State Of Washington v. Steven Pink ( 2016 )

Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
November 8, 2016
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 46858-1-II
Respondent,
v.
STEVEN E. PINK, Consolidated with
Appellant.
In re the Personal Restraint Petition No. 48282-7-II
of
STEVEN E. PINK,
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Petitioner.
LEE, J. — Steven E. Pink appeals the sentence imposed following his guilty plea to first
degree assault, alleging the sentencing court miscalculated his offender score. In calculating
Pink’s offender score as 8, the sentencing court included in Pink’s criminal history two 1981
convictions, a 1983 Oregon conviction for second degree robbery, and a 1995 Washington
conviction for unlawful delivery of a controlled substance – methamphetamine. Pink argues the
1995 conviction should not have been included. Additionally, in his statement of additional
grounds (SAG), Pink argues the 1983 conviction should not have been included. In Pink’s
consolidated personal restraint petition (PRP), Pink argues the trial court miscalculated his
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offender score by counting the two 1981 convictions separately and further alleges he was denied
effective assistance of counsel for counsel’s failure to raise this issue below. We hold that there
was no sentencing error and counsel provided effective assistance. Therefore, we affirm Pink’s
sentence and deny his PRP, including his request for counsel.
FACTS
In 1999, a jury found Pink guilty of conspiracy to commit first degree murder and first
degree assault for placing a bomb at his community correction officer’s (CCO’s) home. State v.
Pink, noted at 118 Wash. App. 1049, 2003 WL 22183943 at *1 (2005). The bomb exploded when
the CCO picked it up, causing severe injuries. Id. The sentencing court imposed an exceptional
sentence, which this court overturned. Id. at *7.
Pink was returned to Grays Harbor County for re-sentencing. State v. Pink, noted at 144
Wash. App. 1001, 2008 WL 1723597 at *2 (2008). He had an extensive criminal history, which
included a 1981 second degree theft conviction, a 1981 taking a motor vehicle without permission
conviction, a 1983 Oregon conviction for second degree robbery, a 1990 Washington conviction
for possession of a controlled substance—more than 40 grams of marijuana, and a 1995
Washington conviction for unlawful delivery of a controlled substance—methamphetamine. At
the re-sentencing, Pink challenged the legal comparability of the Oregon conviction for second
degree robbery. Id. at *4. The sentencing court found the Oregon robbery conviction was properly
included in Pink’s offender score and imposed a standard range sentence. Id. at *2-3. Pink
appealed. This court affirmed the sentence, holding that the Oregon conviction was comparable
to second degree robbery under Washington law. Id. at *5.
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In 2009, Pink filed a PRP with our Supreme Court, arguing his conviction should be
reversed because his public trial rights were violated when portions of voir dire were conducted in
chambers. In re Pers. Restraint of Pink, 322 P.3d 790, ¶ 1 (mem) (2014). The court agreed and
reversed his conviction. Id.
In 2014, the State filed a second amended information, charging Pink with first degree
assault. Pink agreed to plead guilty to first degree assault in exchange for the State dropping the
conspiracy to commit first degree murder charge. Pink agreed to the Prosecutor’s Statement of
Defendant’s Criminal History, but wrote on the plea agreement, “point calculation is disputed.”
Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 3. The criminal history included the convictions detailed above. The trial
court accepted Pink’s plea and calculated his offender score at 8, which included four points for
the 1995, 1983, and two 1981 convictions. The trial court then sentenced Pink to 277 months, the
high end of a standard range sentence. Pink challenges his new sentence through both a direct
appeal and a PRP, which we consolidated.
ANALYSIS
A. DIRECT APPEAL
Pink first contends the sentencing court miscalculated his offender score. He argues the
1995 conviction is facially invalid and cannot be counted in his offender score.1 We disagree.
1
Pink noted his objection to his offender score on his plea agreement; nevertheless, the general
rule is that a defendant may challenge his offender score for the first time on appeal. State v.
Mendoza, 165 Wash. 2d 913, 919-20, 205 P.3d 113 (2009).
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1. Standard of Review
We review offender score calculations de novo. State v. Hernandez, 185 Wash. App. 680,
684, 342 P.3d 820 (2015), review denied, 185 Wash. 2d 1002 (2016). The appropriate remedy for an
improperly calculated offender score is remand for resentencing. State v. Cobos, 182 Wash. 2d 12,
15-16, 338 P.3d 283 (2014).
2. 1995 Washington Conviction
Pink argues that the trial court erred when it considered his 1995 conviction because it is
unconstitutional on its face. We disagree.
a. Legal principles
The State is not required to prove the constitutional validity of prior convictions before
they can be used at sentencing. State v. Ammons, 105 Wash. 2d 175, 188, 713 P.2d 719, cert. denied,
479 U.S. 930 (1986). Moreover, a defendant generally has no right to contest prior convictions at
a subsequent sentencing because there are more appropriate methods for contesting the validity of
prior convictions. Id.
But a prior conviction that is unconstitutionally invalid “on its face” may not be considered
at sentencing. Id at 187-88. “‘On its face’ includes the judgment and sentence and documents
signed as part of a plea bargain.” State v. Webb, 183 Wash. App. 242, 250, 333 P.3d 470 (2014)
(quoting State v. Thompson, 143 Wash. App. 861, 866-67, 181 P.3d 858, review denied, 164 Wash. 2d
1035 (2008)), review denied, 182 Wash. 2d 1005 (2015). In other words, a conviction is facially
invalid if constitutional invalidities are evident without further elaboration. Ammons, 105 Wash. 2d
at 188.
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b. 1995 Washington conviction facially valid
Pink claims the 1995 plea statement and judgment and sentence are invalid because they
incorrectly list the maximum penalty for his offense as five years imprisonment and a $10,000
fine. Pink claims his maximum was actually double that amount because of his prior 1990 for
possession of more than 40 grams of marijuana conviction. He is incorrect.
Pink was convicted in 1995 of violating former RCW 69.50.401 (1989). Under that statute,
“Any person who violates this subsection is guilty of a crime, and upon conviction may be
imprisoned for not more than five years, fined not more than ten thousand dollars, or both.” Former
RCW 69.50.401(d). Former RCW 69.50.408(a) (1989), however, states, “[a]ny person convicted
of a second or subsequent offense under this chapter may be imprisoned for a term up to twice the
term otherwise authorized, fined an amount up to twice that otherwise authorized, or both.” Pink’s
prior conviction for delivery of more than 40 grams of marijuana was under chapter 69.50 RCW.
Thus, Pink argues that his statutory maximum was double what he was informed.
At the time of Pink’s offense, convictions under RCW 69.50.401 were excluded from the
doubling statute. Specifically, former RCW 69.50.408(c) (1989) provides, “this section does not
apply to offenses under RCW 69.50.401.” Accordingly, Pink’s sentence for his former RCW
69.50.401 offense was not subject to doubling. He was correctly advised of the maximum sentence
when he pleaded guilty in 1995 to delivery of methamphetamine. We also note that any claimed
error would be inconsequential because the 1995 trial court sentenced him to 46 months,2 which
2
We note that the trial court also sentenced Pink to one year community custody. The law that
confinement and community custody cannot exceed the statutory maximum was not enacted until
2009. See former RCW 9.94A.701(8), LAWS OF 2009, c. 375 § 5 (eff. July 26, 2009).
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is less than the statutory maximum that Pink claims was erroneous. Thus, we hold Pink’s offender
score was not miscalculated based on the inclusion of his 1995 conviction.
3. SAG
In his SAG, Pink argues the trial court should not have included his 1983 Oregon
conviction in calculating his offender score because the Oregon court did not read Pink his
constitutional rights before accepting his guilty plea. He claims, therefore, that his plea was
involuntary. This issue, however, is not properly before this court.
As stated above, a defendant generally has no right to contest prior convictions at a
subsequent sentencing because there are more appropriate methods for contesting the validity of
prior convictions. Ammons, 105 Wash. 2d at 188. The exception would be a conviction that is
unconstitutionally invalid on its face. Id. at 187-88. Pink’s challenge to his 1983 conviction would
require further elaboration than the judgment and sentence and plea statement; for instance, the
verbatim report of proceedings would need to be reviewed. See State v. McFarland, 127 Wash. 2d
322, 335, 899 P.2d 1251 (1995) (issues dependent on matters outside the record are not properly
before the court on direct appeal). Without more, Pink’s challenge to his 1983 conviction is not
properly before us.
B. PRP
1. Standard of Review
To prevail on his PRP, because it is not based on constitutional grounds, Pink must
establish that he is being unlawfully restrained due to a “‘fundamental defect which inherently
results in a complete miscarriage of justice.’” In re Pers. Restraint of Goodwin, 146 Wash. 2d 861,
867, 50 P.3d 618 (2002) (quoting In re Pers. Restraint of Fleming, 129 Wash. 2d 529, 532, 919 P.2d
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66 (1996)). This test is satisfied by showing that a sentence was based upon a miscalculated
offender score. Goodwin, 146 Wash. 2d at 876. A sentence that is based upon an incorrect offender
score is a fundamental defect that inherently results in a miscarriage of justice. Id. at 868.
2. 1981 Convictions
Pink argues his 1981 convictions were sentenced concurrently; therefore, they should have
only counted as one point in calculating his offender score instead of two. We disagree.
Former RCW 9.94A.360(5)(a)(ii)(1999) (recodified as RCW 9.94A.525(5)(a)(ii) LAWS OF
2001, chapter 10, section 6) reads in part: “In the case of multiple prior convictions for offenses
committed before July 1, 1986, for the purpose of computing the offender score, count all adult
convictions served concurrently as one offense.” The fact that a court orders a subsequent sentence
be served concurrently with the remainder of a previous sentence does not automatically convert
the two sentences into one concurrent sentence for the purpose of the statute. State v. Hartley, 41
Wash. App. 669, 673, 705 P.2d 821, review denied, 104 Wash. 2d 1028 (1985).
In July 1981, the sentencing court entered an order deferring Pink’s sentence on his second
degree theft conviction. In December 1981, the court revoked Pink’s probation and sentenced him
on the theft conviction. On the same day, Pink was sentenced for a subsequent taking a motor
vehicle without permission conviction. The sentencing court ordered that the taking a motor
vehicle sentence be served concurrent with the remainder of Pink’s second degree theft sentence.
Former RCW 9.94A.360(5)(b)(iii) provides that prior convictions are concurrent if “the
concurrent timing of the sentences was not the result of a probation or parole revocation on the
former offense.” Here, the concurrent nature of the prior sentences only arises due to Pink’s
probation on the earlier cause number being revoked.
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Pink argues former RCW 9.94A.360(5)(b)(iii) and the recodified statute, RCW
9.94A.525(5)(b)(iii)), were not enacted at the time of his 1981 offense and do not apply
retroactively. He is mistaken. Former RCW 9.94A.360(5)(b)(iii) became effective on January 1,
1999, before the January 26, 1999 offense for which he was being sentenced. The date of the
offense for which he is being sentenced is the relevant date, not the date of the prior convictions.
See RCW 9.94A.345 (sentence determined in accordance with law in effect at time of offense).
Accordingly, the 1981 convictions were not sentenced concurrently for offender score
calculation purposes on Pink’s 1999 offense. The sentencing court properly counted the
convictions separately.
Pink next alleges he was denied effective assistance of counsel because counsel did not
object to the 1981 convictions being counted separately. Based on the above disposition, though,
he cannot show deficient performance. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.
Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984) (a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel requires a showing
that both counsel’s performance was deficient, and the deficient performance prejudiced the
defendant). Likewise, Pink’s request for remand for resentencing and pre-hearing release are
moot.
C. APPELLATE COSTS
Pink filed a supplemental brief opposing appellate costs in light of State v. Sinclair, 192
Wash. App. 380, 367 P.3d 612 (2016), asserting that he does not have the ability to pay. In light of
Pink’s indigent status, and our presumption under RAP 15.2(f) that he remains indigent
“throughout the review” unless the trial court finds that his financial condition has improved, we
exercise our discretion to waive appellate costs in this matter. RCW 10.73.160(1).
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We affirm Pink’s sentence and deny his PRP, including his request for counsel.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,
it is so ordered.
Lee, J.
We concur:
Worswick, P.J.
Sutton, J.
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