Carlton Lee Watkins v. Commonwealth of Virginia ( 2014 )

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Kelsey, Beales and Decker
UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia
CARLTON LEE WATKINS
MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
v. Record No. 1558-13-1 JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES
JULY 22, 2014
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF CHESAPEAKE
Bruce H. Kushner, Judge
William Joshua Holder, Assistant Public Defender (Office of the
Public Defender, on briefs), for appellant.
Elizabeth C. Kiernan, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,
Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Carlton Lee Watkins (appellant) was found guilty of one count of grand larceny, in violation
of Code § 18.2-95. Appellant argues that the trial court erred “by admitting oral hearsay testimony
regarding the truth of the contents of written price tags to establish the value of the items stolen,
when no evidence or foundation was presented to admit the hearsay testimony under any recognized
exception to the Hearsay Rule.” In addition, appellant argues that the trial court erred “by admitting
oral testimony to prove the truth of the contents of written price tags to establish the value of the
items stolen, in violation of the Best Evidence Rule, when the original written tags were not
admitted into evidence and no evidence was presented as a reason for non-production of the original
writings.”
We hold that the trial court erred under the best evidence rule when it admitted into evidence
Anthony Patton’s testimony regarding the price tags affixed to the stolen jeans. Accordingly, for
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
the following reasons, we reverse appellant’s grand larceny conviction and remand the case for
retrial if the Commonwealth is so advised.
I. BACKGROUND
We consider the evidence on appeal “‘in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as
we must since it was the prevailing party’” in the trial court. Beasley v. Commonwealth, 60
Va. App. 381, 391, 728 S.E.2d 499, 504 (2012) (quoting Riner v. Commonwealth, 268 Va. 296,
330, 601 S.E.2d 555, 574 (2004)). In this case, Anthony Patton testified that on the date of the
offense he was employed at Kohl’s Department Store as a loss prevention supervisor and had been
employed in that capacity for almost two years. On the day of the offense, Patton noticed appellant
come into Kohl’s. According to him, appellant walked directly towards the men’s department,
selected four pairs of jeans, entered the fitting room with the jeans, and exited the fitting room with
a plastic bag containing two pairs of jeans. The appellant left Kohl’s without paying for the jeans,
entered a vehicle, and, according to Patton, “left at a high rate of speed.” After appellant left
Kohl’s, there were no jeans remaining in the fitting room.
Patton then called and gave the police appellant’s vehicle description and license plate
number. After receiving that information, Officer Renee Ufret, of the Chesapeake Police
Department, stopped appellant’s vehicle. According to Officer Ufret, when appellant exited the
vehicle, he noticed that appellant had two pairs of jeans on under his jogging pants. Officer Ufret
also noticed another two pairs of jeans, in a Wal-Mart bag, in the back seat of appellant’s vehicle.
When Patton arrived on the scene, he identified those jeans as belonging to Kohl’s. Appellant was
ultimately arrested and taken to jail. Once at the jail, appellant identified the jeans as belonging to
Kohl’s and explained to the police that he was going to try to sell them.
At trial, just as Patton began to testify as to the value of each pair of jeans, appellant made
an objection on foundation grounds. In response, the trial court permitted the prosecutor to “make
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inquiry about how [Patton] would know” the value of the stolen jeans. The following exchange
then occurred between the prosecutor and Patton:
Q: You were employed as a loss prevention officer –
A: That’s correct.
Q: -- at the time, right?
A: Yes, sir.
Q: You were present when the merchandise was recovered?
A: Yes, I was.
Q: Where was the merchandise recovered from?
A: It was recovered – I can’t remember the street they called me out to. I got called out to
meet the officer at the traffic stop.
Q: And at that time, did the police officer show you four pairs of jeans?
A: Yes, they did.
Q: Did they have any tags on them?
A: Yes, sir, they did.
Q: Were they price tags?
A: Yes, sir.
Q: What was the price tag on each of those four pairs of jeans?
Just as Patton began to answer the prosecutor’s last question – “What was the price tag on each of
those four pairs of jeans?” – defense counsel made an objection on hearsay grounds and on best
evidence grounds. After defense counsel argued the basis for his objections, and the prosecutor
responded, the following exchange took place between the trial court and Patton:
Q: All right. Officer,1 when you observed these jeans, could you tell whether they were
items that came from Kohl’s?
1
Patton had become a police officer of the Suffolk Police Department at the time of trial.
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A: Yes, sir, I could.
Q: And how could you do that, sir?
A: They say “Kohl’s” right on the tag.
Q: All right, sir. And you had been employed at Kohl’s how long at that point in time?
A: Almost two years I think, sir.
The trial court then overruled both of defense counsel’s objections, and Patton ultimately testified
that the price of each pair of jeans was $54.
II. ANALYSIS
Both of appellant’s assignments of error challenge the admission of Patton’s oral testimony
regarding the price of the jeans.
“Evidence is admissible if it is both relevant and material,” and it is
inadmissible if it fails to satisfy these criteria. Evans-Smith v.
Commonwealth, 5 Va. App. 188, 196, 198, 361 S.E.2d 436, 441, 442 (1987).
“Evidence is relevant if it has any logical tendency, however slight, to
establish a fact at issue in the case.” Ragland v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App.
913, 918, 434 S.E.2d 675, 678 (1993). “Evidence is material if it relates to a
matter properly at issue.” Evans-Smith, 5 Va. App. at 196, 361 S.E.2d at 441.
Wood v. Commonwealth, 57 Va. App. 286, 304, 701 S.E.2d 810, 818-19 (2010). “It is well settled
that “‘[t]he admissibility of evidence is within the broad discretion of the trial court, and a ruling
will not be disturbed on appeal in the absence of an abuse of discretion.’” Id. at 304, 701 S.E.2d at
818 (quoting James v. Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 746, 753, 446 S.E.2d 900, 904 (1994)).
Code § 18.2-95 states, in pertinent part, “Any person who . . . (ii) commits simple larceny
not from the person of another of goods and chattels of the value of $200 or more . . . shall be guilty
of grand larceny . . . .” “The value of the goods specified in [Code § 18.2-95] is an essential
element of the crime” of grand larceny, and “the Commonwealth must prove that element beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Walls v. Commonwealth, 248 Va. 480, 481, 450 S.E.2d 363, 364 (1994)
(citation omitted). “The value of the stolen property is measured as of the time [that] the theft”
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occurred. Parker v. Commonwealth, 254 Va. 118, 121, 489 S.E.2d 482, 483 (1997). “The test is
market value, and particularly retail value.” Robinson v. Commonwealth, 258 Va. 3, 5, 516 S.E.2d
475, 476 (1999).
On appeal, appellant challenges the admission of Patton’s testimony regarding the price tags
of the stolen jeans on hearsay grounds and best evidence rule grounds. Given the circumstances in
this case, our holding here is based on the best evidence rule. In Robinson, the Supreme Court held,
in the context of a shoplifting case:
Under these circumstances, “the inherent unreliability of hearsay is not
present.” Therefore, it would be unreasonable and unnecessary to require that
in each case a merchant must send to court not only a security person but also
other personnel to establish the reliability of the information shown on a price
tag affixed to an item that has been stolen.
Rather, we think the common-sense approach to the problem is to recognize
an exception to the hearsay rule in shoplifting cases permitting the admission
into evidence of price tags regularly affixed to items of personalty offered for
sale or, in substitution, testimony concerning the amounts shown on such tags
when . . . there is no objection to such testimony on best evidence grounds.
258 Va. at 10, 516 S.E.2d at 479 (emphasis added) (citation omitted)2; see Twine v.
Commonwealth, 48 Va. App. 224, 234-35, 629 S.E.2d 714, 719-20 (2006) (holding that “[t]he
reference in Robinson to an ‘objection to such testimony on best evidence grounds’ plainly
encompasses only properly sustainable best evidence objections”). Here, appellant’s best evidence
objection was “properly sustainable” under the requirements of the best evidence rule. Id.It is well established that the best evidence rule provides that “where the contents of a
writing are desired to be proved, the writing itself must be produced or its absence sufficiently
accounted for before other evidence of its contents can be admitted.” Butts v. Commonwealth, 145
2
This exception to the hearsay rule was later codified by the Virginia General Assembly
in Rule 2:803(24), which provides, “The following are not excluded by the hearsay rule, even
though the declarant is available as a witness: . . . In shoplifting cases, price tags regularly
affixed to items of personalty offered for sale, or testimony concerning the amounts shown on
such tags.”
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Va. 800, 816, 133 S.E. 764, 769 (1926) (citation omitted); Randolph v. Commonwealth, 145 Va.
883, 889, 134 S.E. 544, 546 (1926) ; Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 374, 379, 429
S.E.2d 881, 884 (1993)); see also Rule 2:1004 (stating the best evidence rule in the newly codified
Rules of Evidence). Therefore, as the Supreme Court and the General Assembly have made clear,
in order to overcome appellant’s best evidence objection to the Commonwealth’s request to admit
the evidence concerning the contents of the price tags, the Commonwealth needed to produce into
evidence the price tags themselves – or needed to provide an explanation why the price tags were
unavailable at trial.3 See Robinson, 258 Va. at 10, 516 S.E.2d at 479. The Commonwealth did not
do either at trial in this case.
The Commonwealth argues on brief that this is not a case in which the best evidence rule is
even applicable, reasoning that Patton was testifying only as to the value of the stolen jeans and not
to the specific content of the price tags themselves. In appropriate cases, evidence of facts that
happen to be reflected in a certain document can be admissible through means other than
introducing the original version of that document at trial. See Folson v. Commonwealth, 23
Va. App. 521, 526, 478 S.E.2d 316, 318 (1996). It is clear from the context of the record in this
particular case, however, that Patton was testifying as to the specific content of the price tags, and,
therefore, the best evidence rule applied here.
Defense counsel initially objected to Patton’s testimony concerning the value of the stolen
jeans on the basis that there was not an adequate foundation for such testimony. The trial court then
permitted the prosecutor to “make inquiry about how [Patton] would know that.” During this
3
Alternatively, the Commonwealth could have established that Patton had a basis of
knowledge, independent of the actual price tags, for knowing the value of the stolen jeans. See
Walls v. Commonwealth, 248 Va. 480, 482-83, 450 S.E.2d 363, 365 (1994) (explaining that “the
general rule is that opinion testimony of a nonexpert, who is not the owner of the personal
property in question, is admissible upon the subject of property value, provided the witness
possesses sufficient knowledge of the value of the property or has had ample opportunity for
forming a correct opinion as to value”).
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portion of direct examination, Patton testified that he was a Kohl’s loss prevention supervisor on the
date of the offense, that he was present when the stolen jeans were recovered, and that the four pairs
of stolen jeans had price tags on them.
After Patton confirmed that he had seen the price tags, the prosecutor – apparently believing
the foundation objection had been addressed – asked Patton, “What was the price tag on each of
those four pairs of jeans?” Defense counsel then objected on hearsay and best evidence grounds.
Patton’s testimony – both before this objection was raised and after the objection was overruled –
establishes that the best evidence rule applies here because his testimony was based on the contents
of the price tags. Patton ultimately testified, in response to the prosecutor’s question about the price
of the jeans, “Each pair of jeans were $54 even, not including tax, so 54 times 4.” However, shortly
before answering this question, Patton had again referred to the price tags, indicating that he knew
that the jeans were from Kohl’s because “They say ‘Kohl’s’ right on the tag.”
Even viewing the record in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, as we must
because it was the prevailing party below, the record supports the conclusion that Patton’s testimony
concerning the value of the jeans was based on his recollection of what the price tags showed.
Consequently, because Patton was testifying as to the content of the price tags, the best evidence
rule required the Commonwealth either to produce those price tags or to provide an explanation as
to why the price tags were unavailable. Butts, 145 Va. at 816, 133 S.E. at 769; see also Robinson,
258 Va. at 10, 516 S.E.2d at 479. Since the Commonwealth did not produce the price tags at trial or
give an explanation as to why the price tags were not available, as required by the Supreme Court in
Butts, the best evidence rule barred Patton’s testimony concerning the price of the stolen jeans
because his testimony was based on the price tags.
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III. CONCLUSION
The trial court erred under the best evidence rule by allowing Patton to testify as to the price
of the jeans. Given that the Commonwealth sought to prove the content of the price tags, it was
required either to produce those price tags or to account for their unavailability. Alternatively, as
stated supra in footnote 3, the Commonwealth could have established that Patton had a basis –
independent of the price tags themselves – for knowing the value of the stolen jeans. Because the
Commonwealth did not produce the price tags, did not account for the unavailability of the price
tags, and did not show that Patton had an independent basis for knowing the value of the stolen
jeans, the trial court erred in allowing Patton to testify as to the price of the jeans. Accordingly, we
reverse appellant’s grand larceny conviction and remand this case for a new trial on the grand
larceny charge if the Commonwealth is so inclined.4
Reversed and remanded.
4
An appellate reversal for an evidentiary error does not preclude retrial on the reversed
conviction. See Code § 19.2-324.1; Evans v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 468, 480, 323 S.E.2d
114, 121 (1984) (holding retrial permitted when a conviction is “annulled merely because the
judicial process was defective, that is, evidence was received that should not have been
offered”). Appellant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal and, even if he
had, Code § 19.2-324.1 has abrogated the holding in Rushing v. Commonwealth, 284 Va. 270,
726 S.E.2d 333 (2012). Accord McDaniel v. Brown, 558 U.S. 120, 131 (2010) (per curiam);
Lockhart v. Nelson, 488 U.S. 33, 40-41 (1988).
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