State v. Newton , 29 Wash. 373 ( 1902 )

The opinion of the court ivas delivered by

Fullerton, J.

The appellant, ivas convicted in the superior court of Chehalis county of the crime of forgery, and from the judgment of conviction and the sentence pronounced thereon he appeals to this court.

He assigns that the court erred (1) in overruling his motion to quash the information; (2) in refusing to> sustain his demurrer to the information; (3) in requiring him to go to trial in the absence of witnesses; (4) in the admission and exclusion of evidence; (5) in its instruction to the jury; and (6) in rendering judgment upon the verdict.

I./The motion to quash ivas based upon the following facts: The appellant Avas taken into custody upon a. warrant issued on a complaint made before a justice of the peace sitting as a magistrate, the charging part of which Avas as follows:

“That, on the 14th day of- December, A. D. 1901, at Hoquiam, in Chehalis county, in the state of Washington, J. F. Hewton, did falsely and fraudulently forge a check by signing the name of B. S. Philbriek thereto without authority to do so.” "

A hearing was had on the complaint, in which witnesses were examined touching the alleged offense, at the conclusion of which the magistrate found there was probable cause to believe that the appellant was guilty of the crime charged, and thereupon bound him over to appear before the superior court to answer to the charge, fixing his bail at-five hundred dollars. The appellant was in custody under this commitment a.t the time the information was filedt against him. ISfo warrant for the arrest of the appellant was directed to be issued by the court on the filing of the information, nor was one issued by the clerk on his own motion within ten days thereafter, or at all. The appellant argues that the complaint before the- magistrate did not state facts sufficient to constitute a crime, and hence1 all of the subsequent proceedings before that officer were void; that the appellant was illegally in custody; and that it was error for the court to require him to answer the information without first causing him to be arrested, and brought before the court upon lawful process.

It can be seriously questioned, we think, whether the question here sought to be raised can be raised upon a motion to quash the information, but waiving this, and assuming, without deciding, that one illegally in custody cannot lawfully be required to plead to an information, we find no- merit in the contention. The statutes doe® not prescribe any particular form of complaint to be filed before a magistrate as a prerequisite, to his right to inquire into, the commission of an alleged offense, and certainly it would be going too far to' hold that such a complaint must state the facts constituting the offense intended to be charged with the same technical precision required in an indictment or information. The proceeding before the magistrate is in no sense a trial. Should the accused request it, he may be permitted to enter into a recognizance to appear before the superior court having jurisdiction of the offense without examination; and the magistrate may lawfully require the accused to answer before the superior court- for any offense he finds there is probable cause to believe he has committed, whether it be the offense named in the complaint, or an entirely distinct offense; provided, of course, it be one within the jurisdiction of the superior court. From this it Avould seem that it is not from the complaint that, the magistrate determines the character of the offense, or the question whether there is probable cause to' believe that the accused is guilty of an offense, but determines these matters rather from the evidence adduced at the examination, or from the fact that examination is Avaived. The fact, therefore, that- the complaint is informal cannot have the effect of rendering all the subsequent proceedings void, or the custody of the accused, committed after an examination, illegal.

,2., The charging part of the information upon Avhich the appellant Avas tried is as follows:

“The said J. F. Newton within Chehalis county in the state of Washington on the 14th day of December’, A. D. 1901, did then and there falsely, fraudulently, unlaAvfully and feloniously make, forge and counterfeit a certain bank check, Avhich check so made, forged and counterfeited then and there purported to be, and Avas, an instrument in writing and order for money of the tenor following:

“ Tloquiam, Wash., 12-14-1901. No.--

First National, Bank,

Pay to J. F. Newtoli or order $15.00 Fifteen Dollars— Dollars.

B. S. Philbeick/

“And upon the back of Avhich said bank cheek he, the said defendant, wrote and indorsed his name thus: ‘J. F. Newton,’ and did then and there unlawfully and feloniously, knowing the said bank check so made to be false, utter and publish as true the said instrument in writing and order for money, constituting a bank check as aforesaid, with the premeditated purpose and intent, of him, the said J. F. Newton to defraud Charles Dolstrom, B. S'. Philbrick, the First National Bank of Hoquiam, Washington, and other persons whose names are to this informant unknown.” -

The objection to this information is that it charges more than one crime. The statute (Bal. Code, § 7128), it is true, makes it an offense either to falsely make, assist to make, or cause to be made, etc., or to utter and publish as true, knowing the same to be false, certain named instruments, but where a person is guilty of one or more of thesei acts with reference to the same instrument, it is generally held to constitute but a single offense; hence an indictment or information which charges more than one of the enumerated acts with reference to the same instrument is not void for duplicity, or because it charges mora than one crime. As was said in People v. Frank. 28 Cal. 507:

“Where in defining an offense, a statute enumerates a series of acts, either of which separately, or all together, may constitute the offense, all such acts may be charged in a single count, for the reason that notwithstanding each act may by itself constitute the offense; all of them together do no more, and likewise constitute but one and the same offense. To illustrate our meaning, take the statute against forgery, under which thei indictment in this case was found, where we find several acts, enumerated, all of which are declared to be forgery. Thus, ‘the falsely making,’ ‘altering,’ ‘forging,’ ‘counterfeiting, ‘uttering,’ ‘publishing,’ ‘passing,’ ‘attempting to pass’ any of the instruments or things therein mentioned, with the intent specified, is declared to be forgery. Now each of those acts singly, or all together, if committed with reference to- the same instrument, constitute but one offense. Whoever is guilty of either one of these acts is guilty of forgr ery; hut if he is guilty of all of them, in reference to the same instrument, he is not therefore guilty of as many forgeries as there are acts, hut of one forgery only. Hence an indictment which charges all the acts enumerated in the statute, with reference to the same instrument, charges hut one offense, and the pleader may therefore at his option charge them all in the same count, or each in separate counts, and in either form the indictment will he good.”

So it is said hy Mr. Wharton:

“A crime which may he committed hy the agency of several means is well described if charged to be hy the agency of any one. Thus the indictment which • charges a prisoner with the offenses of falsely making, forging, and counterfeiting, of causing and procuring to he falsely made, forged, and counterfeited, and of willingly acting and assisting in the said false making, forging, and counterfeiting, is a good indictment, though all of those charges are contained in a single count, the words of the statute being pursued; and where there is a general verdict of guilty, judgment ought not to he arrested on the ground that the offenses are distinct.” 1 Wharton, Criminal Law (10th ed.), § 727.

See, also, Wharton, Criminal Pleading and Practice (9th ed.), § 251.

But it is said it is not alleged that the making and uttering were continuous in point of time, and hence the rule of the authorities cited do not apply. We do not so read the information. It is alleged that at a certain time the appellant falsely made the instrument, indorsed his name upon the hack thereof, and' then and there did utter and publish it as true. The words “then and there” refer to the time of making, as well as to the time of the indorsement, and show that the acts were continuous.

“And we may add, that so long as the various acts mentioned in the statute are committed with reference t© the same instrument, they must be regarded as constituting one continuous transaction . . . notwithstanding the lapse of time or the intervention of acts which do. not destroy the identity of the instrument.” People v. Frank, supra.

3. Some days prior to the time fixed for the trial the appellant applied to the court for a subpoena for certain witnesses, averring generally in his application that they were material and necessary for his defense. An order was entered directing the clerk to issue a subpoena for the persons named, which order the clerk obeyed, placing the subpoena in the hands of the sheriff for service. The sheriff made return thereon to the effect that after due and diligent search he was unable to find the persons named, or either of them, in Chehalis county. When the case was called for trial, the appellant stated to the court that he was unprepared for trial because of the absence of these witnesses. A colloquy was then had as to the sufficiency of the sheriff’s return, which the court finally ruled to be sufficient. To this ruling an exception was taken, and the matter suffered to drop; It is now insisted that it was error .for the court to proceed with the trial. We perceive no error here. The statute provides:

. “A motion to continue a. trial on the ground ©f the absence of evidence shall only be made upon affidavit showing the materiality of the evidence expected to be obtained, and that due diligence has been used to procure it, and also the name- and residence of the witness or witnesses. The court may also require the moving party to state, upon affidavit, tbe evidence which he expects to obtain; and if the adverse party admit that.such evidence would be given, and that it be considered as actually given on the trial, or offered and overruled as improper, the trial shall not be continued. The court, upon its allowance of the motion, may impose terms or conditions-upon the' moving party.” Bal. Code, § 4917.

The record fails to show even an attempt to comply with the requirements of this section of the statute, and, without some such showing as the statute requires, a trial court is not compelled to grant a continuance.

4. The court permitted the officer having the appellant in charge after his arrest to testify, over the objection of the appellant, to certain statements made by the appellant tending to show his guilt; this after the officer had. stated, in effect, that the admissions were voluntarily made. This was not error. In order to render such admissions admissible under the rule of the Code, it was not necessary for the officer to state, in terms, that they were not made “under the influence of fear produced by threats.” To state the substance of the statute in any form of words was sufficient. The other objections to the admission of evidence require a more extended statement of the record than their merits deserve. Suffice it to say, therefore, that we have carefully examined each of them, and find no cause for reversal.

5. The objections urged against the instructions go iii the main to the sufficiency of the information, and are answered by what we have said under that head. One question, however, needs to be noticed. The appellant introduced evidence tending to show his previous good character. In his charge to the jury the court said, in effect^ that the defendant’s good character, if they found it to be proven, was a circumstance to be considered by them, with all the other facts of the case, when weighing the question of the appellant’s guilt or innocence; adding, “It is not a convincing matter,” but a circumstance to be considered in his favor when determining the effect of the evidence. It is objected to this that it is a comment ox the facts, and thus within the constitutional inhibition. The objectionable part of the charge lies in the words quoted. It is evident, however, from the charge as a whole that the court did not use these words with reference to the facts of this particular case, — that is, he did not mean, to say that the evidence of the appellant’s good character was not sufficient to turn the scale in his favor if the evidence as a whole; was not such as to preclude any other finding than that of guilt, hut meant, rather, that the good character of the accused was not, of itself, sufficient to preclude a verdict of guilty, if the jury believed from the evidence as a whole that he was guilty of the crime charged. As such it was not a comment on the facts, and, as we fail to see how the jury could have been misled by it, we: find in it no cause for reversal.-

6. The jury recommended the accused to- the; mercy of thei court.' The court sentenced him to pay a fine; of one dollars and costs, and to imprisonment in the penitentiary for a term of two years. It it said that the judgment is erroneous, apparently because it is so excessive as to amount to an abuse of discretion. The statute provides that an offense of this character shall be punished by imprisonment in the penitentiary for a period of “not more than fourteen year’s nor less than one year,” and by a fine; “in any sum not exceeding five thousand dollars.” It would seem that within these limits the extent of the punishment is, in every case, within the sole discretion of the trial court, but if it be the rule that this court may review that discretion for abuse, whatever may be the punishment indicted, we do; not find any cause for an exercise of the power here.

Finding no* substantial error in the record, the judgment will stand affirmed.

Reavis, O. J., and Mount, Anders, Hadley, White , and' Dunbar, ■ I J., concur.