Antonio Lamont Gunn v. Commonwealth of Virginia ( 2023 )

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Beales, Fulton and Lorish
UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Fredericksburg, Virginia
ANTONIO LAMONT GUNN
MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
v. Record No. 1003-22-4 JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES
JULY 5, 2023
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF STAFFORD COUNTY
Michael E. Levy, Judge
Jennifer T. Stanton, Senior Appellate Attorney (Indigent Defense
Commission, on briefs), for appellant.
Matthew J. Beyrau, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares,
Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
On June 3, 2022, the Circuit Court of Stafford County convicted Antonio Lamont Gunn of
refusal to submit to a “blood/breath test” to determine the alcohol content of his blood. In this
appeal, Gunn contends in his assignment of error that the trial court “erred by denying the motions
to strike and finding Mr. Gunn guilty of unreasonable refusal to submit to a breath test where the
evidence failed to prove he operated the vehicle on a public highway.”
I. BACKGROUND
“In accordance with familiar principles of appellate review, the facts will be stated in the
light most favorable to the Commonwealth, [as] the prevailing party at trial.” Gerald v.
Commonwealth, 295 Va. 469, 472 (2018). In the case now before this Court, on May 27, 2021,
Stafford County Sheriff’s Deputy Ahern received a report about a drunk driver at a Wawa gas
station. When he arrived at the gas station, Deputy Ahern encountered Gunn standing by his car
* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A).
next to the air pumps. Deputy Ahern testified that Gunn was agitated, slurred his speech, and
appeared disheveled. Suspecting that Gunn was intoxicated and after further interaction with
him, Deputy Ahern arrested Gunn for driving under the influence (“DUI”). Deputy Ahern then
asked Gunn to submit to a blood test and advised him of the legal consequences of refusing.
Despite Deputy Ahern’s repeated requests, Gunn refused to submit to a blood test.
Gunn was charged with “refus[ing a] blood/breath test” in violation of Code § 18.2-268.3,
and the case proceeded to a bench trial. At the close of the Commonwealth’s case-in-chief, Gunn
made a motion to strike and argued that the evidence failed to prove that he operated a vehicle on
a public highway. Specifically, he argued that the Wawa parking lot where he was arrested was
not a public highway for the purposes of the implied consent law, Code § 18.2-268.2(A). The
Commonwealth contended that the parking lot was a highway, or in the alternative, that Gunn
had to drive on a public highway before he arrived at the parking lot. The trial court denied
Gunn’s motion to strike.
Thereafter, Gunn presented evidence in his defense. Gunn testified that he drove to the
Wawa after traveling on a highway. Gunn stated that he remained at the Wawa for “about six
hours” and did not eat or drink anything while there. He admitted that while he was there, he
drove his vehicle to the air pump to inflate his tires. Gunn claimed that he refused to take the
blood test because he was afraid of needles and thought the test would be unsanitary.
At the close of all the evidence, Gunn did not renew his motion to strike. In fact, he also
did not argue in his closing argument his earlier contention that the Wawa parking lot was not a
public highway. The only argument he made after he finished presenting his evidence was that
the Commonwealth failed to prove that Gunn was arrested within three hours of the alleged DUI
offense, as required by the implied consent law, Code § 18.2-268.2(A). While making that point
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in his closing argument, Gunn compared Virginia’s statutes for DUI and for unreasonable refusal
of a blood or breath test:
What the legislature has done is sort of an unusual thing here in the
way that it has set up the differences between the refusal statute
and the DUI statute. In the DUI statute pretty much anybody
anyplace that has any amount of -- that has a sufficient amount of
alcohol in their system, or other drugs, can be found guilty of
operating a vehicle even if it’s got four flat tires and they are
sitting in their own parking lot. This [the refusal statute] does
require operation on a highway and within three hours. So we see
in this case that he is not guilty of violating the consent rules
because the time frame between his driving and his being asked to
provide the sample is more than three hours. Thank you.
Despite Gunn’s closing argument, the trial court found that Gunn was arrested within three hours
of driving under the influence on a public highway and that Gunn, in his own testimony,
“essentially admit[ted] that [he] refused the test.” Consequently, the trial court convicted him of
unreasonable refusal to submit to a blood test. Gunn now appeals to this Court.
II. ANALYSIS
Under Virginia’s implied consent law, “a person who operates a motor vehicle on a
highway in Virginia is deemed to consent to have a sample of his blood or breath taken” if he is
arrested under suspicion of driving under the influence (“DUI”) “within three hours of the
alleged offense.” Bristol v. Commonwealth, 272 Va. 568, 574 (2006) (citing Code
§ 18.2-268.2(A)). If a person is arrested under those circumstances and “unreasonably refuse[s]
to have samples of his blood taken for chemical tests to determine the alcohol or drug content of
his blood,” then, by his refusal, he is guilty of a violation under Code § 18.2-268.3. See Park v.
Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 635, 653 (2022).
On appeal, Gunn does not contest that he was arrested for DUI or that he repeatedly
refused to take a blood test. Likewise, he does not contest that he was arrested within three hours
of his alleged DUI offense. Instead, he specifically argues that the Commonwealth presented
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insufficient evidence to prove that he operated a vehicle on a “highway” as Code
§ 18.2-268.2(A) requires. However, the Commonwealth argues to us on appeal that Gunn did
not preserve this argument for appeal under Rule 5A:18. For this Court to consider Gunn’s
argument on appeal, our caselaw and Rule 5A:18 require that the argument first be properly
preserved for appeal in the trial court.
“No ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for reversal unless an
objection was stated with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, except for good cause
shown or to enable this Court to attain the ends of justice.” Rule 5A:18. “Not just any objection
will do. It must be both specific and timely—so that the trial judge would know the particular
point being made in time to do something about it.” Bethea v. Commonwealth, 297 Va. 730, 743
(2019) (quoting Dickerson v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 351, 356 (2011)).
In addition, if a defendant “introduce[s] any evidence” in his own defense, then he cannot
rely on appeal on simply that initial motion to strike that he had made at the close of the
Commonwealth’s case-in-chief. Murillo-Rodriguez v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 64, 72-73, 83
(2010). As the Supreme Court stated in Murillo-Rodriguez, “[W]here a defendant who has
elected to introduce evidence in his defense does not make either a motion to strike at the
conclusion of all the evidence or a motion to set aside the verdict,” this “bars the review by an
appellate court of a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence.” Id. at 72.
The Supreme Court applied this rule to a bench trial in McDowell v. Commonwealth, 282
Va. 341, 342 (2011), and held that the issue in an initial motion to strike was waived when the
defendant “did not renew the motion to strike and in his closing argument did not expressly
address the issue.” Not only did the Court in McDowell expect that the renewed argument be
expressly made, id., but the Supreme Court has also clarified that this concept of waiver “is in
reality nothing more than a straightforward application of the contemporaneous objection rule”
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under which an argument is preserved for appeal only if it is made with specificity. See Murillo-
Rodriguez, 279 Va. at 79; Bethea, 297 Va. at 743 (“Specificity and timeliness undergird the
contemporaneous-objection rule.”). Significantly, the text of Rule 5A:18 requires that an
objection be “stated with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling.”
Therefore, if a defendant presents any evidence after the close of the Commonwealth’s
case-in-chief, then “the defendant must renew [his] motion to strike at the conclusion of all the
evidence, or in a bench trial, at the very least, he must reassert the issues raised in his original
motion to strike in his closing argument in order to preserve the issues for appeal.” McDowell,
282 Va. at 342. Furthermore, that renewed argument must be raised with “specificity,” Bethea,
297 Va. at 743, and “reasonable certainty,” Rule 5A:18.
Here, Gunn did none of those things that were needed to preserve his argument for
appeal. After the close of the Commonwealth’s case-in-chief, Gunn presented evidence in his
own defense. However, from that point on, Gunn never argued that the Commonwealth failed to
prove that he operated a motor vehicle on a highway. Gunn never raised that contention to the
trial court in any way after his initial motion to strike was denied. Instead, Gunn contended only
that he had not been arrested within three hours of the alleged DUI offense. At best, Gunn’s
closing argument merely mentioned the word “highway” while making a point about the three-
hour requirement in the statute dealing with implied consent, Code § 18.2-268.2(A)—not
arguing that the Wawa parking lot was not a highway. Specifically, Gunn stated that the implied
consent statute “does require operation on a highway and within three hours.”
Construing Gunn’s brief mention of “a highway” as a self-contained argument would
require this Court to put a different twist on Gunn’s words. See Commonwealth v. Shifflett, 257
Va. 34, 44 (1999) (“The appellate court, in fairness to the trial judge, should not recast the
evidence and put a different twist on a question that is at odds with the question presented to the
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trial court.”). Even if we were to stretch Gunn’s words in this manner, he certainly did not raise
the argument with the specificity and reasonable certainty that the Supreme Court has stated is
required to preserve the issue for appeal. See Bethea, 297 Va. at 743; Rule 5A:18.1
Satisfying Rule 5A:18 was not really difficult here. All Gunn’s counsel had to do in his
closing argument (or in a motion to reconsider or to set aside) was state, “Your honor, the Wawa
parking lot is not a highway.” However, the record does not show that trial counsel for Gunn did
so after his original motion to strike was denied. Consequently, his argument now before us that
the Wawa parking lot is not a public highway was not preserved for appeal.
III. CONCLUSION
The sole argument Gunn presents on appeal is that the Commonwealth “failed to prove he
operated the vehicle on a public highway.” However, although Gunn made this argument in his
initial motion to strike, the argument was waived when Gunn presented evidence in his defense
and then did not either make a second motion to strike, make a motion to set aside, or raise it
with specificity in his closing argument to the trial court in this bench trial. See McDowell, 282
Va. at 342; Murillo-Rodriguez, 279 Va. at 72, 83. Given that Gunn never again raised this issue
to the trial court after his original motion to strike was denied, the argument was not preserved.
Under these circumstances, Rule 5A:18 and binding precedent from the Supreme Court prevent
us from considering this argument on appeal. Gunn does not invoke the good cause or ends-of-
justice exceptions to Rule 5A:18, and this Court will not apply those exceptions sua sponte.
Edwards v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 752, 761 (2003) (en banc). Consequently, we cannot
1
In addition, we cannot even know that the trial court actually thought that Gunn was
then asking for a ruling on whether the Wawa parking lot was a highway (after Gunn had put on
his own evidence after his initial motion to strike had been denied). The only sentence from the
trial court’s ruling from the bench that could possibly be so construed is a vague comment by the
trial court that does not even mention the word “highway” and that simply said, “We have
already addressed the issue of the open nature of the area.”
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reach Gunn’s argument in his assignment of error because it was not properly preserved for
appeal.2
For the foregoing reasons, we do not disturb the judgment of the Circuit Court of Stafford
County.
Affirmed.
2
This Court’s decision today does not reach the question of whether the parking lot at
issue is a “highway,” for the purposes of Code § 18.2-268.2(A). Due to Gunn’s failure to
preserve this argument, we cannot reach the issue at all. See Rule 5A:18.
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