State Of Washington, V Michael R. Gradt , 192 Wash. App. 230 ( 2016 )

Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
January 12, 2016
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 45507-2-II
Respondent,
v.
MICHAEL R. GRADT, PUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant.
MAXA, J. ― Michael Gradt pleaded guilty to possession of 40 grams or less of marijuana.
He challenges the district court’s failure to dismiss his charges after voters passed Initiative 502
(I-502) , which decriminalized the possession of small quantities of marijuana. Laws of 2013, ch.
3. Gradt argues that I-502 should be applied to marijuana possession charges pending at the time
it became effective despite RCW 10.01.040, the general saving statute, which requires criminal
charges to be prosecuted based on the law in effect at the time of the crime. We hold that the
saving statute has no effect because I-502 expressed an intent to dismiss all pending prosecutions
of marijuana possession. Accordingly, we reverse and dismiss Gradt’s conviction with
prejudice.1
1
Gradt also argues that (1) RCW 10.01.040 does not apply to marijuana possession charges
because I-502 was passed by the people, not the legislature, and (2) I-502 must be applied
retroactively because it is a remedial provision. Because we reverse on other grounds, we do not
address these issues.
No. 45507-2-II
FACTS
On September 15, 2012, Gradt received a citation for possession of 40 grams or less of
marijuana in violation of RCW 69.50.4014. At the time, Gradt was 61 years old.
On November 6, 2012, Washington voters passed I-502, which decriminalized possession
of small amounts of marijuana for individuals over 21 years of age. Initiative 502, § 20(3), Laws
of 2013, ch. 3. Under the Washington Constitution, I-502 became effective 30 days later, on
December 6, 2012. CONST. art. II, § 1(d).
On January 16, 2013, Gradt filed a motion to dismiss his pending prosecution in light of
I-502. The district court denied his motion. Based on stipulated facts, the district court
subsequently found Gradt guilty of possessing 40 grams or less of marijuana.2
Gradt appealed to the superior court. The superior court affirmed Gradt’s conviction,
ruling that I-502 does not apply retroactively. Gradt filed a motion for discretionary review,
which we granted.
ANALYSIS
A. RCW 10.01.040 – GENERAL SAVING STATUTE
Under the common law, all pending criminal charges must be prosecuted based on the
law in effect at the time of trial. See State v. Brewster, 152 Wn. App. 856, 859, 218 P.3d 249(2009). In derogation of the common law, RCW 10.01.040 “saves” offenses already committed
2
Gradt also was charged with and found guilty based on stipulated facts of possession of drug
paraphernalia in violation of RCW 69.50.412. Gradt does not challenge this conviction on
appeal.
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from the effects of amendment or repeal and requires that crimes be prosecuted under the law in
effect at the time of the offense, unless an intent to affect pending litigation was expressed in the
amending or repealing act. Id.3
RCW 10.01.040 states,
No offense committed . . . previous to the time when any statutory provision shall
be repealed . . . shall be affected by such repeal, unless a contrary intention is
expressly declared in the repealing act, and no prosecution for any offense . . .
pending at the time any statutory provision shall be repealed . . . shall be affected
by such repeal, but the same shall proceed in all respects, as if such provision had
not been repealed, unless a contrary intention is expressly declared in the
repealing act. Whenever any criminal or penal statute shall be amended or
repealed, all offenses committed . . . while it was in force shall be punished or
enforced as if it were in force, notwithstanding such amendment or repeal, unless
a contrary intention is expressly declared in the amendatory or repealing act, and
every such amendatory or repealing statute shall be so construed as to save all
criminal and penal proceedings . . . pending at the time of its enactment, unless a
contrary intention is expressly declared therein.
(Emphasis added.) This general saving clause “ ‘is deemed a part of every repealing
statute as if expressly inserted therein, and hence renders unnecessary the incorporation
of an individual saving clause in each statute which amends or repeals an existing penal
statute.’ ” State v. Ross, 152 Wn.2d 220, 237, 95 P.3d 1225 (2004) (quoting State v.
Hanlen, 193 Wash. 494, 497, 76 P.2d 316 (1938)).
We strictly construe RCW 10.01.040 because it is in derogation of the common law.
State v. Kane, 101 Wn. App. 607, 612, 5 P.3d 741 (2000). We apply the statute narrowly and
must broadly interpret the exception that is stated four times in RCW 10.01.040 – “unless a
3
The saving statute only applies to substantive changes in the law. State v. Calhoun, 163 Wn.
App. 153, 162, 257 P.3d 693 (2011). Here there is no question that I-502’s amendments to
Washington’s criminal code were substantive.
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No. 45507-2-II
contrary intention is expressly declared.” Id. Therefore, an intention to affect pending litigation
need not be declared in explicit terms in the repealing act. Id. The Supreme Court held in Ross:
[t]o avoid application of the savings clause, we have not required that the
legislature explicitly state its intent that amendments repealing portions of
criminal and penal statutes apply retroactively to pending prosecutions for crimes
committed before the amendments’ effective date. Instead, “such intent need only
be expressed in words that fairly convey that intention.”
152 Wn.2d at 238 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Kane, 101 Wn. App. at 612).
B. INTENTION TO APPLY I-502 TO PENDING CHARGES
Under Ross, RCW 10.01.040 requires that crimes be prosecuted under the law in effect at
the time they were committed unless a contrary intention is fairly conveyed in the repealing act.
Id. at 237-38. Gradt argues that RCW 10.01.040 is inapplicable because I-502 conveys an
intention to apply its repeal of the crime of possession of small quantities of marijuana to
pending charges for that crime. We agree.
Prior to the passage of I-502, former RCW 69.50.4014 (2012) criminalized the
possession of 40 grams or less of marijuana as a misdemeanor. Section 20(3) of I-502 proposed
an amendment to former RCW 69.50.4013 providing that “[t]he possession, by a person twenty-
one years of age or older, of useable marijuana or marijuana-infused products in amounts that do
not exceed those set forth in section 15(3) of this act is not a violation of this section, this
chapter, or any other provision of Washington state law.”
Section 1 of I-502, which is entitled “Intent,” states:
The people intend to stop treating adult marijuana use as a crime and try a new
approach that:
(1) Allows law enforcement resources to be focused on violent and property
crimes;
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No. 45507-2-II
(2) Generates new state and local tax revenue for education, health care,
research, and substance abuse prevention; and
(3) Takes marijuana out of the hands of illegal drug organizations and brings
it under a tightly regulated, state-licensed system similar to that for controlling
hard alcohol.
Laws of 2013, ch. 3. Gradt focuses on the first phrase: “The people intend to stop treating adult
marijuana use as a crime and try a new approach.”
Standing alone, the first phrase of section 1 is ambiguous whether I-502’s
decriminalization provision applies to charges for possession of small amounts of marijuana
pending when the initiative took effect. It is unclear whether the people intended to “stop
treating adult marijuana use as a crime and try a new approach” for possession of small amounts
of marijuana occurring after the effective date of I-502 or whether the people intended to
immediately end all prosecutions for possession of small amounts of marijuana, even when that
possession occurred before the effective date.
The State argues that “intend to stop” and “try a new approach” necessarily look to the
future rather than to the past, and therefore that the people intended to decriminalize possession
of small amounts of marijuana occurring only after I-502’s effective date. However, Gradt’s
interpretation is equally reasonable: that the people intended to stop treating marijuana use as a
crime immediately following I-502’s effective date, and that prosecuting possession of small
amounts of marijuana – even possession that occurred before I-502’s effective date – would
constitute treating marijuana use as a crime.
The first stated purpose in section 1 of I-502 supports Gradt’s interpretation. The people
decided to decriminalize possession of small amounts of marijuana in part to allow “law
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No. 45507-2-II
enforcement resources to be focused on violent and property crimes.” Initiative 502, §1(1),
Laws of 2013, ch. 3. However, if the State continued to prosecute possession of small amounts
of marijuana occurring before I-502’s effective date, law enforcement resources would continue
to be diverted from violent and property crimes long after I-502’s effective date. For example,
the State has continued to devote resources to this case more than three years after the initiative
passed.
As stated above, we must strictly construe RCW 10.01.040. Kane, 101 Wn. App. at 612.
Further, we must broadly interpret the “unless a contrary intention is expressly declared”
exception to RCW 10.01.040 and apply that exception if the language at issue fairly conveys that
intention. Ross, 152 Wn.2d at 238. We view these principles of interpretation as requiring us to
apply the exception when, as here, the repealing act is ambiguous.
Because the intent language of I-502 can be reasonably interpreted as applying to charges
pending when the initiative took effect, we hold that the language of section 1 of I-502 fairly
conveys an intention to apply the initiative’s decriminalization of marijuana possession to
charges for possession of small amounts of marijuana that were pending on I-502’s effective
date. In addition, the stated purpose of refocusing law enforcement resources signals that any
ambiguity should be resolved in this manner. Therefore, we hold that RCW 10.01.040 is
inapplicable to I-502. Division Three of this court recently reached the same result in State v.
Rose, No. 32282-3-III, 2015 WL 9203927, at *1 (Wash. Ct. App. Dec. 17, 2015).
Here, Gradt was charged with possession of a small amount of marijuana before
enactment of I-502, but his conviction occurred after its effective date. Because RCW 10.01.040
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No. 45507-2-II
is inapplicable to I-502, the State could not lawfully prosecute Gradt for possession of a small
amount of marijuana after the initiative’s effective date. Accordingly, we reverse and dismiss
Gradt’s conviction with prejudice.
MAXA, J.
We concur:
JOHANSON, C.J.
BJORGEN, J.
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