16.1-283 where there was no evidence
mother was beyond reasonable rehabilitative efforts and where mother had made significant
efforts to rehabilitate herself after the child was removed from the home. For the reasons stated,
we affirm the trial court’s decision.
Background
When reviewing a decision to terminate parental rights, we presume the circuit court
“‘thoroughly weighed all the evidence, considered the statutory requirements, and made its
determination based on the child’s best interests.’” Toms v. Hanover Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 46
Va. App. 257, 265-66, 616 S.E.2d 765, 769 (2005) (quoting Fields v. Dinwiddie Cnty. Dep’t of
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
Soc. Servs., 46 Va. App. 1, 7, 614 S.E.2d 656, 659 (2005)). 1 Mother has a long history of
substance abuse and unsuccessful attempts at recovery. As a result of her abuse of prescription
drugs in New Mexico, she was convicted in 2005 and 2006 of forgery, attempted forgery, and
violation of New Mexico’s Controlled Substances Act, N.M. Stat. Ann. § 30-31-25. Despite her
participation in substance abuse programs, including a 30-day inpatient program and a three-month
program, her New Mexico criminal proceedings concluded with an amended order of unsatisfactory
discharge from probation in April 2009.
Less than a year later, mother was arrested in Virginia and charged with three felony counts
of attempting to obtain prescription drugs illegally. Following a complaint with the Petersburg
Department of Social Services (“DSS”), DSS referred mother to “District 19” for substance abuse
treatment in February 2010. Mother failed to comply.
On August 20, 2010, Jason Callender, mother’s husband, came home to find her passed out
on the floor. Callender called “911.” Mother was hospitalized, but she signed herself out of the
hospital against medical advice and returned home. Later that day, Callender left mother and M.B.
alone together briefly, and upon his return, he found mother on the floor exhibiting symptoms of a
seizure. Mother was hospitalized again, but on this occasion, she was placed in the behavioral unit
for three days on suspicion of a methadone overdose.
On August 24, 2010, M.B. was placed with DSS after Callender announced he could not
care for M.B. and attempts to place the child with relatives were unsuccessful. DSS initially
established a goal of returning M.B. home. The initial foster care service plan required mother to
complete substance abuse treatment, complete a psychological evaluation and comply with the
recommendations of that report, and comply with District 19’s recommendations. District 19’s
1
The facts are drawn from the statement of facts filed with the trial court in lieu of a
transcript pursuant to Rule 5A:8.
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recommendations included obtaining employment and stable housing, completing parenting classes,
participating in random drug screens, attending scheduled visits with M.B., signing releases,
attending meetings and court hearings, and cooperating with DSS. Mother was also required to
provide DSS with copies of her paystubs, utility bills, and rental payments.
In August 2010, mother was referred to intense inpatient treatment for substance abuse, but
she failed to comply. In November 2010, the juvenile and domestic relations district court ordered
mother to complete substance abuse treatment by May 2011, but she failed to do so.
Between January and September 2011, mother provided DSS with documentation that she
worked fourteen hours each week, but she did not provide proof of a lease or utility payments.
When DSS sent a letter to mother at her last known address, the letter was returned to DSS
undelivered. On February 24, 2011, DSS requested a copy of mother’s lease and her receipts for
utility bills, but mother failed to provide them. In April 2011, DSS filed a new foster care service
plan seeking a change in goal from return home to adoption.
At the time of the termination hearing on September 7, 2011, DSS did not know where
mother resided. She had failed to complete parenting classes or substance abuse treatment. While
she had completed a psychological evaluation, she failed to comply with the recommendations of
that evaluation. Mother had also failed to pay child support, resulting in pending proceedings
against mother in juvenile and domestic relations district court.
Mother acknowledged at the termination hearing she had not complied with court orders
between 2006 and 2009 in connection with her illegal use of prescription drugs. According to the
statement of facts, “her older child was not in the legal custody of her mother as a result of her drug
addiction.” Mother acknowledged she had left her older child in New Mexico with the older
child’s maternal grandmother “because she was better off” there. Mother conceded she resisted
substance abuse treatment in February 2010 and August 2010 because she did not believe she had a
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serious substance abuse problem. At the time of the hearing, mother noted her current substance
program was “the longest and most intense in which she had participated,” and “she was willing to
accept the program . . . .” Nevertheless, mother agreed she was not in a position at the time of the
hearing to assume custody of M.B.
M.B. remained with the same foster parents from the time of her initial placement in August
2010 until the time of the termination hearing in September 2011. The guardian ad litem who
visited M.B. and her foster parents in their home noted M.B. “had established great rapport” with
her foster parents and “was just a happy little girl.” M.B. attended daycare and church and had
many friends, as well as her own room, toys, and a dog.
At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court terminated mother’s residual parental rights
under subsections (b) and (c) of Code § 16.1-283(B)(2), as well as under Code § 16.1-283(C)(2).
This appeal followed.
Analysis
The “termination of residual parental rights is a grave, drastic and irreversible action,”
Helen W. v. Fairfax Cnty. Dep’t of Human Dev., 12 Va. App. 877, 883, 407 S.E.2d 25, 28-29
(1991), and we presume the trial court “‘to have thoroughly weighed all the evidence, considered
the statutory requirements, and made its determination based on the child’s best interests,’”
Logan v. Fairfax Cnty. Dep’t of Human Dev., 13 Va. App. 123, 128, 409 S.E.2d 460, 463 (1991)
(quoting Farley v. Farley, 9 Va. App. 326, 329, 387 S.E.2d 794, 796 (1990)). “The trial court’s
judgment, ‘when based on evidence heard ore tenus, will not be disturbed on appeal unless
plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.’” Id. (quoting Peple v. Peple, 5 Va. App. 414,
422, 364 S.E.2d 232, 237 (1988)).
Code § 16.1-283(B) and 16.1-283(C)(2) are “individual bases upon which a petitioner
may seek to terminate residual parental rights.” City of Newport News Dep’t of Soc. Servs.
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v. Winslow, 40 Va. App. 556, 563, 580 S.E.2d 463, 466 (2003). Upon concluding that
termination of parental rights under one subsection of Code § 16.1-283 is warranted, we need
not consider whether termination was appropriate under another subsection. Fields, 46
Va. App. at 8, 614 S.E.2d at 659. Here, because we conclude that the trial court did not err in
terminating mother’s residual parental rights under Code § 16.1-283(B)(2), we need not
review its decision to terminate her parental rights under subsection C.
Code § 16.1-283(B) provides that the residual parental rights of a parent of a child found
by the court to be neglected or abused and placed in foster care as a result of court commitment
may be terminated if clear and convincing evidence proves that it is in the best interests of the
child and that:
1. The neglect or abuse suffered by such child presented a serious
and substantial threat to his life, health or development; and
2. It is not reasonably likely that the conditions which resulted in
such neglect or abuse can be substantially corrected or eliminated
so as to allow the child’s safe return to his parent or parents within
a reasonable period of time. In making this determination, the
court shall take into consideration the efforts made to rehabilitate
the parent or parents by any public or private social, medical,
mental health or other rehabilitative agencies prior to the child’s
initial placement in foster care.
Proof of any of the following shall constitute prima facie evidence
of the conditions set forth in subdivision B 2 hereof:
a. The parent or parents are suffering from a mental
or emotional illness or mental deficiency of such severity
that there is no reasonable expectation that such parent will
be able to undertake responsibility for the care needed by
the child in accordance with his age and stage of
development; or
b. The parent or parents have habitually abused or
are addicted to intoxicating liquors, narcotics or other
dangerous drugs to the extent that proper parental ability
has been seriously impaired and the parent, without good
cause, has not responded to or followed through with
recommended and available treatment which could have
improved the capacity for adequate parental functioning; or
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c. The parent or parents, without good cause, have
not responded to or followed through with appropriate,
available and reasonable rehabilitative efforts on the part of
social, medical, mental health or other rehabilitative
agencies designed to reduce, eliminate or prevent the
neglect or abuse of the child.
“[S]ubsection B ‘speaks prospectively’ and requires the circuit court to make a judgment
call on the parent’s ability, following a finding of neglect or abuse, to substantially remedy the
underlying problems.” Toms, 46 Va. App. at 270-71, 616 S.E.2d at 772 (internal citation and
footnote omitted). Here, mother acknowledged she had a substance abuse addiction dating back
as far as 2006 for which she was unable to complete treatment successfully. Despite her
continuing substance abuse problems, several criminal convictions, and loss of custody over her
older child, mother repeatedly failed to comply with treatment recommendations because she did
not believe she had a “serious” problem. Mother also failed to prove her ability to secure a lease
or to provide financial support to M.B.
“It is clearly not in the best interests of a child to spend a lengthy period of time waiting
to find out when, or even if, a parent will be capable of resuming his [or her] responsibilities.”
Kaywood v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 10 Va. App. 535, 540, 394 S.E.2d 492, 495 (1990).
Virginia law recognizes the “maxim that, sometimes, the most
reliable way to gauge a person’s future actions is to examine those
of his past.” Petry v. Petry, 41 Va. App. 782, 793, 489 S.E.2d 458,
463 (2003). “As many courts have observed, one permissible
‘measure of a parent’s future potential is undoubtedly revealed in
the parent’s past behavior with the child.’” Id. (citation omitted).
“No one can divine with any assurance the future course of human
events. Nevertheless, past actions and relationships over a
meaningful period serve as good indicators of what the future may
be expected to hold.” Winfield v. Urquhart, 25 Va. App. 688,
696-97, 492 S.E.2d 464, 467 (1997) (citations omitted).
Toms, 46 Va. App. at 267-68, 616 S.E.2d at 770.
Based on this record, the trial court was entitled to conclude that mother had a substance
abuse addiction that “seriously impaired” her parenting abilities and that mother, “without good
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cause, ha[d] not responded to or followed through with recommended and available treatment
which could have improved the capacity for adequate parental functioning.” The record also
supports a finding that, as a result of mother’s continuing addiction, M.B. suffered neglect or
abuse that “presented a serious and substantial threat to [her] life, health or development” and
that “it [wa]s not reasonably likely that the conditions which resulted in such neglect or abuse
c[ould] be substantially corrected or eliminated so as to allow the child’s safe return to [mother]
within a reasonable period of time.” While mother was hopeful she would finally benefit from
her most recent attempt at treatment, she acknowledged she was not yet in a position to care for
M.B.
Consistent with Kaywood, Code § 16.1-283(B) required the trial court to find only that
mother was unlikely to substantially remedy or eliminate the conditions that led to the abuse or
neglect within a reasonable period of time. Based on mother’s long-standing addiction and
failed attempts at treatment, we cannot say the evidence failed to support the trial court’s
decision that mother was unlikely to eliminate the conditions leading to M.B.’s neglect.
Furthermore, M.B. was happy, stable, and well-adjusted in her foster home, supporting the trial
court’s conclusion that termination of mother’s parental rights was in M.B.’s best interests. 2
Accordingly, we affirm the decision of the circuit court.
Affirmed.
2
Mother additionally contends the trial court erred in approving the foster care plan’s
“change in goal” to adoption. “A preponderance-of-the-evidence standard governs judicial
review of the foster care plan recommendations, while the more stringent
clear-and-convincing-evidence standard applies to the ultimate termination decision.” Najera v.
Chesapeake Div. of Soc. Servs., 48 Va. App. 237, 240, 629 S.E.2d 721, 722 (2006). It logically
follows, therefore, that our conclusion that the trial court did not err in terminating mother’s
parental rights under the more stringent clear-and-convincing-evidence standard set forth in
Code § 16.1-283(B) and (C) “necessarily subsumes” this aspect of mother’s appeal. Toms, 46
Va. App. at 265 n.3, 616 S.E.2d at 769 n.3.
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