In re Marriage of Zandi ( 2017 )

This opinion was filed for record
at 8:00 ClM on \ib P.J) ;ul\1
Ow~.clc
SUSAN L. CARLSON
SUPREME COURT CLERK
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
In the Matter of the Marriage of
VICTOR M. ZANDI, JR., NO. 92296-9
Petitioner,
ENBANC
and
DEANNA M. ZANDI, Filed - FEB 2 3 2017
------
Respondent.
STEPHENS, J.-This case asks if out-of-network health care costs qualify as
"'[u]ninsured medical expenses"' under RCW 26.18.170(18)(d). Victor and Deanna
Zandi's dependent daughter, T.Z., incurred approximately $13,000 in medical bills
when she had a kidney stone removed while traveling outside the Kaiser Permanente
network. The superior court ordered Victor Zandi to pay 7 5 percent of the cost and
Deanna Zandi to pay the remaining 25 percent. The Court of Appeals reversed,
finding that the superior court abused its discretion by modifying the parties' 2009
In reMarriage ofZandi, 92296-9
order of child support, which required Victor Zandi to pay 100 percent of "uninsured
medical expenses." In reMarriage of Zandi, 190 Wash. App. 51, 52, 357 P.3d 65
(2015).
We affirm the Court of Appeals. The legislature defines '" [u ]ninsured
medical expenses"' as costs "not covered" by insurance. RCW 26.18.170(18)(d).
WAC 388-14A-1020 clarifies that this includes costs "not paid" by insurance, even
if those costs would be covered under other circumstances. Because the health care
expenses in this case are unambiguously within the scope ofRCW 26.18.170(18)(d),
financial responsibility is allocated by the 2009 order and may not be modified
absent evidence of changed circumstances or other evidence consistent with the
requirements ofRCW 26.09.170(6)-(7).
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
T.Z. is the daughter ofDeanna and Victor Zandi. 1 In June 2011, T.Z. developed
a four millimeter stone in her left kidney. The following month, while visiting her
maternal aunt in Ohio, T.Z. 's condition worsened. T.Z. was admitted to a hospital in
the Cincinnati area, where doctors installed a temporary stent. T .Z. 's surgeon referred
her to the Urology Group in Cincinnati to have the kidney stone removed via lithotripsy.
1
Because the parties share the last name Zandi, we use their first names for clarity,
with no disrespect intended.
-2-
In reMarriage ofZandi, 92296-9
Lithotripsy uses ultrasound shock waves to break up a stone, allowing it to be passed
from the body.
T.Z. has medical insurance through her father's plan with Kaiser. Kaiser is not
available in the Cincinnati area. T.Z.'s aunt lives in Goshen, a suburb of Cincinnati in
southwestern Ohio; the closest Kaiser facility is near Cleveland, 186 miles to the
northeast. When Deanna contacted Victor to advise him ofT.Z. 's situation, Victor told
her that T.Z. 's aunt should either drive T.Z. to Cleveland or wait to see if Kaiser would
authorize an out-of-network provider. Deanna disagreed, believing T.Z. needed
immediate surgery. T.Z. 's aunt took her to the Urology Group in Cincinnati on July 7,
2011, where doctors used lithotripsy to successfully treat T.Z. 's kidney stone. Medical
expenses for T.Z.'s time in Ohio totaled approximately $13,000. Concluding that
T.Z. 's treatment was both nonemergent and out of network, Kaiser ultimately declined
to cover these costs.
Under the terms of the Zandis' 2009 order of child support, Victor is responsible
for providing T.Z. with medical insurance and paying any uninsured medical expenses.
Paragraph 3.19 states, "The father shall pay 100% of uninsured medical expenses and
the mother shall pay 0% of uninsured medical expenses .... " Clerk's Papers (CP) at
7. Deanna sought enforcement of this provision under RCW 26.18.170. See Resp't's
Suppl. Br. at 10-13. Victor argued that he should be excused from the terms of the child
-3-
In reMarriage ofZandi, 92296-9
support order because Deanna did not "go through the appropriate channels" (i.e.,
obtain preauthorization before sending T.Z. to a non-Kaiser facility). CP at 207. The
trial court found that Deanna's status as primary residential parent put her in a "better
position to secure coverage for the kidney stone treatment by Kaiser Permanente" and
ordered Deanna to pay 25 percent of the medical costs. I d. at 24 7.
A divided Court of Appeals reversed, finding that because T.Z. 's medical costs
were "'[u]ninsured medical expenses'" under RCW 26.18.170(18)(d), paragraph 3.19
of the 2009 order controlled the allocation of financial responsibility. Zandi, 190 Wn.
App. at 54-55. The majority acknowledged the dissent's concern that a parent with
control over a child's health care could unfairly subject the financially responsible
parent to unnecessary out-of-network expenses. Id. at 56-57. Noting that nothing in
the record before the superior court suggested Deanna acted in bad faith or
unreasonably, the majority held that the lower court abused its discretion by effectively
modifying the 2009 order of child support without adequate cause. We granted Victor's
petition for review. In reMarriage ofZandi, 185 Wash. 2d 1002, 366 P.3d 1244 (2016).
ANALYSIS
Victor argues that the health care costs in this case were not "uninsured medical
expenses" within the scope of the 2009 order of child support because the health care
T.Z. received would have been covered by Kaiser under different circumstances. Pet.
-4-
In reMarriage ofZandi, 92296-9
for Review at 7. We disagree, and affirm the Court of Appeals. Reading RCW
26.18.170(18)(d) and its interpretive regulation in the context of chapter 26.18 RCW,
"uninsured medical expenses" unambiguously includes the costs Kaiser declined to
cover in this case. See WAC 388-14A-1020. By contrast, the narrow interpretation of
"uninsured medical expenses" advanced by Victor and the dissenting Court of Appeals
judge reads RCW 26.18.170(18)(d) out of context and runs contrary to the core purpose
of chapter 26.18 RCW.
Chapter 26.18 RCW governs the enforcement of child support orders. Under
that chapter, one parent's financial responsibility for a dependent child's medical
expenses can be enforced by the other parent. See RCW 26.18.170. Specifically, RCW
26.18.170(17) states:
If a parent required to provide medical support fails to pay his or her portion ...
of any premium, deductible, copay, or uninsured medical expense ... the parent
seeking reimbursement of medical expenses may enforce collection of the
obligated parent's portion.
(Emphasis added.) The legislature, recognizing the importance of ensuring that child
support obligations are met, instructed courts to "liberally construe[]" chapter 26.18
RCW in order to "assure that all dependent children are adequately supported." RCW
26.18.030(3). Here, the 2009 order of child support states that Victor is financially
responsible for 100 percent of his daughter's uninsured medical expenses. CP at 7.
Because the superior court reduced Victor's financial burden to 75 percent, this case
-5-
In reMarriage of Zandi, 92296-9
turns on whether the medical bills T .Z. incurred while in Ohio qualify as "uninsured
medical expenses" under RCW 26.18.170.
Statutory interpretation involves a question of law, subject to de novo review.
See, e.g., Clallam County v. Dry Creek Coal., 161 Wash. App. 366, 385, 255 P.3d 709
(20 11 ). The purpose of our inquiry is to identify and give effect to the legislative intent
behind the statute. Jametsky v. Olsen, 179 Wn.2d 756,762,317 P.3d 1003 (2014). If
the plain meaning of a statute is unambiguous, our inquiry ends. I d. When attempting
to ascertain a statute's plain meaning, we consider the "context of the entire act" as well
as related statutes. !d. (citing Dep 't ofEcology v. Campbell & Gwinn, LLC, 146 Wash. 2d
1, 11, 43 P.3d 4 (2002)).
A. The Medical Costs in This Case Are Unambiguously "Uninsured Medical
Expenses" under RCW 26.18.170
This case presents a straightforward question of statutory interpretation. The
Court of Appeals majority correctly recognized that "uninsured medical expenses"
under RCW 26.18.170 unambiguously include costs "'not covered by insurance.'"
Zandi, 190 Wash. App. at 54-55. Because "Kaiser is not covering the disputed medical
expenses," these health care costs are "uninsured medical expenses" that the 2009 order
obliges Victor to pay. Id.
The legislature promulgated chapter 26.18 RCW to meet "an urgent need for
vigorous enforcement of child support and maintenance obligations." RCW 26.18.01 0.
-6-
In reMarriage ofZandi, 92296-9
The provision at issue here, RCW 26.18.170(17), furthers this goal in the context of
medical expenses. If a financially responsible parent fails to meet his or her obligations,
RCW 26.18.170(17) allows either the State or the other parent to enforce the child
support order. This applies specifically to the "obligated parent's portion of the
premium, deductible, copay, or uninsured medical expense incurred on behalf of the
child." Id. The legislature defined "'[u]ninsured medical expenses"' as "premiums,
copays, deductibles, along with other health care costs not covered by insurance."
RCW 26.18.170(18)(d) (emphasis added).
The meaning of the phrase "along with other health care costs not covered by
insurance" is clear and unambiguous: it means costs the insurer declines to cover. Since
Kaiser declined to pay T .Z. 's medical expenses, thos·e expenses were "costs 'not
covered by insurance."' Zandi, 190 Wash. App. at 55. Any potential ambiguity is
resolved by reading RCW 26.18.170(17) and (18)( d) in their statutory context.
The interpretation advanced by Victor and the Court of Appeals dissent requires
distinguishing medical costs that are "not covered" from those that are merely unpaid.
See Pet. for Review at 7; Zandi, 190 Wash. App. at 56-57. According to the dissent,
"'premiums, copays, [and] deductibles"' are specific costs Kaiser "never promised to
pay," and thus the general phrase "'other health care costs not covered by insurance"'
should apply only to other health care costs Kaiser did not promise to pay. 190 Wn.
-7-
In reMarriage ofZandi, 92296-9
App. at 56-57 (quoting RCW 26.18.170(18)(d)). Such a narrow construction ofRCW
26.18.170(18)(d) runs contrary to the legislature's directive that chapter 26.18 RCW
must be "liberally construed." RCW 26.18.030(3). The motivating principle in chapter
26.18 RCW is to ensure that dependents are "adequately supported," id., which means
that children actually receive the health care they need. To achieve this purpose, the
scope ofRCW 26.18.170(17)'s enforcement power must be at least as broad as Victor's
medical support obligations. By removing out-of-network provider charges from the
scope ofRCW 26.18.170, Victor's interpretation would undermine the statute's ability
to guarantee that children receive health care regardless of the circumstances.
The narrow analysis advanced by Victor and the Court of Appeals dissent also
ignores the regulatory definition of"'uninsured medical expenses."' WAC 388-14A-
1020 (boldface omitted). The regulation clarifies that medical costs "not paid" by
insurance qualify as "'uninsured medical expenses."' I d. (boldface omitted). The
expenses in this case were indisputably not paid by Kaiser. Thus, reading RCW
26.18.170(18)(d) alongside the applicable regulation clarifies that medical expenses
"not paid" by insurance and costs "not covered" by insurance qualify as ''uninsured
medical expense[s]" under RCW 26.18.170(17). WAC 388-14A-1020. Because the
medical expenses in this case were neither "covered" nor "paid," they are
unambiguously "uninsured medical expense[ s]" in the context ofRCW 26.18.170(17).
-8-
In reMarriage ofZandi, 92296-9
B. Consideration of the Parties' Relative Fault Is Inappropriate in Enforcing
Child Support Orders
In accepting Victor's narrow interpretation of"uninsured medical expenses," the
Court of Appeals dissent expressed a concern for "[b]asic fairness." Zandi, 190 Wn.
App. at 57. The dissenting judge criticized the majority for requiring Victor to "pay
100 percent of this large medical bill, even though ... Victor was not responsible for
violating [Kaiser's] in-network limitation." Id. This analysis incorrectly introduces
concepts of marital fault into the enforcement of a child support order.
In general, marital fault is irrelevant in proceedings relating to divorce. See, e.g.,
RCW 26.09.090(1) (excluding spousal "misconduct" from the calculation of
maintenance orders); In reMarriage ofSteadman, 63 Wn. App. 523,528, 821 P.2d 59
(1991) (noting that "immoral" conduct may not be considered in dividing property).
Generally, absent a showing of changed circumstances to justify modification, a child
support order must be enforced according to its terms. See RCW 26.09.170(5)-(7). We
certainly acknowledge the possibility that "a parent with control over his or her child's
medical care could boundlessly violate the insurance plan's in-network limitation with
knowledge that the other parent would be forced to absorb the resulting costs." Zandi,
190 Wash. App. at 57. But there is no evidence ofbad faith or unreasonable conduct by
either parent in this case. The superior court made no findings as to fault. See CP at
246-47. Indeed, the record shows that before incurring the out-of-network expenses,
-9-
In reMarriage ofZandi, 92296-9
Deanna asked Victor's permission, contacted Kaiser to request coverage, and was
assured by the Urology Group doctor that Kaiser would pay for the procedure. 2 Id. at
43-44.
Underlying the "basic fairness" argument seems to be the belief that the parent
paying for a child's health care should be able to insist on the most cost-effective care,
as the nonpaying parent has little incentive to avoid unnecessary expenses. See Zandi,
190 Wash. App. at 57. This argument overlooks the premise that parenting authority is a
fundamental right and is not based on financial responsibility. See, e.g., Troxel v..
Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 120 S. Ct. 2054, 147 L. Ed. 2d 49 (2000) (plurality opinion)
(recognizing that the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the federal
constitution protects the fundamental parenting rights of each spouse). By assigning
financial responsibility for T.Z. 's health care to Victor, the 2009 order of child support
did not in any way limit Deanna's right to make parenting decisions as the primary
residential parent. From Victor's perspective, the outcome may seem "unfair," but it is
not difficult to imagine the complications that would arise if courts recognized the
"right" of a paying parent to interfere with the other parent's authorized
2
Because there was no finding of bad faith in this case, CP at 246-47, our holding
in no way limits a trial court's discretion to fashion a result that comports with fundamental
fairness. A trial court presented with evidence of bad faith could, for example, reasonably
conclude that a party acting in bad faith constitutes changed circumstances. See
RCW 26.09.170(5), (6), (7).
-10-
In reMarriage of Zandi, 92296-9
decision-making. Moreover, concerns of fault or unfairness to the paying parent cannot
influence the proper interpretation of"uninsured medical expenses" within the meaning
ofRCW 26.18.170. Out-of-network costs-even those that could have been avoided-
remain "uninsured medical expenses," and the parties' child support order allocates 100
percent of these expenses to Victor.
CONCLUSION
The Court of Appeals correctly determined that unpaid, out-of-network health
care costs are "uninsured medical expenses" under RCW 26.18.170. When read in light
of chapter 26.18 RCW's purpose and alongside WAC 388-14A-1020, the legislature's
definition in RCW 26.18.170(18)(d) unambiguously encompasses the out-of-network
expenses that Kaiser declined to cover. Because the medical expenses in this case fall
within the scope of "uninsured medical expenses," Victor is obligated to pay 100
percent of the costs by the terms of the 2009 order of child support. By modifying the
terms of this order without evidence of changed circumstances, see RCW 26.09.170(5),
or other evidence justifying modification, see RCW 26.09 .170(6)-(7), the superior court
abused its discretion. We affirm the Court of Appeals.
-11-
In reMarriage ofZandi, 92296-9
WE CONCUR:
:7-uA~t.
,/·--~·
cg.
.....•~
./·
(/
-12-