Stewart Title Guar. Co. v. Sterling Sav. Bank ( 2013 )

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IN CLERKS OFFICE
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11J11aE COURT, STATE OF WAsHINGtON
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~upreme Court Clerk
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STEWART TITLE GUARANTY
COMPANY, a Texas corporation,
Appellant,
v.
NO. 87087-0
STERLING SAVINGS BANK, a
Washington corporation; STERLING
FINANCIAL CORPORATION, a
Washington corporation,
ENBANC
Defendants,
WITHERSPOON, KELLEY, DAVENPORT
& TOOLE, PS, a Washington corporation;
DUANE M. SWINTON and JANE DOE Filed - -OCT -3 2013 -
-
0
--
SWINTON, and the marital community
composed thereof,
Respondents.
GORDON McCLOUD, J.-A title insurer, Stewart Title Guaranty
Company, hired the law firm Witherspoon, Kelley, Davenport & Toole PS
(collectively Witherspoon) to defend its insured, Sterling Savings Bank, from a
Stewart Title Guar. Co. v. Sterling Savings Bank, et al., No. 87087-0
claim of lien priority on real property by a construction company (Mountain West).
The claim was resolved in favor of Mountain West, and Stewart Title then sued
Witherspoon for malpractice. Stewart Title claimed the law firm had improperly
failed to raise the viable defense of equitable subrogation. Witherspoon defended
by arguing that there was no duty and no breach, specifically, (1) that
Witherspoon's client was Sterling, not Stewart Title, and hence Witherspoon owed
no duty to Stewart Title that would support that non client third party payor's claim
of malpractice; and (2) that equitable subrogation would not have been a viable
argument anyway.
Witherspoon moved for summary judgment on both grounds: (1) that it
owed a duty only to the client, Sterling, rather than to the payor, Stewart Title; and
(2) that an equitable subrogation argument would have failed. The trial court ruled
against Witherspoon on the first, no-duty, ground but agreed with it on the second,
no-breach, ground. The court therefore granted summary judgment in favor of
Witherspoon. We accepted review of both the duty issue and the equitable
subrogation issue. We affirm the trial court's grant of summary judgment
dismissing Stewart Title's malpractice case against Witherspoon on the basis that
Witherspoon owed no duty to Stewart Title. We do not reach the equitable
subrogation issue.
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FACTS
Because we resolve this case on the basis that Witherspoon owed no duty to
Stewart Title. that would permit Stewart Title to maintain a malpractice action
against Witherspoon, we do not reach the parties' equitable subrogation arguments.
Consequently, we recite the facts relevant to the issue of Witherspoon's duty to
Stewart Title.
A lender-Sterling-agreed to lend money to a borrower to purchase
property to develop. As a condition of the loan, Sterling required a first priority
security interest in the property. The lender's title insurance company-Stewart
Title-negligently failed to inspect the property before the loan went through; as a
result, Stewart Title failed to discover that the builder-Mountain West-had
already started construction on the property. By statute, Mountain West gained an
interest in the form of a mechanics' lien as of the date construction began.
After a payment dispute arose, Mountain West discovered that its
mechanics' lien held first position. The lender, Sterling, asked its title insurance
company, Stewart Title, to defend it in the ensuing foreclosure action, because the
insurer's policy covered mechanics' liens. Stewart Title admitted its duty to
defend Sterling and hired Sterling's long time law firm-Witherspoon-to do so.
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In that underlying lawsuit, Witherspoon stipulated that Mountain West had
first priority and sought a swift settlement with the construction company. At
some point after the stipulation, Stewart Title fired Witherspoon over
disagreements related to whether equitable subrogation was a viable defense for
Sterling. Stewart Title hired new counsel, who tried to argue that Sterling was
equitably subrogated to the prior interests it paid off and therefore had priority after
all. The trial court held the parties were bound by the earlier stipulation and
disallowed the equitable subrogation defense.
Stewart Title then sued the law firm, Witherspoon, for malpractice based on
Witherspoon's failure to raise the equitable subrogation defense for the lender,
Sterling, before stipulating the construction company had priority. As discussed
above, Witherspoon argued that (1) its client was the insured lender, not the title
insurer, and it therefore owed no duty to the title insurer that would permit the
insurer to sue the firm for malpractice; and, alternatively, that (2) an equitable
subrogation argument would have failed under the facts of the case. As also
discussed above, the trial court rejected Witherspoon's argument that it had no
duty and denied Witherspoon's motion for summary judgment based on lack of a
duty to Stewart Title. But the trial court agreed with Witherspoon that equitable
subrogation would not have been a viable argument at the time of the underlying
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trial and granted summary judgment to Witherspoon on that basis. We accepted
review and now affirm the grant of summary judgment in favor of Witherspoon,
albeit on a different basis than that adopted by the trial court.
ANALYSIS
I. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a trial court's order granting summary judgment de novo. Mohr
v. Grantham, 172 Wn.2d 844, 859, 262 P.3d 490 (2011) (citing Rivas v. Overtake
Hasp. Med. Ctr., 164 Wn.2d 261, 266, 189 P.3d 753 (2008)). We view all the
evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. !d. Summary
judgment is appropriate if "there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and ...
the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter oflaw." CR 56( c).
II. ATTORNEYS' DUTIES TO NONCLIENTS
Witherspoon's only client was Sterling. Stewart Title was a nonclient third
party payor. In Trask v. Butler, 123 Wn.2d 835, 872 P.2d 1080 (1994), this court
expressly adopted a multifactor test to determine whether an attorney may be liable
for malpractice to such a nonclient third party. The relevant factors are:
1. The extent to which the transaction was intended to
benefit the plaintiff [that is, the third party suing the
attorney];
2. The foreseeability of harm to the plaintiff;
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3. The degree of certainty that the plaintiff suffered injury;
4. The closeness of the connection between the defendant's
[that is, the attorney's] conduct and the injury;
5. The policy of preventing future harm; and
6. The extent to which the profession would be unduly
burdened by a finding of liability.
Trask, 123 Wn.2d at 843. We explained that the first factor is the "primary
inquiry" in determining an attorney's liability to third parties. !d. at 842. We
further explained that "under the modified multi-factor balancing test, the threshold
question is whether the plaintiff is an intended beneficiary of the transaction to
which the advice pertained" and that "no further inquiry need be made unless such
an intent exists." !d. at 843.
We have addressed the Trask factors only once, holding under very different
facts that an insurance claim adjuster had a duty to the unrepresented claimants she
had helped. Jones v. Allstate Ins. Co., 146 Wn.2d 291, 307-08, 45 P.3d 1068(2002). The issue presented here, in contrast, is whether an attorney hired by a title
insurer to represent its insured owed a duty to the nonclient insurer and, hence,
whether that insurer can sue the lawyer for negligently representing the insured
during the defense. This is an issue of first impression in Washington.
Here, the trial court found that Witherspoon owed a duty to Stewart Title
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under Trask. It held that under the first Trask factor, 1 Stewart Title was an
intended beneficiary of Witherspoon's representation of Stewart Title's insured.
We disagree.
The trial court based its determination that Stewart Title was an intended
beneficiary under Trask on two legal conclusions. First, it found that the interests
of Stewart Title and Witherspoon were aligned during the representation. Second,
it found a contractual basis for a duty running from Witherspoon to Stewart Title.
We disagree with both conclusions.
z. Alignment of Interests Is Insufficient To Establish that
Witherspoon Owed a Duty to Stewart Title
The alignment of interests is insufficient to find a duty runnmg from
Witherspoon to Stewart Title for purposes of a malpractice claim. Stewart Title
argues, in support of the trial court's decision, that as long as there is no actual
conflict of interest between an insurer and its insured, a nonclient insurer is
presumed to be an intended beneficiary and "can bring a claim for malpractice"
against its insured's attorney. Suppl. Br. of Appellant at 3; see also id. at 20.
Under Stewart Title's analysis, unless there is an actual and demonstrable conflict
1
. The first and most important factor is "the extent to which the transaction was
intended to benefit [the nonclient suing the attorney]." Trask, 123 Wn.2d at 843.
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of interest, an insurer may always sue its insured's attorney for malpractice under
Trask.
We reject that analysis. The Trask standard requires a showing that the
"transaction was intended to benefit" a third party to some extent before we will
permit that third party to sue for malpractice. Trask, 123 Wn.2d at 843 (emphasis
added). The fact that an insurer's and insured's interests happen to align in some
respects-though perhaps not in all respects, as shown by contrasting
Witherspoon's strategy of seeking a speedy, yet just, settlement with Stewart
Title's different strategy-does not by itself show that the attorney or client
intended the insurer to benefit from the attorney's representation of the insured. 2
Indeed, a contrary conclusion would conflict with Trask. It could also make
any third party payor an intended beneficiary of a legal services contract to whom
2
We recognize that other jurisdictions have come to a different conclusion. See
Paradigm Ins. Co. v. Langerman Law Offices, P.A., 200 Ariz. 146, 155, 24 P.3d 593(Ariz. 2001) (holding that a "lawyer's services are ordinarily intended to benefit both
insurer and insured when their interests coincide"); Atlanta Int'l Ins. Co. v. Bell, 438
Mich. 512, 523, 475 N.W.2d 294 (1991) (permitting insurer to bring malpractice action
where "the interests of the insurer and the insured generally merge"); Unigard Ins. Group
v. O'Flaherty & Belgum, 38 Cal. App. 4th 1229, 1236-37, 45 Cal. Rptr. 2d 565 (1995)
(permitting malpractice action "where there is otherwise no actual or apparent conflict of
interest between the insurer and the insured" (emphasis omitted)); see also
RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF THE LAW GOVERNING LAWYERS§ 51 cmt. g (2000) (stating,
regarding a test with an intended beneficiary factor similar to Washington's, that "a
lawyer designated by an insurer to defend an insured owes a duty of care to the insurer
with respect to matters as to which the interests of the insurer and insured are not in
conflict").
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a duty of care runs, in violation of RPC 5.4(c). 3 We cannot endorse an analysis
that would violate both of these settled rules of law.
ii. Witherspoon's Duty To Inform Stewart Title Is Insufficient To
Establish that Witherspoon Also Owes a Duty of Care to
Stewart Title that Supports a Malpractice Claim by Stewart
Title
The trial court also held that Stewart Title was an intended beneficiary of
Witherspoon's representation of Sterling because of Stewart Title's retention letter.
It found that the retention letter created a contractual duty on the part of
Witherspoon to keep Stewart Title informed about the progress of the lien priority
litigation. We conclude that Witherspoon's duty to inform Stewart Title is
insufficient to establish a further duty of care permitting Stewart Title to bring a
malpractice claim based on an alleged breach of a different duty to a different
entity-that is, Witherspoon's duty of care to its client, Sterling.
Based on the agreement of the parties and the terms of the retention letter
sent to Witherspoon by Stewart Title, the trial court found a duty on the part of
Witherspoon to inform Stewart Title. Moreover, it found that the "duty that
Witherspoon could have to Stewart Title, a nonclient, comes from the duty to
inform." Clerk's Papers (CP) at 523-24.
3
RPC 5 .4( c) states, "A lawyer shall not permit a person who recommends,
employs, or pays the lawyer to render legal services for another to direct or regulate the
lawyer's professional judgment in rendering such legal services."
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The trial court erred in finding in this case that a duty to inform could lead to
a duty of care to an entity other than the client for malpractice purposes. An
attorney hired to represent a client by a third party payor may generally, as part of
the terms of the retention, have a duty to keep the payor informed (within the
bounds of the attorney-client privilege and the duty of confidentiality). But such a
limited duty to inform the nonclient third party payor does not give rise to a broad
duty of care that would support a malpractice claim by the third party payor. It
does not create that separate duty of care for the same reasons that the client's and
nonclient payor's alignment of interests does not create such a separate duty: first,
because acceptance of a duty to inform a nonclient third party payor does not show
that the attorney's representation was intended to benefit the third party payor, as
Trask requires; and second, because an attorney cannot contract away his or her
professional duty to "not permit a person who ... pays the lawyer to render legal
services for another to direct or regulate the lawyer's professional judgment in
rendering such legal services." RPC 5 .4(c).
The trial court concluded that Stewart Title was an intended beneficiary of
Witherspoon's representation of Sterling and thus that Witherspoon owed a duty of
careful representation to Stewart Title, based in part on finding a contractual duty
on the part of Witherspoon to inform Stewart Title and in part on the alignment of
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interests between Witherspoon and Stewart Title. We hold that an alignment of
interests is insufficient to support a duty of care to a nonclient. We further hold
that a contractual duty to inform is insufficient to support a duty of care to a
nonclient. Putting both of them together does not cure the insufficiency.
Therefore, the trial court erred in finding that the first Trask factor was satisfied
and should have granted Witherspoon's motion for summary judgment based on
lack of a duty to Stewart Title.
The trial court did, however, grant summary judgment to Witherspoon on
the basis that equitable subrogation could not have succeeded as a defense in the
lien priority lawsuit upon which Stewart Title's malpractice action was based. We
therefore affirm the trial court's grant of summary judgment to Witherspoon, albeit
on different grounds. 4
CONCLUSION
4
We take no position on whether the trial court's analysis of the parties' equitable
subrogation claims was correct. We note, however, that the equitable subrogation issue
in this case is very limited and fact-specific. The malpractice claim is based on
professional decisions made in 2008, not today, and the viability of the malpractice claim
therefore depended on not just whether the lawyers' decisions were incorrect but whether
those decisions demonstrated a failure, at the time they were made, to "exercise the
degree of care, skill, diligence, and knowledge commonly possessed and exercised by a
reasonable, careful, and prudent lawyer in the practice of law in this jurisdiction." Hizey
v. Carpenter, 119 Wn.2d 251, 261, 830 P.2d 646 (1992) (citing Hansen v. Wightman, 14
Wn. App. 78, 90, 538 P.2d 1238 (1975)).
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The trial court erred when it found a duty running from Witherspoon to
Stewart Title for purposes of a malpractice claim by Stewart Title. Our case law
establishes that a nonclient may not pursue a claim of malpractice against another's
attorney unless the nonclient shows, as a threshold matter, that the attorney's
representation was to some extent intended to benefit the nonclient. Stewart Title
has not shown that it was an intended beneficiary of Witherspoon's services to
Sterling. Thus Stewart Title cannot pursue a malpractice claim against
Witherspoon based on Witherspoon's services to Sterling. The trial court granted
summary judgment in favor of Witherspoon on a different basis. We therefore
affirm that order, but on different grounds.
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WE CONCUR:
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